1
10
22
-
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/WestConn_publications_and_yearbooks_RG8.1/6748/yearbook_1961.pdf
d86bd231abc62ce1bf9a769ba39cefff
PDF Text
Text
•
reactions
��..
�reactions • •..
the
Y
El ft :a,:ae>e>:WC:
of the
:D'a n b,.,. :w=y &tate
for
:l.&El:1.
CJo11e
e
��lohn zam
What ever men do-prayer,
and goings-that
fear, anger, pleasure, joys, comings
is the stuff of which our little book is made.
Juvenal (AD 47-138)
��william
I•benton
Three silences there are: the first of speech,
the second of desire, the third of thought.
�angela
marasco
,J
'
patrlcia wooster
�robert
zurinska1
�m, 1harron burnl1
ria morris george
Style is the dress of thought.
Philip Dormer Stanhope
�rose paonessa
frank
tomaino
daniel
trocoll
�)
robert
kenneth
gross
dlngee
don roland
�jack kessinger
rose ann m. blair
�leon me guire
ronald f. stranc
�·ichard mlguel
Training is everything. The peach was once a bitter almond;
cauliflower is nothing but cabbage with a college education.
Mark Twain
�eleanor blustal 1
lande larson
lane tufts
�christopher ben ,
vl\ol\
lames mackey
�murrell
ober
robert
poodiak
�jean hutchinson
wendy nichols
�lohn hammer
harrl1on baker
�Wear your learning,
like your watch, in
a private pocket!
And do not pull it
out merely to show
that you have one.
Philip Dormer Stanhope
forothy peck
clara macchiaver
�carol ba1kay
margaret
.
11mmon1
�susan potter
barbara
I
ko
�barbara czajka
sylvia urbanowici
�brenda ganz
Not in our stars, but in ourselves.
�Cl
0
E
J:
a.
••
.!!.
•ol tully
�brenda hartl9an
The world is mine: blue hill, still silver lake,
Broad field, bright flower, and the long white road;
A gateless garden and an open path;
My feet to follow, and my heart to hold.
Edna St. Vincent Millay
�eleanor
gould
carol sharpe
�sandra rea tuuup
�marita
carolan
emlly
tomaino
myra wlllenbrock
�All that happens
is as usual and
familiar as the
rose
feanne bronzl
eleanor
leheny
�franc•• faro••
carol waher
tn spring and
the crop tn
summer.
Marcus Aurelius Antonius
�peter kirk
�ralph taacano
The most wasted day of all is that on which we have not laughed.
Sebastian R. N. Chamfort
�joseph dube
Little strokes
fell great oaks.
Ben Franklin
albert janesky
�paul olson
paul romaniell,
�1
marie fossati
margaret
rapp
�carol shaw
lee reiley
Give ·me a look, give m~ a face
That makes simplicity a grace.
Ben Jonson
barbara sidoriak
�eileen o'connor
Laughing faces, blown from the
west and east,
Faces lovely and proud that I have
prized and cherished.
Edna St. Vincent Millay
constance vestro
�lois heckler
janice davis
�Oh, but a man's reach should exce
his grasp, or what's a heaven f
Andrea del S:
suzanne nevins
william
csuka
margaret
thorne
�john coffey
mary
david tyrrell
lou tillso 1
�mary
loseph
bailey
green
�william weiss
�le grande cole
emmett
ballard
�irving robbins
Ther e is something in a face,
An air,· and a peculiar grace,
Which bold.est painters cannot
trace.
Willi am Somerville
margaret jackson
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
••••••
.
harriet crowley
�roberta i. mockler
Her modest looks the cottage might adorn,
Sweet as the primrose peeps beneath the thorn.
Oliver Goldsmith
irene murphy
�sally I. heck
jill albert
�robert
basta
Let ignorance talk as it will, learning has its value.
Jean De La Fontaine
46
�bertram
weston
john durkin
47
�I
howard ferris
donald wilson
�robert
muir
f. gannon
donald royster
49
�mildred muraro
50
�thomas vlall
......
........
.
.. .... .... .
.....
.
.. .. ....... .. ....
.. ....
. .. .
. ..... .. .. ...
. ..
. . .. .... ....
... . .. ..
.
. . . .. ...
. ..
.... . ... : .........
•II
It
A .sound mind in a sound body, is a short but full
description of a happy state in this world.
John Locke
51
�albert waiters
george
52
bacevic
�judith
hild
..........................
. . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ....... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ...... ... ......... ....
. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. ............ .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. . . .
. .... . .. .. .. .. . .
•
helen
hermes
•
••
•
•
•
•
�loseph kelly
michael
griffin
··········
...
·······
. ·········
···········
.... ·······
::
:::::::::
54
�ann lensen
1ill look at cliffs and clouds
ith quiet eyes
itch the wind bow down the grass,
d the grass rise
Edna St. Vincent Millay
55
�maureen
glennon
Here is something not only beautiful but healing,
A way to train the young in grace and happiness.
Upton Sinclair
56
�beatrice salvatore
5
�donald
skahen
barbara
zacavish
__....--l
.• ,u
i
IJ I
~,l',;JJU
-~:r:;r:::::::!:::~.~-~:~'~
�lorie me ginley
carosella
Appetite comes with eating)
says Angesten.
Peter Anthony Mottem
donald karcheski
59
�Good morning, Life-and all
Things glad and beautiful.
William H . Davies
patricia me ewen
judith besterman
�waiter
george
takacs
louis carrafiello
me carroll
�Dr. John M. Tufts
Class Advisor
62
�DEDICATION
Something there is that lingers in the air
After the meeting of a happy man
And for a while a sweetness settles where
This man has walked.
BarbaraZacavish
63
�\
��66
�The childhood shows the man,
As morning shows the day.
John Milton
67
�Cid.er
G-1id.e:r
I belie
Heavei
m
68
�it our
ther invented
:ause he was
appointed in
the monkey.
Mark Twain
69
��sophomore
class officers
jerry milieus, president
earl berry, publicity executive
dr. elizabeth dominy, class advisor
betsy armitage, vice president
carmela criscuolo, secretary
marie toscano, treasurer
ann halloran, historian
71
�I
��freshman class officers
john demo, leona leonoff,
ruth saffi, carol aberisk
74
���77
��•
,.
.;.
t
~"'l:Ll.e
:Elal.l.
79
�J
..
.,..
-~
1'
'·
I .,
'' '
t
•\>
....,
.\,
,»
I 0
i
.....
...;
r
f~
·;~
It
,(11
..
,
1,::
I
~
-F·
tt~
<
ii,:,
r·
t,..?_.,_i_);t.,
.. ,r
.,;_ .1
~--..... "/Jtffi'
\
'
•,;;.,,
•'
.,
~
~
I.,
,
"'
#
ti ,
,..;.
·'i,c
:t,,•·
,ii'
I
·Ila
..
•
~
J
,,.
~
;,
1)
uf
1.::_.,
,.
At
~.
,.,
f
ff
.,;1,
11:~·
Jifft;~-.
-~
i/li'
;,"R
'
.,~
t
,)'
,IJ,
.,
,,
',I•,.,
•\!:'
f
l,
{
~
�I have here only made a nosegay of culled
flowers and have brought nothing of my own but
the thread that ties them together.
81
�Your years at Danbury State College have
been marked by many developments among
which are the curriculum, the appearance of
the campus and the addition of new fields of
specialization. Through all of these developm~nts the Seniors have been a fine stabilizing
force.
The future will be filled with many and
varied experiences for you. I hope your years
at Danbury State College have prepared you
to meet these new experiences with the same
sound j~dgment and
great
thoughtfulness
which you have shown here at college.
My very best wishes go with you . I hope
your lives will be happy, fruitful and filled
with challenges well met.
Ruth A. Haas
President
82
�DR. RUTHA. HAAS
President of Danbury State College
83
�claire t. geddes
dean of women
alfred d. geddes
dean of men
�dr. f. burton cook
dean of the college
85
�Eloise P. Griffin
Registrar
Truman A. Warner
Director of Admissions
�Dr. Paul E. Williams, Dr. Margaret E, Ankeney
Office of Coordination
Dr. Carl A. Pettersch
Director of Graduate Studies
and Extension of Services
Dr. Gertrude Braun
Assistant Director of Graduate
Studies and Extension Services
87
�georgiabelle
parsons
frances travoska
cecelia ke,
88
eraine caillouette
�josephine murphy
rose papp
eleanor geel
lois deford
grace gayhart
claire kinast
suzanne smierciak
meta osborne
�manager of bookstore
)0
may platt
�library staff:
morion pfender,
inez hess,
marie green,
marie bancroft
91
��If the teacher is indeed wise
He does not bid you enter the house
of his wisdom
But rather leads you
To the threshold of your own mind.
Gibran, The Prophet
93
�Music Department
elizabeth
94
dominy, richard
henry moryl, mervin w. whitcomb, charles w. lanning,
marceau chevalier myers
jr.,
�stanley bleifeld
Art Department
1ames timmms
95
�Psychology
Department
h. jonathan greenwald, norman reed, florine townsend
�Audio Visual Department
Arnold Hansen and George Rollins
97
�college
nurse
laura macdonald, r.n.
Physical Education Department
william wiliiams
alice j. donnelly
dorothy s. holman
harvey m. jessup
l 2 34
56789!011
12131415161718
1920
2122232425
26212829303
\
�English Department
john m. tufts
lee a . jacobus
elizabeth james
adorn m. g . aitchison
alfred s. golding
chester g. anderson
99
�Social Science Department
Martha Counts, Truman A. Warner, Carl A. Pettersch, Delmar C. Multhauf, Morton
Rosenberg, and Merrill L. Walrath. (Edwin Rosenberg not pictured)
�"".
"" .
Science and Mathematics Department
Chester E. Floyd, Warren Darling, Christopher D. Rafter, John J. O'Neill, Leonard
Prushansky, William J. Esposito, and William Rasor. (Lon E. Edwards not pictured)
101
�Robert's Avenue Faculty
jean cooper
marjorie mcginness
helen selelonis
eleanor tomlinson
esther wagner
corrinne o'connell
wr-
fayette overholt
helen steeves
jessie torraca
wilfred gamble, principc
doris salmon
mary swokla
louise joy
�catherine messer
william mckee
glenn badger
viola schultz
Locttst Avenue Faculty
elizabeth miller
loretta murphy
margaret larsen
mary rigby, principal
robert case
103
�He always looked a given horse in the mouth.
Peter Anthony Motteux
104
��AITCHISON, ADAM M. G.
Assistant Professor of Speech;
University
8.A., Ripon College;
JAMES, ELIZABETHT.
Assistant Professor of English; 8.A., Smith College;
University .
M.A., Columbia
JESSUP, HARVEY M.
Assistant Professor of Health and Physical Education; 8.S., M.A., Ne
York University.
ANDERSON, CHESTER G.
Assistant Professor of English; M.A., University of Chicago.
BLEIFELD,STANLEY
Assistant Professor of Art; 8.F.A., 8.S., M.F.A., Temple University.
COUNTS, MARTHA
Assistant Prof1ssor of Social Science; 8.A., Swarthmore
Ph.D., Yale University.
College;
LANNING, CHARLES W. JR.
Assistant Professor of Music Education; 8.S., Institute of Musical Ar
Juilliard School of Music; 8.S ., Potsdam State Teachers College; M.A
Ohio University; Piano and Theory .
M.A.,
MULTHAUF, DELMAR C.
Instructor in Geography; 8.S., State College, Oshkosh , Wisconsin; M.S
University of Wisconsin ; Ed.D., Columbia University.
DARLING, WARREN
Instructor in Science; 8.S., Tufts .University, Ed.M., Tufts University.
MORYL,RICHARDHENRY
Instructor in Music; 8.A., Montclair; M.A., Columbia University .
DOMINY, ELIZABETH
Associate Professor of Music Education; 8.S., Potsdam State Teachers
College; M.Mus. Ed., Temple University; Ed.D., New York University.
DONNELLY, ALICE I.
Professor of Heolth and Physical Education;
M.A., Ed.D., Columbia University.
EDWARDS, LON E.
Associate Professor of Science; 8.S., Cotner
State College of Education.
MYERS, MARCEAU CHEVALIER
Assistant Professor of Music; 8.S., Mansfield State College; M.Mus. Ed
Pennsylvania State University
8.A., Pembroke College ;
O ' NEILL, JOHN J .
Instructor in Chemistry and Bacteriology;
University.
College;
PRUSHANSKY,LEONARD
8.A., M.Ed., Harvard
Assistant Professor of Science ; 8.S., University of Connecticut ; M.S
Columbia University.
M.A.,
RAFTER, CHRISTOPHER D.
Associate Professor of Science; 8.A., M.A., Ph.D., New York Universit)
University .
RASOR,WILLIAM
Assistant Professor
of Education.
GOLDING, ALFRED S.
Assistant Professor of Speech and Dramatics ; B.A., Columbia University;
M.F.A., Yale University .
GREENE, MARYA.
Assistant Professor of Education ; 8.S., M.A., Columbia
State Colleg,
REED,NORMAN A.
University .
ROLLINS, GEORGE E.
Assistant Instructor in Educat ion ; 8.Ed., Keene Teachers College .
ROSENBERG, EDWIN
Instructor in Social Science ; 8.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
M.A., Columbia University ; M.8 .A., New York University.
HANSEN, ARNOLD R.
Assistant Professor of Education ; 8.S.E., Fitchburg State Teachers College; Ed.M., Boston University.
Physical Education;
of Education ; 8.A., M.A., Colorado
Associate Professor of Psychology; 8.A., University of New Hampshire
M.A., Ed.D., Columbia University.
GREENWALD, H. JONATHAN
Associate Professor of Psychology; A.B.; University of Kansas; M.Ed.,
University of Vermont ; Ed.D., Harvard University .
HOLMAN, DOROTHY S.
Instructor in Health and
versity .
8.S., M.S., Pennsylvania Stat
M.A., Colorado
ESPOSITO, WILLIAM J .
Assistant Professor of Science ; 8.S., University of Connecticut;
Yale University; Ed.D., New York University
FLOYD, CHESTER E.
Assistant Professor of Mathematics;
M.A., New Yo,
ROSENBERG, MORTON
Instructor in Social Science ; 8.A., M.A., Trinity College;
University of Iowa .
8.S., M.A., Boston Uni-
Ph.D., Stall
TIMMINS, JAMES
Assistant Professor of Arts; 8.S., Willimantic State College;
lumbia University .
JACOBUS, LEE A.
Instructor in English; 8.A., M.A., Brown University .
106
M.A., Co
'
�::o::c::e,:ec-ro::e,
:>WNSEND, FLORINE
ssistant Professor of Education ; B.A., York College; M.A., Columbia
niversity .
JFTS, JOHN M.
ssociate Professor of English; B.S., Hamilton College ; M.A., t:d.D.,
olumbia University .
IALRATH, MERRILLL.
ssistant Professor of Social Science; B.A., M.A., New York State Colge for Teachers, Albany.
~
· WHITCOMB, MERVIN W.
Professor of Music Education; Diploma. New England Conservatory of
Music; B.Mus., Boston University; Ed·.D., Columbia University; Violin and
Theory ; Pupil of Richard Burgin , Wolfe Wolfinsohn, and Felix Winternitz .
WILLIAMS, WILLIAM
Instructor in Health and Physical Education ; B.S., Cortland State Teachers College ; M.A., Columbia University .
LOCUST AND ROBERT'SAVENUE FACULTY
ADGER, GLENN ALTON
,structor and Supervising Teacher-Grade
VI; B.S., Lyndon ·Teachers
allege; M.S., State University of New York, College of Education,
lbany .
OVERHOLT, FAYETTEL.
Assistant Professor and Supervising Teacher-Grade
of Kentucky ; M.A., Columbia University.
ASE, ROBERT W .
,structor and . Supervising Teacher-Grades
VII and
ury State College ; M.A., Columbia University.
RIGBY, MARY
Instructor and Acting Principal ; B.S., Danbury
University of Connecticut .
OOPER, JEAN 0 .
ssistant Instructor and Supervising
,ry State College .
AMBLE, WILFRED
ssistant Professor and Principal;
VIII; B.S., Dan-
Teachl!r-Kindergarten
B.S., M.A., Columbia
SALMON, DORIS J .
Instructor and Supervising Teacher-Grade
lege ; M.Ed., University of Bridgeport.
; B.S., Dan-
University.
SCHULTZ, VIOLA C.
Instructor and Superising Teacher-Grade
College .
)Y, LOUISE B.
ssistant Instructor and Supervising
·ate College .
JDSON , VIVIAN V.
ssistant Professor and
,lumbia University .
Supervising
Teacher-Grade
Teacher-Grade
1RSEN, MARGARET E.
ssistant Professor and Supervising Teacher-Grades
,liege of Idaho .
cGINNESS, MARJORIE M.
structor and Supervising Teacher-Grade
ge; M.A.; Columbia University.
ESSER
, CATHERINEG.
structor and Supervising Teacher-Grade
,liege .
ILLER
, BETTY F.
,tructor and Supervising
mbury State College.
Teacher-Grades
M.A.,
I; B.S., Danbury State Col-
IV; B.E., M.S., Danbury State
SELELONIS, HELEN
Instructor and Supervising Teacher-Grade
College ; M.A., New York University .
IV; B.S., M.A.,
STEEVES, HELEN
Professor and Supervising
State Teachers College.
VII and VIII; B.A.,
Ill;
TOMLINSON, ELEANOR L.
Assistant lnsttuctor and Supervising
State College .
VI; B.S., Danbury
VII and VII I; B.S., M.Ed.,
JRPHY, LORETTA G.
,tructor and Supervising Teacher-Grades
VII and VIII; B.E., Central
,liege of Connecticut ; M.Ed., University of Bridgeport .
CONNELL, CORINNE D.
B.S. Danbury
State
VI; B.S., M.Ed., Fitchburg
Teacher-Grade
SWOKLA, MARY R.
Instructor and Supervising Teacher - Grade
College; M.A., Columbia University .
V; B.S., M.S., Danbury State
~istant Professor and Supervising Teacher-Grade
,te College ; M.A., Columbia University.
State College;
II; B.S., Danbury
II; B.S., Danbury State Col-
cKEE
, WILLIAMG.
:sistant Professor and Supervising Teacher-Grade
ate College; M.A., Columbia University .
IV; B.A., University
I; B.S., Willimantic
Teacher-Grade
State
I; B.S., Danbury
TORRACA, JESSIE K.
Assistant Professor and Supervising Teacher-Grade
State College ; M.A., Yale University .
II; B.Ed., Danbury
WAGNER, ESTHER E.
Assistant Professor and Supervising Teacher-Grade
University ; M.A., Ohio State University .
' V;. B.A., Miami
WILSON, MYRTLEB.
Ill ; B.Ed., Danbury
Instructor and Supervising Teacher-Grade
Teachers College ; M.A., George Peabody
107
Ill ; B.S., Appalachian
College for Teachers.
State
��1st rowStanding-
priscilla o'hara, eleanor leheny, irene murphy .
louis filippelli, virginia winans, mr. edwin
rosenberg, and patricia lockwood
members:
constance vestro
anthony baiad
john demo
patricia lascko
mildred muraro
carmela criscuolo
sandy kasten
ann halloran
donna vergaro
jerry milious
rita barchi
gory costello
bob murphy
agatha withey
bill gannon
richard lamothe
henry cherau
polly luchtenberg
lorry boland
S.G.A.
the student government association acts as the governing
body for the students and has control of the s.g.a, budget
which sponsers all extracurricular activities on campus.
109
�Connecticut Intercollegiate Student Legislature
danbury state college is one of the seventeen universities and
colleges in connecticut which belongs to the c.i.s.l., which
offers experience necessary for a better understanding of the
political activities of the general assembly concerning state
officers.
linda essman-publicity secretary, jill albert-sr.
delegate, roberta van nostrandsecretary, george fournier, jr. delegate, mr. merrill walrath, advisor, clan martintreasurer.
members:
brenda ganz
eunice gimm
ronald gauss
diane clavette
eleanor gould
robert murphy
barbara hope
john demo
brenda hartigan
donna vergaro
vincent mikkelsen
sally heck
elizabeth armitage
william murphy
marilynn repole
donald wilson
john zamary
diane clinton
marie gillotti
judy cook
110
kathy sauer
corinne sullivan
�peggy SOSSO
sec.
may greene
sponsor
father hitchcock
chaplain
thomas viall
pres.
constance vestro
vice-pres.
ellen tristine
treas.
Aquinas Club
the aquinas club is primarily concerned with the spiritual, intellectual, and
social growth of the catholic students at danbury state college. at its regular
monthly meetings religious topics of student interest are discussed and explained. the club holds an annual spiritual retreat of three days and
several informal socials.
111
�Echo Staff
leona leonoff
ruth saffi
elaine sakellares
diane clavette
mel fairchild
allan darling
neal jordan
joe magazzi
nicholas falzarano
john demo
paul lane
agatha withey
112
�:onatus Sta/ f
dvisor mr. jacobus
arbara zacavish
,se paonessa
aul lane
len lindig
ildred curtiss
argerie m. carosella
,arron burnie
ary ann paonessa
?ckheads read what blockheads write!
�E.C.A.
the education convention association includes eastern states, swampscott and
other educational organizations. the purpose of this club is to represent d.s .c. at
student education conferences, and to inform the student body of current education problems discussed at these conferences .
. ...
: : : : : ·.
elizabeth vitanyi, ellen turkowski, elizabeth richards
114
�members: carol aberisk, elinor bieluc;:ki, linda blasy, grace brunetti, janet dillon,
gladys dolan, mel fairchild, louis filipelli, thomas fulling, eunice gimm, gail grab, mary
green, pat giumarro, sandra hayward, lois heckler, jean hutchinson, janice kelleher,
polly luchtenberg, mildred muraro , eileen o'connor, joyce panton, rose paonessa, judy
patella, dorothy peck, valerie pipa, peggy sasso, douglas satiman, barbara sidoriak,
nancy stevenson, lucille trudel, lorraine venture, lee will.
officers:
carol sharpe
donna vergaro, marita carolan , janice davis
S.E.A.C.
the student education association of connecticut is a professional organization
college students preparing for teaching.
for
115
�International Relations Forttm
officers:
elizabeth vitanyi, secretary
john roman Ill, vice-president-treasurer
eunice ann gimm, president
members:
maureen malahan
peter wyckoff
beverly sanford
kenneth langevin
elizabeth ortelt
elinor bielucki
116
carol nahom
louis beck
linda essman
judith cook
donald coviello
john demo
�K~ff
:,a delta pr rs on international honor
~ty. the purpose of the society is to foster
professional standards and to recognize
tonding service in the field of education.
officers:
president
vice-pres.
secretory
treasurer
historian
counselor
richord miguel
rose poonesso
morgoret jockson
morgoret simmons
jean hutchinson
dr. morgoret onkeney
members:
seniors
horrison baker, eleonor blustoin, horriet crowley, judith hild, jean
hutchinson, morgoret jockson, rolonde lorson, ongelo morosco, richord
miguel, wendy nichols, rose poonesso, dorothy peck, borboro sidoriok,
morgoret simmons, morgoret thorne, dovid tyrell
juniors
sondro hoyword, cloudio hicks, onne jurenko, leono pogonowski, williom
robbins, cotherine sage, joseph sauer, morgoret schitmer, jonet smith,
morilyn thorne, roberto van nostrond
117
�Science Club
membership in this club is open to all students of the college. its purpose is to promote
an interest in as well as to provide an opportunity for students to broaden their knowledge of science. the club meets bi-monthly to hear speakers and to discuss matters of
interest to the members. students in the club represent d.s.c . at the eastern colleges
science convention.
officers:
grace brunetti
henry cherau
judy olson
118
�Dramatons
officers:
gladys dolan, treasurer
alton cashman, president
gail grab, secretary
robert collins, vice-president
members:
elizabeth devino, judith wood, kathleen henebry, linda essman, ronald gauss, marko
kirchner, merrilyn gerstner, jim flynn, john demo, brenda ganz, bernadette demunde,
barbara kacan, joy ponton, william hutchinson, gladys dolan, ted grafton, linda eckerson, diane ambrose, dayle loucks, leone leonoff, judith cook, mary ann paonessa, marie
gillotti, 1iUZannecoleman, george bacevic, gail lucas
119
�Bridge Club
carrie peterson, secretary-treasurer
beth shehan, president
betti richards, vice-president
members:
jim hatch
pat mcewen
diane clinton
derry mcbrinn
william zachar
joan jegelewicz
helen hughes
kathy sauer
mary lynn billone
faculty advisor-merrill
120
walrath
�Fairfield Hall Dormitory
mary green, president
sandra hayward, vice-president
phyllis finelli, publicity secretary
valerie pipa, treasurer
barbara sidoriak, head duty-girl
judith anderson, secretary
�Men's Athletic Association
the men's athletic association is
responsible for scheduling and
supervising the men's sports program at danbury state college.
ronald strand, vice-president
edward raynor, secretary
joseph bailey, president
thomas donahue, treasurer
�omen's
lthletic Association
7
1ylissfinelli, treasurer
ye richardson, secretary
Jrcia bittner, president
·ace brunetti, vice-president
·iscilla o'hara, publicity secretary
the women 's athletic association plans and directs the
athletic program available to women at danbury state
college. its various activities are conducted on both an
intramural and inter-collegiate basis.
123
��Sports
�Basketball Team
coach harvey jessup
tony gorman
george madeaux
pete gregory
robert ludford
mike repp
tom me ilroy
brian butterly
andy de grazia
don roland
joe bailey
co-captains
waiter me carroll
rick lamothe
the 1961 dsc varsity basket l
team compiled a l 0-12 record .
though they did not live up to
pre-season expectations of co
harvey jessup, the team pla
hard with an indominable SF
126
�:h jessup will lose his three sen>ackcoiJrt men, co-captains don
nd and joe bailey, and sandy
carroll, who have seen action
·he last time in a dsc basketball
>rm.
Cheerleaders
carol nahom
patricia repko
peggy SOSSO
marie fossati
judith anderson
donna vergaro
priscilla o'hara
patricia loya
betsy parcells
127
�kneeling
standing
john bellino
don roland
waiter me carroll
don skahen
co-captains
ronald strand
coach harvey jessup
rick lamothe
tom me ilroy
paul naves
mike repp
bill weiss
roy hunt
al darling
Varsity Baseball
the varsity baseball team is enthusiastically looking forward to a successful season in
'61. coach harvey jessup and his ten returning lettermen have been joined by several
promising newcomers . among those returning will be several seniors, who will be seeing
action on the d.s.c. diamond for their last season . the seniors are: co-captains sandy me
carroll and don skahen, don roland, ronald strand, and bill weiss. the manager is
henry chereau.
128
�Varsity Soccer
the d.s.c. soccer team, coached by mr. ed rosenberg, completed a successful season,
compiling a record of three wins and two losses. the team won its three games consecutively before bowing to a powerful kings college squad by the score of 2 to 0.
kings college went on to compete in the national tournament for small college soccer
teams. the season ended on somewhat of a sour note with a defeat at the hands of the
west point j.vs. coach rosenberg faces a rebuilding task next season, since several key
players are graduating this june.
kneeling
guido tino
don skahen
dan trocolla
waiter me carroll
co-captains
don roland
joseph bailey
standing
coach ed rosenberg
irv thurrott
bob gannon
bill benton
brian butterly
rick lamothe
ronald gauss
129
�Student Union Board of Governors
helen lent
virginia brown
sally heck
elizabeth armitage
myra willenbrock
richard mowsesian
williamsmith
ronald gauss
robert collins
130
�131
�132
�133
�A poor life this if, full of care, we have no time
to stand and stare.
-William
Henry Davies
�����advisor
stanley bleifeld
co-editors
jeanne bronzi
rolande larson
art co-editors
sally heck
sandra tus'sup
staff :
eleanor gould
maureen glennon
lori kohl
leona leonoff
business manager
jill albert
staff:
emily tomaino
ted grafton
john roman Ill
copy editor
beatrice salvatore
staff :
marita carolan
donna kurkul
rosemary szost
barbara sidoriak
judy hild
eileen o'connor
carol sharpe
millie muraro
margaret rapp
lay out editor
roberta mockler
staff :
brenda hartigan
kathy henebry
rose paonessa
dick miguel
jim mackey
diane clavette
carol pease
connie pospesil
literary co-editors
As soon as we are born we begin to die} and the end
depends on the beginning.
barbara zacav ish
sharron burn ie
staff :
kathy stuart
bill ben ton
sandy me carroll
don roland
myra willenbrock
photography editor
tom viall
staff:
margery kranyik
rose ann blair
paul romaniello
john zamary
139
�SEN'":J:<>
Chorus 1; I.R.F. 2,
3, Senior Delegate
Assistant Treasurer
Junior Production;
:a,
:O:J:::B,ECJ'TO::B,
ALBERT,Jill CAROL
B.S.
Bethel, Connecticut
3, 4, Secretary 3; C.I.S.l. 2, 3, 4, Alternate Delegate
4; Student Fellowship 2; S.E.A.C. 3; S.G.A. 1, 2, 3, .
2, Treasurer 3; Education Convention Association;
Who's Who; Yearbook; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
BACEVIC, GEORGE PETER
Bethel, Connecticut
Drama Club 1, 2; Bridge Club 2.
B.S.
CARRAFIELLO, LOUIS S.
B.S.
Stratford, Connecticut
M.E.N.C. 1, 2, 3, 4; Band 1, 2, 3, 4; Orchestra 2, 3, 4; Chorus 1, 2,
3, 4.
A.S.
BASKAY, CAROL
B.S.
South Norwalk, Connecticut
W.A.A. 3, Representative 3; Echo 1; College Weekend 2, 3, 4; Christmas Open House 3; Skit 3, 4; Class Activities 2, 3, 4.
BASTA, ROBERTJ.
A.S.
Shelton, Connecticut
Freshman Steering Committee.
I.R.F. 1, 2; lntramurals
BENSON, CHRISTOPHER
Potsdam, New York
2.
B.S.
B.S.
COLE, leGRANDE
Danbury, Connecticut
A.S.
CSUKA, WILLIAM P.
B.S.
Stratford, Connecticut
Band 1, 2, 3, 4, President; Orchestra 1, 2, 3, 4; Men's Glee Club 1,
2, 3, Treasurer and Vice-President; M.E.N.C. l, 2, 3, 4; Music Department Production 1, 3; Wind Ensemble 4; Class Activities 3, 4.
CZAJKA, BARBARA
Danbury, Connecticut
BESTERMAN, JUDITH KAREN
B.S.
Waterford, Connecticut
Band 1, 2, 3, 4; Music Department Production 1, 2, 3, 4; Chorus 1, 2,
3, 4; Orchestra 2, 3, 4; Symphonic Wind Ensemble 4; Music Educator's
National Conference 1, 2, 3, 4; Intramural Badminton 2; Orientation
Committee 2; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
B.S.
B.S.
DAVIS, JANICE M.
Bridgeport, Connecticut
Yearbook 2; Tennis 1; Volleyball l; S.E.A.C. 3, 4, Treasurer 4; College
Weekend 1.
BLAIR, ROSE ANN MCLAUGHLIN
B.S.
Holmes, New York
Intramural Softball 1; Intramural Basketball. 1, 2; Intramural Badminton 2, 3; College Weekend 3, Decoration Chairman 3; Fairfield Hall
Association 3, 4; Open House 3, 4; Frolic Room Committee 3, 4; Class
Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
B.S.
DINGEE, ROBERT WILLIAM
Ridgefield, Connecticut
Golf 2; M.A.A. 1; Intramural Basketball 1; Junior Production.
B.S.
DURKIN, JOHN F.
Danbury, Connecticut
Science Club; Orientation Week; I.R.F.
A.S.
FERRIS, HOWARD
Danbury, Connecticut
A.S.
FOSSATI, MARIE
Brewster, New York
A.S.
College weekend 3.
BRESSON, ROY A.
New Milford, Connecticut
COFFEY, JOHN
Danbury, Connecticut
B.S.
CROWLEY, HARRIET (MRS.)
Bethel, Connecticut
Education Convention Association 2, 3, 4, President 3, 4; Board of
Control 3, 4; S. G. A.; Kappa Delta Pi 3, 4, Publicity Secretary 3;
Who's Who; W.A.A. 2, 3; College Weekend 2, 3.
BENTON, WILLIAM J.
B.S.
Danbury, Connecticut
M.A.A . . Representative 1, 2, 4; S.G.A. 3; College Weekend 1, 2, 3, 4;
·Fr. Orientation 2; Soccer 2, 3, 4; Junior Production; Dramatons 3, 4;
Badminton 2, 3, 4, Sportshead 2, 4; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
BLUSTAIN, ELEANOR (MRS.)
Bedford Hills, N.Y.
B.S.
Danbury, Connecticut
Dramatons 1; Junior Production 3; Courier 4; Yearbook 4, Literary;
Intramural Basketball 2; S.E.A.C. 3, 4; N.E.A. 3, 4; Freshman Orientation 2; Skit 2, 3, 4; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
CAROSELLA, MARJORIE McGINLEY
B.S.
Watertown, Connecticut
Echo 3, 4, Assistant Editor 2; Yearbook 4; Courier 2, 4; Fairfield Hall
Association Open House 3, Publicity Secretary 3; College Weekend 2,
4; Junior Prom 1, 3; Junior Production 3; Chorus ·1, 2; Class Activities
1, 2, 3, 4.
Class Acivities 2, 3, 4.
BALLARD,EMMETT
Bethel, Connecticut
BURNIE,M. SHARRON
CAROLAN, MARITA THERESA
B.S.
Wolcott, Connecticut
C.I.S.l. 3; S.E.A.C. 4, Secretary 4; Aquinas Club 3, 4; Skit 2, 3; Echo
1, 2, 3; College Weekend 1, 2, 3, 4; Varsity Basketball 1, 2; Interscholastic Basketball 1, 2; A.A. Bowling 3, 4; Yearbook 4; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
A.S.
BAILEY, JOSEPH JOHN
B.S.
Danbury, Connecticut
M.A.A. 3, 4, Recording Secretary 3, President 4; Varsity Basketball
1, 2, 3, 4, Co-Captain 4; Varsity Golf 1, 2, 3, 4, Co-Captain 1, 2, 3, 4;
Soccer 2, 3, 4.
BAKER, HARRISON H.
Trumbull, Connecticut
~
A.S.
B.S.
BRONZI, JEANNE M. L.
Torrington, Connecticut
C.I.S.l. 2; Aquinas Club 3, 4; Yearbook 4, Co-Editor 4; Class Activities
3, 4.
Intramural
140
GALL, NANCY
South Norwalk, Connecticut
Volleyball 3; S.E.A.C.
B.S.
�A.S.
GANNON, ROBERT
Danbury, Connecticut
Soccer 1, 2.
GANZ, BRENDA
B.S.
Danbury, Connecticut
Dramalons 2, 3, 4, Vice President 3, Program Chairman 4; C.I.S.L.
3, 4; Echo 3, 4; Freshman Orientation 3, 4; Junior Class Production;
College Weekend 3.
GILLOTTI, MARY
New Fairfield, Conn.
B.S.
GEORGE, GLORIA (MRS.)
Danbury, Connecticut
B.S.
GLENNON, MAUREEN J.
Bridgeport, Connecticut
B.S.
Dramalons 1, 2, 3, 4; Fairfield Hall Association 4; C.I.S ,I. 1, 2, 3, 4,
Junior Delegate 2, Senate Committee Chairman 2; Vice Chairman
E.I.C. 2, Senior Delegate 3, Stale Treasurer 3; Senate Majority Leader
3; Aquinas Club 3; Echo 2; Yearbook 4; Campus Capers 3; Dance
Club 4, Chairman 4; Class Activities 2, 3, 4.
GOULD, ELEANOR
Danbury, Connecticut
C.I.S .L. 1, 2, 3, 4; Intramural Softball 2; Junior
Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
I, 2,
JANESKY, ALBERT W.
Ridgefield, Connecticut
A.S.
JENSEN, ANN FRANCES
Bridgeport, ·Connecticut
B.S.
KARCHESKI, DONALD
Danbury, Connecticut
B.S.
KELLY, JOSEPH
Danbury, Connecticut
A.S.
KESSINGER, JACK
Sandy Hook , Connecticut
A.S.
KIRK, PETER V.
B.S.
New Milford, Connecticut
Class President 1, 2; S.G .A. Representative 1, 2; Co-Chairman Freshman Orientation; Student Director of Student Union; Baseball; Soccer
1, 2; Badminton 2, 3, 4; Intramural Basketball 1, 2; Sophomore Prom;
Class .Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
A.S.
KORNER, BARBARAA.
B.S.
Middlebury, Connecticut
Women's Chorus 1; College Weekend 1, 2, 3, 4; Class Activities 1, 2,
3, 4 .
B.S.
LARSON, ROLANDE (MRS.)
B.S.
Brewster, New York
International Relations Club 2; Courier 2, 3, Co-Editor 3; Yearbook,
Co-Editor 4; College Weekend ·2, 3, 4; Junior Production ; Who's Who;
Class Activities 2, 3, 4.
LEHENY, ELEANORM.
B.S.
Danbury, Connecticut
S.G.A. 2, 3, 4, Secretary 3, President 4; lntramurals 2; Aquina.s Club
3, 4; Freshman Orientation 2, 3, 4; College Weekend 1, 2, 3, 4;
S.E.A.C . 3, 4; N.E.A. 3, 4; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
HECK, SALLY LOUISE
B.S.
Danbury, Connecticut
1; Courier 1; C. I.S.L. 2, 3, 4; S.G.A . 3; Co-Chairman Sophomore
S.E.A. 3, 4; Dramatons 3, 4; Publicity Chairman Junior Class;
of Governors 4; Yearbook 4, Art Co-Editor 4; Class Activities
3, 4 .
LEROSE, FRANCES NATALIE
B.S.
Danbury, Connecticut
S.G.A. 1, 2, 3; Student Union Co-ordinator 3; Science Club 1, Secretary 1; Class Secretary 1; Co-Chairman Freshman Orientation; Aquinas
Club 2; College Weekend 2, 3, Chairman 2, Co-Chairman 3.
McCARROLL, WALTER
Danbury, Connecticut
Varsity Basketball 3, 4; Varsity Baseball 1, 2, 3, 4, Captain
3, 4, Captain 4.
HECKLER, LOIS M.
B.S.
Bethel, Connecticut
)ramalons 1, 2, 3, 4; Badminton · 1, 3, 4; Intramural Basketball 1, 2,
I, 4; W.A.A. 3; Volleyball 3, 4; Golf 3, 4; S.E.A.C.; N.E.A.; Junior
'reduction ; College Weekend 1, Production Manager 1, Skit Director
I; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
HERMES, HELEN D. (MRS.)
West Redding, Conn.
Pi 3, 4,
Class
HARTIGAN, BRENDA AILEEN
B.S.
Danbury, Connecticut
;.G .A. 1, 2, Publicity Secretary 2; C.I.S.L. 1, 2, 3, 4, Publicity Secre·ary 1, 3; Echo 1, 2, Art Editor 2; Courier 1, 2; College Weekend 2,
I, Publicity Chairman 2, 3; Aquinas Club 3, 4, President 3; Class Vice
'resident 1, 4; Who's Who ; Co-Chairman Freshman Twirp Dance 1;
:lass Activities 1, 2, 3, 4; Yearbook 4.
:cho
'ram;
laard
Delta
JACKSON, MARGARET
B.S.
Stamford, Connecticut
Kappa Delta Pi 3, 4, Recording Secretary 4; S.E.A.C.; Fairfield Hall
Association 2; Women's Chorus 2; Freshman Orientation
1, 2; Class
Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
B.S.
Production;
B.S.
N.E.A.; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
GROSS, KENNETH
B.S.
Brewster, New York
IA.A.A.; College week-end 3, 4; S.G .A.; Class Activities 1 2, 3, 4.
HAMMER, JOHN J.
Danbury, Connecticut
5.E.A.C. 1; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
Junior Production;
Historian 4.
HUTCHINSON, JEAN (MRS.)
New Fairfield, Connecticut
Yearbook 4; S.E.A.C. 4; Kappa
Science Club .
GREEN, MARY E.
B.S.
Middlebury, Connecticut
Class Vice President 3; C.I.S.L. 1, 2, 3, 4, Social Chairman 3; Fairfield
Hall Association 4, President 4; Intramural Basketball 1, 2, 3, 4;
Varsity Basketball 3, 4; Softball 3, 4; Field Hockey 4; Orientation 2;
Bridge Club 4; Archery 3; Junior Production; Eastern States 1; Aquinas
Club 3; N .E.A. 4; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4 .
GRIFFIN, MICHAEL
Brewster, New York
HILD, JUDITH G .
B.S.
Baldwin, New York
Women's Chorus 2, 3; Fairfield Hall Association 3; Bowling 3; N.E.A.
3; C.I.S.L. 2, 3, Secretary 3; Junior Production; Basketball 2, 4; Class
Activities 1, 2, 3, 4; Yearbook 4 .
McEWEN, PATRICIA A.
Norwalk, Connecticut
Aquinas Club 2; S.G .A. 2; Freshman Steering Committee;
1, 2.
B.S.
141
B.S.
3; Soccer
A.S.
Bridge Club
�McGUIRE, LEON F.
Norwalk, Connecticut
A.S.
MACCHIAVERNA, CLARA MARIE FRANCES
Danbury , Connecticut
B.S.
PAONESSA, ROSE E.
B.S
Danbury , Connecticut
Echo 2, 3, Co-editor 3, Typing Editor 2; Courier 3, 4 , Co-editor 4
Kappa Delta Pi 3, 4, Vice-pres ident 4; Who's Who 3; Aquinas Clul
3, 4; S.E.A.C. 3; Yearbook 4; Class Activities 2, 3, 4, Class Secreta r;
3, 4.
MACKEY, JAMES J .
B.S
Bridgeport, Connecticut
Class Treasurer 3, 4; Yearbook 4; Courier 3; S.E.A.C. 3; College Week end 1, 2, 3, 4; Cla ss Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
PECK, DOROTHY
Danbury , Connecticut
S.N .E.A. 4; S.E.A.C. 4. Kappa Delta Pi.
MIGUEL, RICHARD J .
B.S.
Danbury, Connecticut
Kappa Delta Pi 3, 4, President 4; Dramatons 1; C.I.S.L. 1; Freshman
Executive Council 1; Freshman Orientation 1, 2, 3; S.G.A. Representative 1; Cour ier 1, 2, 3, 4; Aquinas Club 4; Junior Production ; N.E.A.
2, 3, 4; Yearbook 4.
International
Intramural
MURARO, MILDRED MARIE
B.S.
New Canaan, Connecticut
W.A.A., Representative 1, Treasurer 2; Intramural Field Hockey 1;
Intramural Basketball 1, 2, 3, · 4; Badminton Club 3, Sportshead 3;
Softball 1, 2, 3, Sportshead · 2; Fairfield Hall Association , Christmas
Op en House Chairman 3; S.G.A. Representative 4; Food Committee 4;
N.E.A. 4.
Volleyball
REILEY,LEE K.
Danbury , Connecticut
1; Softball 1; Bowling 1; Orientation
ROLAND, DON DENIS
Terryville , Connecticut
Varsity Basketball 2, 3, 4, Co-Captain 4; Varsity Baseball
Soccer 2, 3, 4, Captain 3.
3.
A.~
A.S
Week 2
B.~
2, 3,
~
ROMANIELLO, PAUL WILLIAM
A.!
Darien , Connecticut
Chorus 1, 2; Variety Show 1; Class Historian 1; Flag Football 2; Clas
Activities 1, 2; Yearbook 2.
MURPHY, IRENE R.
B.S.
Danbury , Connecticut
S.G.A. 2, 3, 4, Assistant Treasurer 3, Treasurer 4; S.E.A.C. 3, 4;
Aquinas Club 3, 4; College Weekend 1, 2, 3, 4; Freshman Orientation
2; Yearbook 4; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4; Jr. Production 3; W.A.A. 1,
2, 3, 4, Representative 3; lntramurals 2.
ROYSTER, DONALD
New Hoven, Connecticut
A.!
SALVATORE, BEATRICE MARIE
B.!
Stamford , Connecticut
C.I.S.L. 1; Aquinas Club 3; Variety Show 3; Archery 3, 4; Sportshea ,
3; Dance Club 4, Co-Chairman 4; Yearbook 4, Copy Head ~
Closs Activities 2, 3, 4.
B.S.
NICHOLS, WENDY JUNE
B.S.
Southport , Connecticut
M.E.N.C. 1, 2, 3, 4, Social Chairman 2, Assistant Treasurer 2, Treasurer
3; Chorus 1, 2, 3, 4; Band 1, 2, 3, 4; Orchestra 1, 2, 3; Intramural
Basketball 1, 3; Music Department Production 1, 2, 3; Women's Glee
Club 2, 3, 4; Koppa Delta Pi 3, 4; Who 's Who 3; College Weekend
1, 2, 3, 4; S.G .A. 3; W .A.A. 1; Fairfield Hall Association 2, 4, Open
House Chairman 2; Class Activities 1; 2, 3, 4 .
International
Manager
ROBBINS
, IRVING
Norfolk, Connecticut
A.S.
NEVINS, SUZANNE
Brookfield Center, Connecticut
8 .5
RAPP, MARGARET ELAINE
B.~
Bethel, Connecticut
Student Education Association 3; Basketball; Intra murals 1; Yeorboo
Stoff 4; Class Activities .
MOLA, JOSEPH J .
B.S.
South Norwalk , Connecticut
M.E.N.C. 1, 2, 3, 4; Band 1, 2, 3, 4; Orchestra 1, 2, 3, 4; Chorus 1,
2, 3, 4; Sing Conductor 2, 3, 4; Production 1.
OBER, MURRELL
E.
Stepney , Connec\icut
Relations Forum 3; College Weekend
POODIACK, ROBERT
Danbury, Connecticut
Relations Forum 1; Varsity Basketball
POTTER, SUSAN ARLENE
8.5
Lexington, New York
Dramatons 1; W.A.A. 3; Intramural Basketball 2, 3, 4; lntramuro
Volleyball 3, 4; Intercolleg iate Basketball 3.
MOCKLER, ROBERTA I.
B.S.
Norwalk , Connecticut
Yearbook 4; College Weekend 2, 3, 4; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4 .
MUIR, JOHN
New Fairfield, Connecticut
B.S
SHARPE, CAROL ANN
B.!
Shelton , Connecticut
Fairfield Hall Association 1, 2, 3, 4; College Weekend 1, 2, 3, ,
Interfaith 3, 4; S.E.A.C. 3, 4, Vice President 3, President 4; Fiel,
Hockey 1, 2, 3, 4, Sporthead 4; Basketball lntromurals and Club :
3, 4; Badminton lntramurals 1, 3, Sparthead 1; Volleyball 1, 3; W.A.)
1, 2, 3, 4, Treasurer 3, Representative 1, 2, 4; Golf 2, 3; Softbo
lntramurals and Club 1, 2, 3, 4; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
B.S.
SHAW, CAROL ANN
B.l
Stratford, Connecticut
Chorus 1, 2, 3, 4; Orchestra 1, 2, 3, 4; Women 's Chorus 1, 2, ,
M.E.N.C. 1, 2, 3, 4.
3, 4 .
O 'CONNOR EILEEN FRANCES
B.S.
Norfolk, Connecticut
Fairfield Hall Association 1, 2, 3, 4, Counsellor 4; College Weekend
1, 2, 3, 4; Aquinas Club 2, 3, 4; S.E.A.C. 3, 4; W .A.A. President 3,
Field Hockey Sportshead 2; Class Representative 2, 4; Overnight Sports head 4; Field Hockey 1, 2, 3, 4; Tennis 1, 2, f 4; Basktboll Intro mural s and Club 2, 3, 4; Overn ight 1, 4; Golf 3; Band 1, 2, 4; Class
Activities 1, 2, 3, 4, Prom Chairman 2, 3, Bids Cha irman 2, 3.
SIDORIAK, BARBARA
B.l
Stratford, Connecticut
Echo Stoff 1; W .A.A. 1, 2; Volleyball 3, 4, Sporthead 3; Dromatons ,
E.C.A. 3, 4; Chorus 4; Fairfield Hall Association , Head Duty Girl ,
Open House Chairman 3; Yearbook 4; Food Committee 4; Cla ,
Activities 1, 2, 3, 4 .
142
�SIMMONS, MARGARET
B.S.
South Norwalk, Connecticut
:appa Delta Pi 3, 4, Treasurer 4; S.E.A.C. 3; Fairfield Hall Associa ion, Christmas Open House Chairman 2, Senior Week Chairman,
'reshman Orientation 1, 2; Class Treasurer 1, 2; Class Activities 1, 2,
I, 4 .
SKAHEN, DON HENRY
B.S.
Danbury , Connecticut
/arsity Baseball 1, 2, 3, 4; Soccer 3, 4; S.G.A. 1, Representative 1;
:lass Treasurer 1; Class Activities 3, 4 .
STRAND, RONALD FREDERICK
B.S.
Brewster, New York
/arsity Baseball 1, 2, 3, 4; Varsity Basketball 1, 2, 3, 4; M.A.A. Vice,resident 3, 4; Varsity Soccer 2; Class Activities 3, 4.
TAKACS, GEORGE G.
Wilton, Connecticut
A.S.
THORNE, MARGARET A.
B.S.
Danbury , Connecticut
)rchestra 1, 2, 3, 4; Chorus 1, 2, 3, 4; M.E.N.C. 1, 2, 3, 4; Women's
:horus 1, 2, 3, 4; S.G.A. 2; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4; Kappa Delta
1i 3, 4; Music Department
Productions 1, 2, 3, 4 .
TILLSON, MARY LOU
Stratford, Connecticut
A.S.
URBANOWICZ, SYLVIA A.
Stamford , Connecticut
Dramatic Club 1; Aquinas Club 3; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4.
VESTRO, CONSTANCE L.
B.S.
Waterbury, Connecticut
C.I.S .L. 2; Aquinas Club 3, 4, Social Chairman 3, Vice-president 4;
Pep Club 3; Chairman Junior Prom; E.C.A. 4; S.G.A. Representative 4;
Cla ss Activities 2, 3, 4; Se nior Class Publicity Secretary.
VIALL, THOMAS G .
B.S.
Brewster , New York
Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4; Dramatic Club 2; Echo 2, 3; Yearbook 3, 4,
Photography Editor 4; College Weekend Committee 2; Freshman Orientation 2; Aqu inas Club 3, 4, President 4.
WAHEN, CAROL
B.S.
Stamford , Connecticut
C.I.S.L. l ; Women's Glee Club 2; W.A.A. l ; Sing 3; South Pacific
Costume Committee Chairman ; Chairman of Chr istmas Door Contest;
Open House Committee; Chairman , Thanksgiving Dinner; Christmas Decorations Committee .
WEISS, WILLIAM
B.S.
Bethel , Connecticut
Varsity Baseball 1, 2, 3, 4; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4; Science Club 1;
Winter Weekend 2; Junior Prom.
nterla ith Fellowship 1.
WESTON, BERTRAM
South Norwalk , Connecticut
TOMAINO, EMILY
B.S.
Danbury , Connecticut
i.G .A. 1, 2, 3, 4; N.E.A. 3, 4; S.E.A.C. 3, 4 ; Aquinas Club 3, 4; Yearoook 4; Clas s Activities 1, 2, 3, 4; Secretary 3 .
WILSON, DONALD
New Fairfield , Connecticut
TOSCANO, RALPH A.
B.S.
Danbury , Connecticut
'reshman Orientation, Music Chairman; Sophomore Prom, Music Chairnan; Intramural Basketball 2; S.G.A. 3; Class Activities 2, 3, 4;
unior Production ; C.I.S.L. 2, 3, Treasurer 3.
B.S.
TULLY, CAROL
Danbury, Connecticut
A.S.
WRIGHT, GAIL W .
N.E.A. 4.
· B.S.
ZACAVISH, BARBARAWARFIELD (MRS.)
Danbury, Connecticut
Cheerleading 1, 2, 3; Courier 3, 4, Co-editor 3, 4, W.A.A. l; Junior
Production ; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4; Yearbook , Co-Literary Editor 4;
Freshman Orientation 2.
B.S.
ZAMARY, JOHN
long Hill, Connecticut
C.I.S.L. 3, 4; S.G.A. 2; Clas s Activities 1, · 2, 3, 4; Co-Chairman Sopho more Prom; Co-Chairman Christmas Decoration Committee 2; Class
President 3, 4 .
ZURINSKAS, ROBERT
B.S.
Danbury, Connecticut
Varsity Basketball 1, 2; Varsity Baseball 2; Varsity Golf 1, 2, 3, 4 ,
Co-Captain 1, 2, 3; Junior Production; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4;
M.A.A. 1, 2, 3, 4, Sportshead 1; Variety Show 3; Science Club 1;
South Pacific 3 .
B.S.
Symphony
S.S.
Prospect , Connecticut
TUSSUP, SANDRA R.
B.S.
Bethel, Connecticut
i.G .A. Representative l; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4; W.A.A. 1, 2, 3, 4;
ntramural Softball 3; Winter Weekend 2; Junior Production, Wardobe Chairman ; Yearbook, Art Co-Editor 4; Freshman Orientation 2;
ienior Class Activities Committee 4; S.E.A.C.-N .E.A. 3, 4 .
TYRRELL
, DAVID
Plainville, Connecticut
:horus 1, 2, 3, 4; Band 1, 4; Orchestra 2; Danbury
U .N.C. 1, 2, 3, 4.
A.S.
WOOSTER, PATRICIA ANN
B.S.
Middlebury , Connecticut
Chorus 1, 2, 3, 4; Preparatory Orchestra 1, 2, 3, 4; Women 's Chorus
1, 4; M.E.N.C . 1, 2, 3, 4 .
TROCOLLA, DANIEL
B.S.
Danbury, Connecticut
A.A.A. Representative 3; Soccer Co-captain 2, 3, 4; S.E.A.C. 3, 4, Pubic Relations Chairman 3; Class Activities 1, 2, 3, 4; Junior Production ,
iets 3; Junior Prom, Decorations 3 .
TUFTS, JANE (MRS.)
Brookfield, Connecticut
A.S.
WILLENBROCK, MYRA DOROTHY
B.S.
Southbury,. Connecticut
Field Hockey 1, 2, 3; Basketball 1, 2, 3; Softball 2; Class Activities 2,
3; Board of Governors 4; Yearbook 4; Treasurer Fairfield Hall 2;
Vice-President Fairfield Hall 3.
A.S.
TOMAINO, FRANK
Da~bury, Connect icut
B.S.
1;
143
�set in linotype spartan block, bodoni bold italic, goromond
italic, and spartan medium. title page egyption expanded and
bodoni bold italic. marbled
papers
by nelson-whitehead
paper corporation, new york. printed by t. o'toole and sons,
stomford,
connecticut. cover by deluxe croft, chicogo, ill.
photography by wonn, romoniello, zomory, violl.
144
�__
_.;.~--:;r'.-.---~
~-e>'-tie>e>Ie
&
se>~s
incorporated
offset printers and binders since 1891
91 jefferson st .
stamford, conn.
����
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
WestConn publications and yearbooks, RG8.1
Has Version
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource.
<a href="https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/findingaids/ctdbn_rg612_westconnPubs.xml" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link to finding aid</a>
IIIF Collection Metadata
UUID
8d1b5a3d-e3b3-49e5-b381-caa8f45ea92c
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Reactions
Alternative Title
An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.
Danbury State College, 1961 Yearbook
Description
An account of the resource
152 pgs
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Includes images of Al and Claire Geddes, Ruth Haas, etc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1961
Subject
The topic of the resource
College students--United States
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
rg81_yearbook_1961
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Danbury State College
Has Version
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource.
<a href="https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/relatedObjects/Yearbooks/1961/#page/1/mode/2up" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Page turner version</a>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Danbury State College. Yearbook Committee.
IIIF Item Metadata
UUID
b0328690-b31e-4d5d-9242-d0111f4b685a
Danbury State College
Yearbooks
-
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Truman_A._Warner_Papers_MS026/6666/ms026_40_31.pdf
f092939d599cec1d994642c1cde3f9e6
PDF Text
Text
DANBURY STATE COLLEGE
THE
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
HATTING UNIONS IN DANBURY, CONN.
1800-1896
Joseph
E.
Research
January
Kelly,
Jr.
Seminar
11, 1967
�TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
I.
P·age
HISTORY OF HATTING AND LABOR IN DANBURYPRIOR TO
UNIONISM. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
1
Hatting
Labor
II.
THE DEVELOPMENT
OF UNIONISM AND HATTING
1800 - 1850. • . • • • • • . • • · • • • • • •
The Hatters'
Society,
Hatting
and Labor
III.
·1000 -
. . . . . . . .
?
THE DEVELOPMENT
OF UNIONISM AND HATTING
1850 - 1896 •••••••••••••••••••••••
The Makers'
5
13
and Finishers'
The Trimmers,
Unions
and Coners
and Labor
Slippers
Hatters,
Hatting
Amalgamation
. . . . . . . . . .
27
CONCLUSION. • • ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
35
BIBLIOGRAPHY. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
37
IV.
LABORDISPUTES ••
New
The
The
The
The
The
York City
Strike
of
Strike
of
Lockout of
Lockout of
Lockout of
. . . .
• • • • •
- 1822
1858
1882
1887
1890
1893
�-
CHAPTERI
HISTORY -OF HATTINGAND
PRIOR TO
-- LABOR
--- -IN DANBURY
_______
.........,
__--- UNIONISM
====
To deal
hatting
unions
d)l\ Danbury
from the very
its
progress
more effectively
beginnings
with
it
I
the
early
is of great
. of the
trade
development :, of
importance
in this
to start
town and explore
to 1800.
Hatting
Danbury's
beginning---Hatting
period
and was one of the
cmlmnial
-
by the
first
colonists,
localities
H. Francis,
in his
book,
History
credits
this
hat
making the
shop in the United
due to the
Danbury
and consequently
British
during
such as New York,
1
w.
£.Qml.
fact
that
the
H. Francis,
(Danbury:
Hand
first
This
records
records
in
one of the
start.
hat
1
in the
engaged
the
Trade 1:!!_Danbury,
States.
the Revolutionary
Pennsylvania
considered
in Danbury during
of the Hatting
town with
entrance
industries
made its
historian
contested
the
first
Danbury being
in which hatting
w.
first
-
with
made its
l800's
Conn.,
and building
cannot
1
the
be readily
of pre-Revolutionary
of hatting
War.
and other
were burned
However,
parts
other
by
areas
of New England
History
of the Hatting Trade
L, Publishers,
1860), p. 1.
in Danbury,
�-
2
seem to have been more actively
Danbury
in the
colonial
Danbury's
that
of the eight
bury
in 1684,
families
there
as early
1
The other
-
area?
"it
regards
area
these
seemingly
the
as being
responsible---Zodac
of hats
in Danbury
Conn. who founded
The matter
for
its
abundance
the
the more logical
Persons
seem to indicate
was a matter
as 1791, was noted
in the
than
Dan-
one hatter.
this
One is that
and muskrat,
facture
from Norwalk,
choose
explanation
two is
accounts
was at least
two explanations.
in hat production
era.
selection---All
Why did they
Danbury
engaged
reason.
rests
on
of chance
that
hat-makers.
of wildlife,
3
•
••
beaver
The second
of
one.
Benedict
began the manu-
in 1780.
LH~engaged
in the less chivalrous
and bloody occupation
of making hats f5n contrast
to the occupation of a soldiey
in a small red shop •••
in Main
Street.
With limited
resources
and capital
he kept
up the fire under his solitary
kettle,
and employed
to work up his 'stock'
the services
of one journeyman and two apprentices,
turning
off hats at the
rate of three per day, or one and a half dozen per
week. 4 Two being an average for a good workman in
a day.
2
United
Victors.
Clark,
States,
1607-1860,
History
of Manufacturers
in the
I (New York: Peter Smith, 1929),
p. 464
3
Norris G. Osborn, (ed.),
History of Connecticut,
(New York: The State History Company, 1925), pp. 296-297.
4
Francis,
p.
1.
IV
�-
3
The only
manufacturing
other
of hats
and Oliver
prior
employed
hats
per
thirty
many hats
the
persons
shops
and turned
were made in the homes.
anywhere
quality
in the
country.
Large
White
The
out approximately
9,000
should
hat
be noted
that
factories
did not
These home-made hats
were used
the value,
the
processes
involved
time were done by hand in both
early
Russell
of course,
depended
upon
of the hat.
Also,
chinery
to the
company of Burr and White.
and processes---It
as a medium of exchange,
-
to contribute
year.
The first
the
persons
to 1800 were Colonel
Burr who formed
firm
exist
significant
was not
introduced
into
in making hats
at this
the home and the hat
the Danbury
industry
shop.
until
Mathe
1800's.
The hat
particular
shop did not make a finished
process,
distributed
Francis
to the
have the hair
ladies
that
remained
5
tweezers.
11
5
~-,
p.
4
comments that
living
product.
11
they
in the vicinity,
sticking
in the
On one
L?tatywere
in order
nap removed by
to
�-
4
Labor
Unionism
was non-existent
The town was very
had little
small,
industry.
labor
approximately
Most hatters
had a few journeymen
ing so,
in Danbury
if
this
people
in 1790,
were self-employed
and apprentices
difficulties,
3,031
during
working
any,
and
or a man
for him.
would be purely
period.
This be-
insignifi-
cant.
In the
been changing;
.
ing twenty
second
half
for
was reported
thousand
it
hats.
was reported
in 1787.
most likely
led to the
of the
6
This
1790's,
that
the picture
in 1800,
is almost
The corresponding
formation
of the
twice
increase
first
must have
Danbury was makas many hats
as
in employees
organization
of
hatters.
6
1801.
-
Robbins'
Century
Sermon,
Delivered
in Danbury,
Jan.
1,
�5
CHAPTERII
THE DEVELOPMENT
OF UNIONISMAND HATTING
1800 - 1850
With the beginning
the
first
hatters•
of the
union,
Nineteenth
or more precisely,
Century,
we find
hatters•
society,
in existence.
The Hatters•
On November 21,
"United
its
out
the
membership
appear
activities
and little
the
country,
1800 - ?
was formed
Society
of Hatters."
of this
society,
mention
in Danbury
Little
it
other
societies
was particular
It
the
is
or the extent
is made of it.
with
so I assume that
of
did not
throughto the
of Danbury.
The society
down rules
and distressed
pertaining
ticles
there
to have any affiliations
hatters
set
1800,
and True .Assistant
known about
Society,
was primarily
and regulations
members•
of this
constitution
regarding
families,
to work in the
formed
and also
for
two purposes:
distressed
members
to set
down those
shops . and new membership.
are:
to
Some ar-
�6
Any person refusing
to serve in any of the above offices
L:President,
secretary,
etc. for the first
timy',
when
duly elected,
shall be fined a half dollar,
to be paid
into the fund.
That any member finding himself
any tools,
or anything
necessary
towards making a Hat, excepting
labour,
apron
badge and gloves,
shall be fined two dollars.
-
If the society
shall agree, by a majority,
to any settled rule of manner of work, or any settled
price for
work, and they agree that there shall be a turn-out
rather
than work upon any other terms than have been
settled
upon, and if any member shall turn ffeturnl
into shop work, contrary
to what has been agreed upon
by a majority,
he shall,
under a fine of fourteen
dollars,
and in case of persisting
therein,
he shall be
excluded from the society
without
it is agreed upon by
a majority
before he gets to work to break the rule
and turn in. 7
It
lection
is also
stated
would be taken
The stewards
day during
these
a member is distressed
shops
and given
members every
a col-
to the member.
Monday and Thurs-
illness.
Pertaining
to membership,
Danbury
and applied
willing
to become a member.
man would aecompany
entered
if
among the
would visit
their
that
on the books.
when a journeyman
at a shop for work,
If he said
him to the
secretary
he was asked
yes,
the
came to
if he was
shop journey-
to have his
name
8
7
The Hatters'
Constitution:
or Rules and Regulations
Adopted BY, the United and True Assistant
Society of Hatters
Danbury, November 21, 1800.
8
.
Ibid.
in
�-
7
We can see that
bor union,
job,
that
resist
about
the articles
hatting
the
recognized
it was,
the members,
lutions
craft
their
whether
fact
that
type of a la-
for walking
off
together
was to bring
in an organi-
employers.
this
society
was actually
but I am led to believe
in April
of 1806 a meeting
of Danbury was held where the following
were voted
Voted, that
at a higher
given these
months, and
months from
the
whereby members would
now brought
by the manufacturers,
hat manufacturers
was a crude
up regulations
against
is not mentioned
due to the
this
and change which machinery
had a defense
It
set
was an ancient
innovation
and that
zation,
although
that
of the
reso-
upon:
we will not employ any journeyman hatter
rate of wages than what has usually been
journeymen with families
not within three
those without families
not within six
date.
Also voted, that
journeyman hatter
this society
of
their employers
in this town out
the above limited
we will not hereafter
employ any
now employed within the limits
of
hatters
in this town who shall leave
and work in any other hatting
shop
of the limits of this society within
time.
Also voted, that we will not employ any of the following named journeymen hatters
of the City of New
York until some stipplated
wages shall be agreed to
by their employers and those of the society of hatters
to which they belong. 9
9
Danbury Times, October
from an older newspaper.
12, 1881.
This was a reprint
�8
How long this
significant
1810,
clue
giving
society
found
is that
that
the
society
ers'
and makers'
tary
evidence
it
at this
contract
a former
was active
locals
until
The only
was reprinted
in
is
significant
early
time
that
formation
the hatters
banding
the
together
advantage.
"Danbury had education
before
the
believes
of the
finish-
but did not have any documen10
statement.
Whatever its dura-
that
was to their
rupted--long
Danbury hatter,
in 1850,
to back up his
and protection
that
its
is not known.
us a minimum time of ten years.
Mr. Thomas Stevens,
tion,
lasted
in Danbury
realized
for mutual
objectives
It
can thus
in unionism--never
rest
of the country
be agreed
since
inter-
became union-
11
conscious."
Hatting
Since
1800,
there
were fifty-six
shops
employed
about
three
hatting
hat
-
shops
hat
buildings
Interview
in Danbury.
in operation.
the
average
In 1810
One of these
in the others
running
men each.
Some of these
10
1810 - 1850
grew steadily
200 men, with
to five
homes or small
and Labor,
with
shops were located
next
in cellars
of
to the homes and were not ac-
Thomas Stevens,
former
hatter,
Dec. 29,
Unknown,
(New York:
1966.
11
Walter Gordon Merritt,
Destination
Prentice-Hall,
Inc.,
1951), p. 7.
�9
tually
what we call
in the
area
a kettle
shops
today.
was interested
in his
12
in the
home and hire
If a farmer
trade
or other
person
he would simply
the number of journeymen
set
up
he would
need.
Machination
chines
and invention----In
and inventions
were beginning
in the hatting
industry.
hats
A small,
for
in 1811.
blowing
chine
be a great
improvement
fur
found their
hat
in the
bodies
way into
There
step
to the
method by which hats
forming
in 1812.
until
actual
development
to machinery
appearance
to making
machine
later,
a ma-
was thought
proved
to
otherwise
and
With 1822 came an im-
were dyed and in 1845 a machine
that
of the
Many other
during
these
is not actually
the
years.
were an important
system
in Danbury.
by the hatters
at this
known.
there
12James Montgomery Bai· 1 ey, History
·
1684 - 1896 (New York: Burr Printing
Bouse,
234, 242.
13
Ibid, , pp. 217, 219, 221.
for
innovations
intervening
machines
factory
The amount of resistance
regard
usage
ma-
important
Six years
hand method.
industry
is no doubt
but
This machine
was patented.
the
applied
imperfect
for bowing hats.
the workmen returned
proved
simple,
l800's,
to make their
Steam was first
fur was invented
was built
the early
But,
Danb ury,
1896), pp.
Q_f
time
must
Conn.,
216,
in
13
�10
have been some resistance
found
in the
other
than
first
because
hatters'
labor,
apron
society
ally
part
The first
out a-nd buy spirits
in those
by contract
shops.
twenty-five
cents
apprentice
as drinking
appearing
a period
errands
were
were usu-
of seven years.
and waiting
errand
was not prohibited
in an early
to the hatting
American
Daily
for
on
was to go
on the job
"The life
wages were thought
14
15
these
and reprinted
give
of Gershom B. Finch,
but he will
apprentices
an indented
14
pay no more."
to run off.
In the
in 1824,
apprentices
the number of advertise15
amounted to 57.
of an apprentice
conducive
Apprentices
Danbury Times,
newspaper
"Ezra Wildman •••• will
business,
Advertiser,
runaway
led to sin.
that
for ' the return
It was not uncommon for
ica
for
of doing
apprentices
Apprentices
The most frequent
in The Danbury Times stated
ness
the use of nothing
days.
An article
ments
industry.
six months consisted
the workmen in the
-
the beginning
of the hatting
bound or indentured
regarding
as those
and gloves.
Apprentioeships---From
an integral
of such stipulations
June
in those
to a decent
had to sign
days was hard.
Christian
life.
an agreement
Low
Idle-
to serve
15, 1881.
Richard B. Morris, Government and Labor in Early~(New York: Columbia University
Press,
1946), pp. 448-449.
�-
11
their
tices,
visit
"Masters"
faithfully
not to play
taverns
not to marry while
1
cards,
dice,
or unlawful
contract
appren-
games,
and not to
. . . l J.6
or the playhouse.
An actual
still
II
to the Tweedy and Hoyt Company in
1847 reads:
That the said William D. Norris hath placed his son,
the said Asher Norris,
an apprentice
to the said
Abejah E. Tweedy and John R. Hoyt partner •••
to
be instructed
in the art, mystery,
trade and occupation of Hat making •••
And to live with them and
serve them from the date hereof until
the said Asher
shal! arrive
at the age of twenty-one
years •••
LHiy masters
shall and will provide for the said
apprentice,
meat, drink, washing,
lodging and all
17
necessaries
in sickness
and in health ••••
-
He was also
In later
contention
paid
years
between
these
the
occurred
1836-1837
that
the
hit
times
will
chaQmes employed
came for
-
Feb.
the
clothing.
were to cause
two periods
country.
be remembered
unemployed
for
much
and the manufacturers.
very hard.
in the hatting
some of the
16
Union,
Press,
industry
per year
apprentices
to 1850,
throughout
the
dollars
unions
Stagnation---Prior
nation
fifty
of general
The first
It
period
is mentioned
by many, especially
industry
hatters
in those
days.
stagof
by Bailey
the meA break
when they were hired
to
United Hatters,
Cap and Millinery
Workers, International
One Hundredth Anniversary
Celebration
(Danbury: Hamilton
1951), unpaged.
17
"Indenture
of Apprenticeship,
Tweedy and Hoyt Company,
184 7
11 •
�-
12
remove the water
a dollar
pipe
The second
ters
sons.
getting
took
19
18
jobs
period,
1846-1847,
back on its
with
Bailey,
farmers
p. 223.
19
Ibid.,
-
down Main Street
at the
rate
of
18
a day.
was just
running
pp.
225-226.
feet.
for
came when the
This
the haying
time
industry
unemployed
and harvesting
hatsea-
�•
13
CHAPTERIII
THE DEVELOPMENT
OF UNIONISMAND HATTING
1850
- 1896
The Makers• and Finishers•unions
The culmination
bonding
ery
•
together
and the
of these
of the manufacturers,
generally
organization
two periods
the
bad conditions
in 1850 of both
the United
Journeymen
two locals
constituted
of stagnation,
onslaught
of machin-
of employment
the Hat Finishers•
Hat Makers•
Association
the beginnings
the
led to the
Association
and
in Danbury.
These
unionism
in Dan-
of "true"
bury.
The makers'
parate
entities,
the Danbury
for
welded
industry.
bargaining,
tices,
and finishers'
though
for
labor
a framework
Their
striking,
and dealing
unions,
with
the
constitutions
the hiring
other
actually
movement into
prescribed
methods
of new employees,
factors
se-
detrimental
appren-
to all
mem-
/
bers
of the hatting
trade.
Though evidence
unions
tem.
brought
Prior
about
to this
is
lacking,
the
long needed
time,
the hatters
it
may be that
reform
these
in the wage sys-
were paid
in orders
that
�-
14
were presented
of 1850,
to merchants
the hatters
were finally
The unions
also
and were described
the
'bone
and sinew•
cost
family,
case,
generosity
It was also
noted
good causes.
shop,
his
cause
wish
unions
21
22
Ibid.,
Danbury
the heart."
on a local
basis.
Times,
Ibid.
p. 15.
Jan.
27,
1859.
defrayed
it
member's
not as an
of procedure
for."
22
gave to many
he goes to the
he will
23
four
p. 226.
23
Francis,
aid,
Association---For
continued
unions
or asked
themselves
for
forming
deceased
course
be a good one,
a snug sum to gladden
in the area
"we present
expected
the hatters
"Does a person
and if
20
-
one of its
20
system.
and commercially
21
of their
is neither
that
The National
Danbury
for
as a sample
In the year
cash
a case where one of the
expenses
but
goods.
much good will
. The Danbury Times 1:aaid that
when their
without
promoted
of our town."
of funeral
isolated
hat
for
put on the
as "physically
In presenting
the
in return
not
leave
years
the two
Then,
in 1854,
�-
15
the
finishers,
formed
along
the National
with
sient
local
unions.
nature
served
the
right
to issue
-
the
association.
apprenticeships
tion.
left
areas
This
comprised
The locals
of apprentices
trade
most of the power
many hatters
cards
covered
that
were of a tran-
the
the right
to be employed
unions
rethese
belonging
on the duration
the main functions
retained
association
would allow
by other
and regulations
localities,
24
Association.
constitution
Being that
in other
and went where the work was,
men to work within
to the
unions
Hat Finishers'
The association's
to the
simil~r
of the
to determine
of
associa-
the number
in each shop and to set
their
own wages.
The task
shops
in Danbury.
now was that
25
of trying
The Fur Hat Manufacturers
to improve
relations
the
in 1885,
unions
ciation,
called
for
and reach
through
and form an association
better
able
United
1944),
of Danbury---In
accord
effort
the manufacturers
selves
24
the
to unionize
through
with
all
the
an effort
the manufacturers,
of the national
to unite
asso-
among them-
which the
two might
be
to negotiate.
Charles H. Green, The Headwear Workers (New York:
Hatters,
Cap and Millinery
Workers International
Union,
p. 22.
25
The makers did not affiliate
nationally
until
1876.
�16
• The resu~ting
manufactur~rs'
conyention
lay and the Danbury Manufacturers,
experiment,
organized
Hat Manufacturers'
their
Association
whereby
the unions
own wages and methods
vised
each year
be submitted
lected
tion,
the
that
board
locals
a newly instituted
e ·~nsisted
of union
men would stay
bargaining
to regulate
The wages would be re-
being
not be settled
the
would consist
practice.
members only.
final
Prior
word.
of members seassocia-
to this,
It was also
a dispute
would
the boards
agreed
until
all
that
methods
the
of
were exhausted.
The manufacturers
labor
new
the makers
and the manufacturers'
at work during
this
the Fur
with
would be able
which could
to arbitration,
from both
agreements
of work.
and disputes
The arbitration
called
de-
of Danbury.
signed
their
to try
own association
The new association
and finishers
impatient
met with
and thought
it
best
saw the
revolution
to show their
in organized
willingness
to co-
operate.
The Trimmers,
In 1885,
two other
Union and the Hat Cowers'
and Danbury District.
Slippers
unions
and coaers
were formed:
and Slippers•
Society
the Trimmers'
of Danbury
�17
The trimmers
was an organization
women and was similar
finishers.
The constitution
ing and had other
the
two previous
excepting
that
National
-
their
these
of these
the
early
Makers'
in critical
-
and bargain-
had been included
in
union
was primarily
the
same,
two locals
1900's.
received
The National
Associations
national
Finishers'
would not absorb
did not
fit
into
affiliaand the
them because
those
two categories,
periods,
they were to receive
Hatters,
Hatting
the
support
of
associations.
the hatters
rich,
strikes
and
women did not make up the main body of it.
Hatters
tury
for
which also
and slippers'
job classification
though
of the makers
of
unions.
Neither
until
to that
provided
stipulations
The co~ers'
tion
in function
composed primarily
and hatters'
in Danbury
were foreign
an area
born,
merchant,
during
mostly
and Labor
convictions---several
the middle
Irish
hundred
of the Eighteenth
and English.
had much to say about
of
Cen-
Samuel Good-
them.
A large part of the business
of our store was the furnishing
of rum to these poor wretches,
who bought one
or two quarts on Saturday night,
and fuddled themselves
till
Monday, and frequently
till
Tuesday.
A factory
workman of those days was thought to be born to toil,
to get drunk, and make a hell of his home •• • • We had
imported these ideas from England and other foreign
manufacturin~
countries,
and they reigned over the
6
public mind.
26
Samuel G. Goodrich,
Recollections
of a Lifetime
(New
�18
The hatters
victions
were men of strong
have dominated
and brought
them through
The Danbury
every
many touch
Times stated
'Watt's
on the mind is of great
'Watt's
on the head'
was 1:1aid that
very
here
"the
depressed
destiny'
-
almost
condition
or some other
LDanbury/
and 'Jersey•
after
besides."
cost
of the
to make a hat
market.
workers
He also
importance,'
27
hats
have
26
but declares
is,
that
it
to be in a
from 'manifest
continue
'shutdown'
book,
felt
to be made
everywhere
else--
that
that
the workmen were
They knew to a penny what it
and what prices
Miller,
that
28
enough to take
York:
thinks
appears
will
if
the hats
the market
would demand more in wages.
be sensible
existence
Not to be outdone,
The fact
situation.
felt
of their
"a hatter
in Yonkers
cause,
John Codman, in his
the masters
that
••••
they
facet
These con-
situations.
is of greater."
Hat trade
convictions.
less
rather
If
conunanded on the
should
it
than
Octon and Mulligan,
advance,
receded,
be idle.
1856),
the
they would
29
pp.
396-397.
27
The Danbury
28
29
-
Ibid.,
April
Times,
February
5, 1857.
29, 1858.
John Codman, Winter Sketches from the Saddle !?.Y.
!.
Septuagenari~n
(New York: G. P. Putnam, since 1888), pp. 149-150.
�20
"Fair"
and
Foul
11
11
Shops---The
beginning
of the
I
finish-
I
ers'
and makers'
unions
in 1850 brought
with lit
the use of the
j
terms
"fair"
A "fair"
and "foul"
worker
as applied
to both h ~tters
was one who belonged
and shops.
to the J nion and a "foul"
I
or "independent"
classified
worker
in the
being
these
the unions'
The shops were
I
same manner.
Around 1867 "foul"
Disregarding
one who did noJ .
shops began turni J g up in Danbury.
methods
of training
lapprentices,
I
manufacturers
who did not employ union 'men set
about
I
training
•
their
own.
Men were taught
the tra1e
or months and then became full-fledged
ment started
out slowly
went
"foul".
tect
themselves
journ ~ymen.
but eventually
The employers
from the
claimed
arbitrary
in a few weeks
This move-
more l na more shops
i
that thi $ was done to pro-
demands
of the
union.
They
I
sought
to increase
an excess
labor
the number of unemployed
market
not only the unions
workers
as well.
would always
to raise
cries
I
, ourneymen
be available.
but,
also
the
so that
This caused
"foul"
33
The number of "independent"
workers
ose rapidly
in 1881 only one shop in Danbury was conside f' ed "fair".
and
In
I
viewing
the
strike
of 1882
1
we shall
see the 1 results
of this
movement.
33
Ibid.,
February
a,
1882,
and Gree
1,
pp. 24-26
�•
21
Union label
unions
led them on a campaign
cessfully
accomplished
In 1885,
the
and boycott---The
finishers'
time the
interest
ing their
label.
resistance
It
to union
remained
label
they
and subsequently
and turned
When the
their
a year
started
seemed to melt the
Danbury all
of
at which
expressed
until
last
later.
print-
bit
"fair".
of
34
1893.
label,
the unions
could
ask the public
more effectively
Under this
union
could
union
made or goods which did not have a label
tate
of directors
was discussed.
a weapon known as the boycott.
was an effective
tool
not to purchase
system,
goods that
emthe
were not
attached.
It
for them and one which they did not hesi-
to use when the time came.
In campaigning
harmony and it was said
35
amalgation."
•
label
shops
so until
With the
ploy
This
idea
as had been suc-
took place,
was not effected
the
label
of the boards
to the manufacturers,
endorsed
of the hatters'
makers.
associations
of a union
but cooperation
The unions
•
meeting
and makers'
idea was presented
a union
by the cigar
a joint
issuance
for
strength
34
35
Green,
Ibid.
for
that
pp. 43-44.
the
label,
the ~ unions
they had reached
worked in close
an "unofficial
�•
22
C~nvict
ting
industry
This
being
the
also
called
of labor
system
cents
Account
arbitrary
of the
serious
imperiled
the very
dustries,
unless
also
directly
so that
restricted
the manufacturers
.
of the prison.
product
fur-
The conThe other,
used,
a manufactory:
finished
that
the trade
him inside
that
unions,
convict
labor
could
their
and that
in relation
to the
it
in-
The workmen were
wages were being
lower their
walls.
made
of one of the most valuable
by legislation.
with
the prison
from the competition
in that
per-
36
state.
existence
state
labor.
and selling
maintained
injury
involved
more competitive
to conduct
had driven
Whereas the manufacturers
them sustain
the
and machinery.
maintained
demands,
while
and the
manufacturing,
The contractor
their
convicts
One
pays a uniform
System and not as widely
of the prison
the benefit
in two forms.
where the contractor
instructions
raw materials,
goods for
1
labor.
primarily
the overseers,
furnishes
the officers
of convict
existed
per day for
the Public
buying
•
type
was keen enough in the hat-
the presence
the workshops,
tractor
mits
without
contract
sum of fifty
nishes
Labor---Competition
prices
lowered
and keep a
low-priced
products
37
36
State of Connecticut,
Report of the Special Commission
Q!!. Contract
Convict Labor with Accompanying Papers,
(New Haven:
Tuttle,
Morehouse and Taylor,
1880), p. 11.
37 .Ll:...._.,
b·a
p.
12
�•
23
Unskilled
lar
free
labor
per day and skilled
trast
between
per day,
tors,
these
was earning
laborers
two dollars
wages and those
not to mention
the
an average
of one dol-
per day.
of the convict,
low overhead
The con-
fifty
of the prison
cents ,
contrac-
were significant.
Although
turing
hats,
adjoining
were engaged
terest
the prisons
in Connecticut
states
in this
were not manufac-
such as New York and Massachusetts
practice.
Consequently,
Danbury had an in-
at stake.
The Governor
the effects
of Connecticut
of convict
labor
Danbury hat manufacturer,
a meeting
existing
in the
abolished
until
restricted
the
a better
and guarded
the reformation
up a commission
state.
was elected
in New Haven on May 21st,
circumstances
promote
set
'contract
Edmund Tweedy, a
secretary
1879,
one can be found,
the
of the criminal,
and proposed
that
systems'
as to protect
to study
"under
should
Lf:hil
not be
but should
interest
be so
of the State,
and do the
least
pos-
38
sible
harm to free
In this
Danbury stated
the
•
subject,
38
labor."
same report
that
"there
and that
Ibid.,
p. 39
a group of hatter
should
once brought
be general
about,
at
journeymen
legislation
the contract
from
on
system,
�•
24
as a blpt
its
on the good name of a just
corruption
and all
·
wi'11 b e as extinct
Tweedy's
contracting
State
try
·
as its
proposal,
was kept
abolished
chusetts
its
it
limited
and free
damning tendency
twin· brother,
out of Connecticut's
states
a bitter
followed
much.
•
Hugh Shalvoy,
wet-~•so
much steam yo9 didn,t
in front
of you,
ceiling;
the
down like
death
but
also
steam rising
rain.•
tions
working
was little
busiest
Massa-
said
in any indus-
that
legislation.
"it
there
to the rafters,
condensed
was hot and
long hours
wasn't
and came
42
of
41
and an employee
see".
apron
any
it was a rain
of mercury."
40
had not changed
over your head;
"as long as he could
Other
men-
days there
o~ no work at all.
Six months
latter
struggle.
only want to wear a rubber
fumes of nitrate
Some days required
New York
similar
Unknown to the workers,
from the
prisons.
conditions
an old hatter,
Jg
working
with
Working Conditions---Working
all
was adop~ed and hat
the number of convicts
to 150 and other
with
to incre a se crime,
slavery."
among others,
in 1883 after
people,
part
of winter
times
39
40
of work a year
and the early
of the year.
Ibid.,
Green,
41 united
p.
121.
could
part
be counted
of spring
upon.
The
were the
43
42
"Journals
43
of Horace
Purdy"
pp. 38-39.
Codman, p. 146.
Hatte ·rs, cap and Millinery
WoJ;"kmen. • ..,unpaged.
�•
25
To sum .up the
Mr. Stevens
commented that
who was ordered
the
conditions
that
while
prevailed
talking
to a state
to keep the men out of the
lockouts,
the
trooper
said
that
paying
him to keep the men out.
44
him to keep the men in.
in the
He felt
trooper,
shop during
he didn't
shops,
one of
see why they were
they
should
be paying
I
Amalgamation
Knights
hatters
in several
affiliated
•
with
paigning
for
the
finishers
It
fight
label
ate with
it.
of 1884.
the union
national
Hatters
label,
the nation
actually
became
and makers
in cam-
support
to the Nor-
the Knights
so effectively
associations
had pubthat
decided
of North America---As
and finishers
for workers•
ation,
the
matter
of forming
44
strike
its
the
the
to affili-
This was done in 1886.
United
the makers
finishers
and lent
over
and makers
the
of Labor had helped
the unions
label
for
all
Knights
before
aided
union
in their
In the
licized
instances
it.
the
walk Hatters
campaign
of Labor---The
had worked together
rights.
two organizations
Interview
a united
with
After
several
appointed
front.
has been seen,
in their
years
committees
of considerto pursue
This was achieved
Thomas Stevens •••
common
the
in January
�•
26
of 1896,
when a joint
amalgamation,
causing
convention
voted
unanimously
the United
Hatters
in favor
of North America
of
to be
born.
American
Federation
Labor had placed
between
the
endeavor
letter
the
Knights
to play
in the
two unions
and ~he American
world
of Labor.
finishers
concern
and appealing
In an
and makers
over
for
of
of a power struggle
Federation
the
of L. expressing
labor
the Knights
in the middle
the peacemaker,
to the A.F.
lations
of Labor---Joining
the
sent
strained
cooperation
with
Knights.
The appeal
all-encompassed
ated
with
Knights
of the A. F. of L. finally
Knights
of Labor
them in September
was not broken
growth
especially
that
more · than
with
for
45
discussed
the hatters'
The alliance
marked
unions.
the A. F. of~-,
once from utter
Hatters
affili-
with
the
1900.
The amalgamat&on s just
precedented
and the United
of 1896.
until
won out over the
destruction
a period
These
of un-
affiliations,
was to save the union
under
the blows of em46
ploye~s
who were fearful
45
The Dial
•
of its
tremendous
Don~ld B. Robinson,
Spotlight
Press,
1948), p. 78.
46
Green,
p.
53
power.
on a Union
(New York:
a
re~
the
�27
CHAPTERIV
LABORDISPUTES
"The Mad Hatter"
sition
of the
hatters
.
th e coun t ry d uring
is
a term
in both
th eir.
that
Danbury
•
directly
to Danbury
manufacturers
of their
the
journeymen.
they
had continued
The employee
of conspiracy,
•
47
afflicted
It
the
dismissal
to work under
hatters
the
followed.
also
many hatters
to cut
quickly
rose
were joining
reduced
Several
the wages
to meet
together
wages.
in a
At the
employee
who
new wage system.
and an indictment
They were charged
that
they
used
to describe
exposed
in-
in 1822.
of a fellow
was dismissed
being
is
they
to work at these
sought
may be applied
in New York City
that
throughout
47
had met and agreed
and declared
same time,
that
The "Mad Hatters"
and refusing
journeymen
city
dispo-
- 1822
dispute
occurred
of that
occasion
society
noteworthy
the
and elsewhere
many 1 a b or d.isputes.
New York City
The first
can describe
were actually
to
and convicted
depriving
a convulsive
nitrate
of the
of mercury.
palsy
this
that
man
�•
28
of his
means of living
showed the hatters
tions.
in keeping
as "being
persons
probably
of this
showed the
rules
brought
1800,
though
about
trend
by that
on a larger
Danbury's
of 1858,
sided
only
case
here
minds and disposi-
and business
turers
fi.J;st
is
simply
that
society
of local
the
hatters
in
scale.
major
of 1858
labor
dispute
the
"panic
occurred
in March
of 1857 11 had sub-
had resumed.
case
of New York City,
had made a reduction
was to be able
to Danbury
as to the men enforcing
first
a few weeks after
As in the
the
of evil
The indictment
48
The strike
•
shop.
11
The significance
it
a union
to pay for
in wages.
sustained
the Danbury manufacTheir
los~es
argument
that
for
occurred
this
during
recession.
A general
Danbury.
strike
The Danbury
resulted,
Times told
affecting
the
story
all
hat
shops
in
very well:
There was a very significant
demonstration
made by
.operators
in processions
and meetings.
Of course 1
outsiders
will accord to either
party the full right
to maintain
their
positions,
as the i employers are the
best judges whether they can, without
loss,
increase
their
rates of payment to the prices
demanded, and
•
48
United
Hatters,
Cap and Millinery
Workers,
unpaged •
�•
29
the employees know equally well, perhaps,
whether they
can afford to risk the loss of ~omething more thin the
half loaf,
in the chance of getting
a whole one. 9
U~fortunately,
go into
the details
known that
promise
that
with
the
their
rest
finishers
mechanisms,
is
reached
a com-
and approximately
two weeks after
returned
each side
it was a general
strike
to work,
strike,
for
they
the makers
The extent
having
their
did,
and
to which they
is not known.
to the manufacturers
rights.
the manufacturers
which
both
and settlement
proved
to fight
that
But it
one of the establishments
employees
strike
were willing
do not actually
sacrifice.
to the
This
accounts
or settlement.
must have been involved.
contributed
fact
strike
of the hatters
Since
the
of the
a week later
made a sufficient
•
the newspapers
It
that
also
gave grounds
would eventually
to combat this
the hatters
set
growing
up defense
tide
of re-
bellion.
The Strike
It would be well
of a worker
in 1882 with
of the New York City
an article
•
at this
those
Hatters'
of 1882
point
that
court
to contrast
prevailed
case
from the New York Times:
49
Danbury Times,
March 11, 1858.
the rights
around
the time
in 1822 by presenting
to
�•
30
Strikes
have some important
rights.
Workmen may reject
wages if they please.
Antique views that simpl~ refusa[
to work was an offense~
or that employers or the public
could coerce laborers
to continue
service,
have been discarded.
And it is established
that men may unite · in deliberation
upon the rate of wages to be demanded, in
clubbing
together
for securing
the satisfactory
rate,
and
in rules forbidding
such clubs to work at under-pay.
In
short 'no coercion'
is the legal rule for all parties.
The employers cannot coerce the men; they can simply offer such wages as they think tempting.
Workmen cannot
coerce employers;
they can refuse work unless wages are
raised,
and they can argue peaceable
with employers and
each other.
And workmen must not strive
to coerce each
other.
Those who accept work at the prices
offered have
the sacred right to do so, and to come and go from their
employment unmolested by their unsatisfied
brethern •• • • 5O
The local
•
1882.
This
manufacturers'
finishers
strike
marked the
opposition
one of consolidation
to bring
was caused
to hire
card-carrying
on an all-out
facturing
own business
of a campaign
that
by the
unionism.
offered
shops
of several
the
and
manu-
They were em-
The Tweedy Manu-
is the battlefield
were supported
against
of
the union.
members.
Union and employers
51
in their
own way."
organization
into
refusal
union
"it
and "fair"
"fouls"
Trade
The finishers
tional
the
war to stop
Company stated
the Hatters'
start
±n February
a strike
to the unions
The strike
facturers
barking
conducted
between
who want to manage their
by the makers
and the na-
as much money to the union
as would
be needed.
so
June
14,
The New York Times,
1882).
(reprinted
in The Danbury Times,
�•
31
The strike
false
rumors
and troops
was characterized
of convicts
awaiting
being
dispatch
by a few violent
sent
into
in behalf
acts
town to work the
of law and order
and
shops
should
the need arise.
While the
union
while.,
factories
members were sent
the
•
No, the
both voted
strike
to consolidate,
~aking
Mean-
of their
all
but
have any alter~
was over.
made the
700 members to their
the hardships
ahead.
the
and makers,
finishers
and Norwalk to work.
Did the manufacturers
The consolidation
adding
(non-union),
who had formed a society
shops unionized.
native?
in new workers
to Bethel
"independents",
own and the unions
three
broke
folds.
locals multiply
in strength,
52
They were fortifying
for
Added to this
though
strength
separate
was the fact
associations,
that
worked
hand in hand.
The Lockout
As noted
1885.
turers,
This was shortly
finishers
now looked
51
•
before,
the trimmers
after
the
of Danbury organized
agreement
The Danbury Times,
p. 63 •
to follow
suit
in
among the manufac-
and makers had . materialized.
to the trimmers
52 Rob'1nson,
of 1887
The manufacturers
and enter
March 22, 1882.
into
the same
�•
32
agreement.
All
and finally,
served
attempts
to qo so were rebuffed
in May of 1887,
them notice
the manufacturers•
after
a lockout
and returned
of several
difficulties
were prone
to these
to work.
arising
of any national
course,
they were women.
The Lockout
•
til
a change
with
took place
eruption
submitted
to
was the first
The trimmers
fact
that
affiliation
they
and,
of
of 1890
the Trimmer ·s• Union worked well
in the officers
of that
union
un-
in Janu-
53
ary of 1888.
This
came in November,
entered
into
by the
believing
that
would not accept
major dispute
the whole industry
of a job because
which
the
articles
of agreement
revised
the revision
them.
and subsequently
trimme~ ·s was the word of the day.
The resulting
53
led to the next
in 1887 were in need of revision,
The manufacturers
severance
change
1890.
The trimmers,
•
This
owing to the
ind ·ependent
The agreement
of two days,
out of the union.
difficulties
were totally
that
association
of a lockout.
The trimmers,
the agreement
by the trimmers
lockout
in the
all
hats
town,
lasted
three
causing
weeks and encompassed
10,000
had to go through
workers
the hands
to be out
of the trimmers.
State of Connecticut,
Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Sixth
Annual Report for the Year Ending November 20, 1890, (Hartford:
case, Lockwood and Brainard co., 1891), p. 151.
54
�33
During
this
time
the trimmers
and were warr :img: among themselves.
under
the
old agreement
facturers.
remained
ence to the newly revised
to return
together
union,
•
again.
it was agreed
be received
union
in as good standing
all
in all
lo~er
wages.
wage revision
to non-union
Unions
respects
terms.
for
sought
'!'hey "insisted
downward,
shops."
counselled
view of the
a turn
felt
critical
but
so-
II
members •
55
the worse
relief
unless
hat
in 1893 and with
they
industry
officers
in the
could
the
locals
it
form of
serve
a
would sl~p
away
of the Hatters'
offers
rejected
in
the
56
54
The New York Times,
November 16, 1890.
55
Annual
split
of the trimmers
of the manufacturers'
times,
factions
of 1893
The national
acceptance
both
as the other
financial
that
the
agreeing
the previously
membership
The Lockout
again
adher-
members of the new trimmers
back into
took
of their
bringing
harmony between
"that
shall
by the manu-
the trimmers
the old articles,
ciety
the manufacturers
out because
to work
articles.
To insure
Business
•
locked
two factions
returned
sponsored
were overcome with
to work under
into
One faction
and a new union,
The other
The obstacles
had split
state
of Connecticut
Report ••• , p. 170.
56
United
Hatters,
1
Bureau
of Labor
Cap and Millinery
Statistics,
Workers •••
Sixth
, unpaged.
�34
The manufacturers
to perform
less
also
important
The locals
a lockout
to use unregistered
work involved
of making and finishing.
Again,
wanted
occurred
the
articles
of agreement
ies
closed
down, discharging
out
lasted
for
in some of the processes
would not hear
with
severing
Nineteen
some 4000 workers.
a few hat
of it.
the manufacturers
in ~ovember of 1893.
ten weeks,
boys
factor-
Though this
shops did return
to
lock-
werkprior
to any agreement.
I think
•
it
reached.
The dispute
returning
to work as "fair"
feat
for
"fair",
the
score
that
an actual
~, more or less,
unions.
a status
Now, the
or "foul".
Prior
they
stood
faded
c1:t eight
union
out with
was not
the
It was decidedly
to the iockout,
had been able
agreement
all
to maintain
shops
shops had been
for
eight
and eleven
Membership
which had reached
1890,
for
finishers,
and was 1,12 ·0 at the time of the
dwindled
to 560.
"The crisis
ganization,
label,
nearly
wrecked
widely · demanded by customers,
58
Ibid.
Ibid.
a peak of 1,355
in
lock-
57
the
and James Graham, president,
57
years.
"indepen-
shops.
the
shops
a de-
dent"
out,
•
may be said
finishers'
declared
saved
national
that
.
the union."
or-
only the
58
�•
CONCLUSION
It
but
also
essary
is
significant
in other
f6r
parts
the hatters,
of the country,
them to organize
Societies,
against
in 1800, had been in existence
early
17~6.
that
the
industry
number of hatters
warrant
that
it was nec-
Society
in the united
why Danbury did not organize
was in an adolescent
state
in
States
earlier
as
was
in the town.
who were not self-employed
The
was not enough to
a society.
When organization
rules
realized
in Danbury,
management.
Danbury,
as
not only
such as the True and Assistant
The reason
•
that
and regulations
did come, the hatters
that
provided
members with
of continuing
the tradition
apron,
and badge).
To many this
it was his
way of conducting
gloves
to the hatter
The mechanization
hatters
who adhered
process
or invention
a period
of resistance,
inherent
its
of the
to these
in their
regulations.
(i.e.,
his
but
trade.
was impeded by the
Each time a new
it would be followed
but each time this
35
trade
the means
may seem foolish
industry
was introduced,
established
resistance
by
eventu-
�•
36
ally
broke
down and the
new method became a part
The many disputes
conclusive
gained
could
evidence
to the
by affiliation
with
offer
a far
ment of their
It
large
•
•
in the
is
better
fact
19th and 20th
that
with
the national
fight
for
their
the
of the
centuries
give
added strength
associations,
rights
industry.
the hatters
and the better-
trade.
an interesting
amount of data
offers
period
and the
a challenge
unavailability
to the
ardent
of a
researcher
•
�BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Bailey1
James Montgomery, History of Danbury,
New York:
Burr Printing
House, 1896.
Clark.,
Victor
1607
- 1860.
Conn.,
s., History
Vol.
I.
.Q!. Manufacturers
in the United
New York: Peter Smith, 1929.
Codman, John, Winter Sketches From the Saddle~~
ian.
New York:
G. P. Putnam, 1888.
Francis,
•
w. H.,
Danbury:
History .of the Hatting Trade
H. and L. Osborne ,, 1860.
Goodrich,
Samuel A., Recollections
Miller,
Octon and Mulligan,
Green,
Charles
Hatters,
1684-1896,
States,
~eptuagenar-
in Danbury,
Qf a Lifetime,
Conn.
New York:
1856 •
H. 1 The Headwear Workers, New York:
United
Cap and Millinery
Workers International
Union,
1944.
•
Merritt,
Walter Gordon, Destination
Hall, Inc.,
1951.
Unknown, New York:
Morris,
Richard B., Government and Labor
York:
Columbia University
Press,
in Early
Norris G. {ed.), History Q.! Connecticut
York:
The state History Company, 1925.
Robinson
Donald B.,
1
Press,
1948.
Wooley,
Edward Mott, A Century
Hat Co., 1923 •
on~
Union,
of Hats,
37
America,
New
1946.
Osborn,
Spotlight
Prentice-
1 Vol.
IV, New
New York: The Dial
Danbury:
The Mallory
�Bibliography
(continued)
38
Newspapers
Bridgeport
Sunday Post,
Danbury
Times,
Farmers
Journal,
New York Times,
September
1855-1860,
24,
1950.
1881-1883.
1790-1793.
1890.
Public
Documents
State
of Connecticut,
Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Report for the Year Ending November 30,
case, Lockwood and Brainard
Co., 1891.
State
of Connecticut,
Report of the Special
Commission .Qn. Contract
Convict Labor with Accompanying Papers,
New Haven:
Tuttle,
Morehouse and Taylor,
1880.
Unpublished
Sixth Annual
1890.
Hartford:
Material
Barlow,
Alfred G., "The Danbury Trade Agreement,"
nar, Danbury State College,
1965.
Hibbert,
Roger, "Labor-Management
try in Danbury, 1850-1900."
Sta.te College.
--------,
"Indenture
of Apprenticeship",
Contract
between
and Hoyt Company, and Wiliiam D. Norris,
February,
Purdy,
Horace,
Taylor,
Wildman,
"Journals
Semi-
Relations
in the Hatting
IndusResearch Seminar, Danbury
of Horace
Thomas 2nd.,"Account
Research
Book",
Purdy",
Tweedy
1847.
1860-1870.
1789-1815.
galmon and Seymour, "Accounts of Hatmakers:
~almen and
Seymour Wildman - Danbury, Conn.", 1800 - 1828.
�Bibliography
(Continued)
39
Others
"The Hatters'
Constitution:
2!_ Rules and Regulations
Adopted by
the United and True Assistant
Society of Hatters
in Danbury, Novemb~, ~ 1800.
(Reprintedat
Danbury-;-January,
'l
1810.)
Personal
interview
with
C and D Machines
Personal
interview
with Thomas Stevens,
December 29, 1966.
Robbins'
United
Century
Sermon,
Homer Genest,
for Hatting.
delivered
Hatters,
Cap and Millinery
One Hundredth Anniversary
Press,
1951.
inventor
of the Genest
December, 29, 1966.
former
in Danbury,
A, B,
Danbury hatter.
January
1, 1801.
Workers, International
Celebration,
Danbury:
Union,
Hamilton
�19
Hatting---Danbury
machine
age.
sewing
machine
1850's
was followed
30
"There
machinery
the proguction
is no branch
by mining,
of manufacturing
~ ••
Of course,
to · the manufacturers
has not always,
nor even generally,
31
employed."
To add a note
of irony,
and forming
to which laborthan
immensely
supplying
in
increased
the demand
been regarded
a journeyman
the
and the
applied
the
for
into
begun,
blowing
has been more extensively
of hats.
means furnished
by those
had evolved
"The modern era had now finally
machines •• • • "
saving
in the
with
hatter,
favor
James
Taylor,
of Danbury, invented
a machine for shrinking
and felt32
ing hats.
It would be interesting
to know the manner in
which he was treated
by his
fellow
workers
for
such a dastardly
act.
Along with
the prevailing
responding
This
thought
increase
theory,
the hatters'
that
resistance
the market
than
not,
30
Mallory
would not
in demand to the increase
more times
to machines,
was proven
Ibid.,
August
16, 1855
show any cor-
in production.
to be unfounded.
Edward Mott Wooley,~
Century of Hats
Hat co., 1923), p. 20.
31
The Danbury Times, August 9, 1855.
32
went
(Danbury:
The
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Truman A. Warner Papers, MS026
Description
An account of the resource
Warner spent 37 years as a teacher and administrator and was also a board member and former president of the Scott-Fanton Museum, now known as the Danbury Museum and Historical Society. During his tenure, he supervised and contributed to numerous museum exhibits. The Warner Collection consists of writings, photographs, miscellanea, research notes and papers documenting Warner’s life as a World War II medic, author, historian and historical researcher. The bulk of the collection contains an extensive series of newspaper clippings and printed materials relating to local and state history, several boxes of personal papers, and several boxes that contain information on Western’s faculty, administration, and events concerning the school’s history beginning in the 1940s and continuing through to the late 1990s.
Has Version
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource.
<a href="https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/findingaids/ctdbn_ms026_warner.xml">Link to finding aid.</a>
IIIF Collection Metadata
UUID
3dc6b291-3261-430c-849f-d3e5eb379917
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The Growth and Development of Hatting Unions in Danbury, Conn. 1800-1896.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Kelly, Joseph E.
Description
An account of the resource
67 pgs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1967
Subject
The topic of the resource
Hatters--United States--History--19th century.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Danbury State College
IIIF Item Metadata
UUID
de025b4d-eb23-4470-b970-b26447622a6e
Hat Finishers Association
Hatting
Labor Movement
-
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Truman_A._Warner_Papers_MS026/6025/MS026_28_37.pdf
9c5f874cba9d0315c88ccba8a32eca1c
PDF Text
Text
_______ ,, ..
..
•,
,
-- - ---
-:::-~ .:::.....-. --
,·
--~-~
11
-
--~/
I
Wa.ter S:s -a Utility in Daµbury,_
-------·
-,'
.''
·.
',
:,.
\
I
/
..
'
.,
'
.....
..
. . ...
.
.
.
Research -Seminar
Dr. Thomas Godward
Dr. Martha Counts
May 25, 1964 ·
August F. Serra
.,'\.
, .. •
· •,";. t ..
I
··::.:
' •'
·.. •
',
•
•
•
I
• !.
•
I
• ••
•, • .,,
I
~.
..
.,,..,.
.
:
-:--- , : :. - .:.:~ .. ._t~.
\
·~
•
_,
.
,
.~
I•:, --.
i .· • ~t ••
' ~: : .
.. :
•.:.• ·..
. .
~.-_.!.-- - -----·J.-·- : . 1 -
.
.
•
..
,: .
.
;.• •
-:t --.....;·,... ', ~ -
'·
.
'.,
-- ;
,
•,
i,
•/
' 'r
.,
. ~:
.,- ..... ,,
��
,•
•
•
l
•
/
•
:
-:, •,
�
-"
\ ,,, • •
..,.
•
I
• t
........
._
4
,.
\_� _._._....;___,,__,___•;.:..•_. _._-·
. ....:·.:....· "-----,--"-,,;_'�-�--�
. ··: ' ;. ��--/·:,���4:·:.�· :_�··:: ,_. ·�
.
,.
•, .,
'
. . ...... �
1
I
t
•
••
.
••-•
•-.•,
•,11
J.
'
"
•
t,
. ....
·-'
;
•
•
!,
..;--•
•
..
.
''
•
'
' ' { , �• ,f
,..
'
-1 ., .., '
,,,
.. ·,.
•
·::
'
·-
..�
,.,,
, •
.·. ...
•'
'
•,.;
...
' .
i
•• '
. ,;'· . .
..
.
··.
: ..
.
�
,,
0
• +
•:
. .·
• \
"'r .:, �.
,·
t
'
.
.
, �•'
•
'
f�
'.
: • �: '
• .,. • ;�
.
.
• . .
!
.,
,.
I '
,.,
:
.
•'
.. .,
e'
'· .
:.
'
�
,1 •
.' ' ,,
:
••
. ,·
\'
.. -..
', I�-
.
:
,,
.-, : .
·:·
_
. ,.
• ..
I
.
•
• '.1
�·
'
.,
.. .
•'
','•.
' i.
,
':.,.
1",
..;_-,...,..-:_--.--;- ..- ·
__·---��
'
:·•.
'�.· t \ ,·.
·-·· .
.
''
.,,
.
.. ,
....
"
··.'
•'
.
The topic o:t my pa.per ·1s· ."Water As a Ut111ty .1n Danbury',
Connec:ticut."
.
'
t,
,,
.!:�though there 1s one topic,
:t
m�st ·present the·
·
· development and- re·1I.at1onship o:t 'three subjects·•
.
and Danbury,
-Connecticut.
'
.
I
'
•
water, util1t1eE!,
\
Water is one of the necessities of life - but because· .our
'
I
eoo�omic values. are measured by scarcity, water, lik� the �1r
,
f�r granted. · Only w�1_�n_i�1·e rt-- .-:_� ___;,__:
we ·breathe, 1s' . many times tak�n
.
,·>'" ' "' .
.
�
.
ta:l element fails to appear does the averag� citizen become con--j
· · ce-rned.
-
--
I
-·
· ···--
•
• ___ _
.
The first citizens of this ;nation did not overlook · the
.
value of this commod1 ty.
Danbury, ..like many o·ther commun1 ties, .·
.
�as. found,_l�n a site.that promised a� abunda_n�e l�· :water. · _the
. .
'
-- ·-- - .
uses an(Y'thus the-value of�water has increased with the· develop'
·-
of community life and man's technological ad�ances.
At ·present, virtua1iy �uery-large community in'the world
is supplied with wate�
by pub;io en�erprise.
that a city have, an amp1e eupply _ot wat�r.
.'
~,,,
r • .,
great deal of industry
or
none.at all.
It 1s necessary
Whet'her it haa a.
Wherever there is people
there is. a need !or an abundant.: supply of water •.
In a modern community water must be supplied for four·
.-
�·•
•i::!-
-·
..
distinct uses.
The first being the· water needed for domestic
use;_ that is, for drinking, c�oking, bathing, washing and general
household needs as'well as for wateri�g lawns and g�rdens.
suppl
_ y. of water · conE;Jumed in· the process of performing
the· e every
•
..:
�he_ different
day activi ties
' vary greatl7 with
.
.
classes/�f .peop.le
.�
��he
--/. ·- sections
�h� f1g�....a.ta..t-e-d-for
poor¢st
which ·perform· t�em.
-
have _averaged out ·t o a daily per capit'a conswnpt_ion of 15 to 20
gallons while the f'igures for the wealthiest sections have reached
- ---- -
·-
-60 to _7Q__ gi\_ilons cir more.
kpart�ent houses seem.to have a high
rate o;f consumption, equa·l · t·o, or exceeding the rate for the
Cities· that use a
�igher class o£·dwellings.(60 to 70 gallons;)
.met·ered system use a great ·deal less than
'
u�.;.met�x."�ja. cities•
.
· f};Le
daily �om.estic consumption for a city as a whole ,i,s between 20 and
'
\
50 gallons per capita with the tenden�y toward the higher figure.
With the use of
the element of.waste is areatly reduced.
meters
With ··meterij, the people are more aware -of the y.alue of the • ele
ment they are U(:ling._
The second important use is for. 1ndu�try and oo;mmerce.
The
figures for·. the amount ,of water consumed in industry vary in rela-
'
t1on tp the amounts of, di.f'terent types 9:nd· sizes ·of industries. · ..
'
Oo�ercial es�ablishm�nt� in �arge c'ities · sli�w a ·reiativ�ly stable
consumption, ·.which Qrdina�ily· ·falls between 8 �nd ·12 gallons p�r
.
capita.
,
'
'.
'
'
..
•
I
The figures for- .1�d��try__range ,fl!o
_ m:-1-0 ·tq . 50 gallons or
more per capi�a·· depending o·n · the .nature and· extent of the industry.
.
The 'th1�d dem&:nd on water 1s_.-.for fire .prote�-tion. tn re•
•
'
•
'
•
I
•
•, •
'
I
•
•
•
•
'
'
\
I
.
••
•
'
'
'
•
_ s:,:p�·t:'��-water,.· �he �m��t consumed by
lation .to the _:·_�ihe� .de��n:d
•
·. .
I•
' •'
�----•
' ..
'
,
___. .:,._
-:
.
. ,·
. ·-
;.'•
. ... ..
,.
•,.
·,
-r- -
. .: ....·.. .'
•
..·
/
'
'•. � ,i
✓·'
._
·t'•
I{'
,
•
•
...
....,
'
...
-�
•
•
i_
.,·•••
;_
. :. v--' ...
"
,,••
•.
'
. ·.
'
• t
,
•
t
:,
'
.·'.
:.'
".',·;
'' . ' .
-:-
��.:,__..;..�����-
,W ..,. I
-�-:---:---
'
,
.
,
-- ··�-�-----
�-��'
.
.
. ..
· .• , •
\
:..�
.
.-·
--
.. :,-·
,:.........·
�.,
'
.,.
l,l
;. ,
'.
,t
~t
•
f1re _p rotection is very small . .. · Except :for -v ery large · oi ti~s,.. ':,:. ··:
,,
'
'
·,:
. fire . protection depends not , ~n the size , of the_.supply, but on .a
distribution system. :
'
,.
•
,'
:
, •'
'
,1
· Water is needed, in ' the '•fou:r:--t~h pl~oe, :for public ' 1nstitu-· .
•'•
: ..
·•w
,
:
.
' ••
. ''.
'•
\·:. :·.
.,
.
..
. private charitable
1nst1tut1ons,
p~rks.
cemeteries,
-street
.a.Jld·... •. ·.. '.
.
.
..
sewer :flushing_,. and various 41nor ~ses.
· "· ·'·•·
'
~-
...
•t •
tions .such as schoo.1 s, • hosp1tal_s , . p~bl:1.c builp.ings, public or _·:..
•'
\
' '
:~:.
'
.
'
' '
. · In all these places water could mean the difference be-. .
..
twe_e n l11'e and death o,r just a refresh1.n g shower,· and 1n ail
'
cases it is an element which we would
,1
be
. •.\·
bard-pressed to replace. ·
In Danbu~y thee_!! services are. suppli~d by _t~1~.}1~1cipal ·
Water Works, with a capacity of 10 million gallon~1~~d
:7 :£ m1les
.
.,
.
r.
of mains.
'
This ·1 s. · th8:, only water company; it has n~ competitors
·and it 1s a city util1~y which is not requir~d to serve the town
'
area • . In. recent years 1the urban construction has
,. incDeased a
great . deal. • . With constru.otion spreading in the···~own area, the
·,,
water company will supply ~ny: customer near enough to make con-.
.
'
struction of 11ztee fea191b1~. ··· Thie service ,1!J supplied to them at
rates 50% above . those for houses
".
•
I,
;n
• •
the c _:1,.ty limits.
'
~he 1_1t111ty eer;v1ce 1n Danbury 1s aooept~d c_asua),l_y: as
1 t is . in many other· oommun1
ties. .-· It is onlY. noticed when sudden1
'
'
ly, for some inevitabl!3 reason, this supply ~oes not appe-ar_• .
'
'
Water is · considered
to be ·a ··commodity'
with a great deal of
t
•
public importance.
,'
It 1s because ·- of its importanc·e that 1t is '·.,. .
!
supplied b7 a ·utility. service
• . Utility
s·e rvices· ·can be privately--'··-:
.
I
•
.
. .
owned or . furnished· by governmental organizations ~hich are ·re_gU;.:.. · ..
,,
,i
' ·'.
...... ' . .
/
.'
.
.
,,.
:,,,.•'. ·.,. ; ,.
';:-i" . -
. ......
.
'
'
·C
�-""T-
.
lated and monitored by goverDmental agencies.
It is the economic
belief that operations which are nec~saary, but would. be unprof•
itable to~ two or more companies, be given to one concern to be
controlled. by the government so as to insure service and regUlate
profit.
A1though t:ne: Amerioan ·aoono~y frowns on monopol:,ies, it has
had to accept the ·utility as the only means to supplying such ser-
~he utility service is the only practical econom~
vices .as water,
ic state in which . such a eer~ice can exist.
In all oases where
there must be- a dire.ct conneC?t1on · by wire-, pipe, or rail 1t would
be too much of an· expense to dup;J,.ioate such;,- oenne~;ting systems.
It is easy to · see · that ut111 ty services must. alwayl:t be monop,ol1es
•
••
•
•
•
•
I
... ,
1n order to ·serve
_t~e public.
.
..
' l:iecau~·e -'o f gove~nment . control and th~ need for such com'
pan1ep to cont1.n ue 001:1:str,uct.ing _and adding to their .already 1a1:g.e . ·
.
.
.
'
.
.
. .
amounts of propert7 -and machinery, . they must o~~t1nually
borrow
·,
, ___,....
··large amounts.. of ~ap1tal·. _
. 'rtlu~~k~s thJ~tqSe.:-~e~n~'1~a~~b:lt1e~"launicdLEeicc:ao;:;':":--_~:---:-~
·.
'
'
'
..
'
'
1
•
1
\.lo
I
O
>
.•
Although ·wat.er supplied 1. by
utJli
ty service' i:s•
•
•
· nomioall:, stabl~.
•
,l
•
•
'••
•
'
,
a relatively recent innovation 1n~~elat1on to the .~entu~ies that
•
t
• •
•
: •
'
•
water has had to be· supplied,· irt·.1 s felt
•
.
...
to be time-tested
by\· .
· .' the citizens of Danbury, as 1n · all other .cop:lIIl~n1t1es in this__:-----: · .
country.
The community of Danbury was ·settled in.-.l.684.
It lies 1n
the northern part of ;1airf'1eld
Oo~nty •a~d is :f3urrounded.
by hi:p.s
'
..
.
'
..
'
and valleys with many small lakes and ponds which are all pretty
'
sheets of wat~r w'.1tli
I . .
. ,,
'
.
.
~e1i..:wo~ded. banks. Danbury ' 1s
'.,.
.,,.'
.
.'
".
•
• •••• •• 1_,
'
I.
•
..•'
.
. ,'•': .
•
'
\
'
-mii'ea~-
aboµt· 65
•'
•
....
..
..•.··..
I•
.
•
..
'
.
�.,
north-northeast of Nell York. ·0 1tyJ
.the comm.unit1 waa settled on
a plain through which the Still River, a tributary of the Houeatoni~, flows • .
ihe Ind,..an11 in the .a rea gave the name
11
Pabqu1oque 11 or
Th~ site has many good character1f?t1cs
0pen Plain" to the area.
£or settlementi
·i.
11
·,'\
...
I
It offered accessibility for transports ·, water and
waste .facilities and.
sp~ce
for. future development. These
. . ample
.
'
characteristics made the development of 1ndus.t ry possible. . B~-
•·. ·
cause of the ample space, Danbury bas never had to search for ·· ...:
factories or dwellings.
2.
..,.
It seems that 1 ts ··1 .ocat1on has been strategic 1n the
I
I <
early history of this country.
Its
pos1t1o'n between New York ·
City and New England gave 1t the valuable position of a .border
community.
This position is sti11 considered an asset.
In 1780, early in the history ~f Danb~ry, a Zador Bene~.
41ct began the manufacturing of felt hats, setting up his shop
on Beaver ~rook.
, .
.;
By 1800, Danbury's o~tppt was 20,000 felt bats a year.
In 1918 both population growth and business was good.
After
World War I m~y different types of i ndustry came to Danbury.
- In 1951 hatt~g was still considered the most important industry
I
•~
•
in t~e community~ although it was slowly being. lost with the new
influx o! uivers1f1oation.
shown continual ·g rowth.
Danbury is a community that has .
This
•
grpwth can
•
be shown with popula•·
..
·
'•
.,
I
..
- ... ·...
..
•'
sites for its p;rospect1ve c1t1·z ens desiring to build either
--· - , J,-...,..._~.-;:,.-;-,--;-:----"--::-,.-
- - -- -
�tion .figares. 1
·Oensus,-
-
Population _. __. . :_~
.
1870
8,733
.1 940·
26,955'
27,921
- --~t-~6
1950
30,337
-t-
-
/
/
·
20.7
f'fi'
+- 3.,6
1929-1940,· · Depression
.
I
19,473
"T 66.9
19,474
O
·Labor boycotts 1n Danbury
23,502
:\-20.7 r
22,325_·,
5.p
1920
--.... ·- - ~..:. __:_:t:930
. .
•
11,666
1880
1890'
1900
1897~19021
·1910 .
.
%Change
+ 8.7
The populatiqn o.f Danbury is presently about ·41,ooo and ·
.
'
the city estimates ·a 'population of 64,000 by 1975 •.
~esides growth in population, the o1ty'also ·plan~ to grow
clty
1nduetr1ally • . The
plans to · do this 1n t~o '-wa.?J,s I
the first ·
Routes six and seven .ha~- plans for im-
is ·by tran~port~tion.
-
provement along_w~th further deveiopment ' of Route .1 -84.
in
The second means is
land., , ,.The oitf has ,made
available rand fo:r; - industry and ·bus1ness.2
,Industry ; · ·.Acres ·. ·
list of
·,
f
Use ,
-::~ ·.: .. ' . 289·-:- . Heavy Industry • ·
1G ·. ·. '.' · -. ·...714 .. Ge'n eral Industry .
l.A . .. ·.. ; . :- •. 195
Airport and Associa_ted · Industry
lR · : i:' ,' ·.
Best.rioted Industry .
. ·:(_
":----< , .
. ·1, 7 ·· . . ~otal __tnduatry-:-"'
. .
· 1H_·.
gt9 .·
• ..• I
· -:. . :. Business and Industry
<..:
•
\
t
. Cl .
3 39 . . . · ·
·
. · LOl · · · ;:· • ·. 'ill· :·. (Includes Residence) · ·;'
. ·
·:·· :.
572 -: · · 1o·t al. :6\ls1ness and Industry
.
.
.
., O~~eroi.ai
Recreation ·.
•.·. ·' .
·.oa.: .. '.:...·. ·:. ' 44 ·°>· .·(o~~,oi~;c·1.~{. Hec;ea.t~o;n- and Sollj.e
. ·.. ·.. ·.: i,: •·.::: · ·· .,·' . ·.B.eta11 ··. Business.,)__. --.·~·'. ..,:..,.-~~-:-~~~-·_.;.-.:.
.
..
I
.
.... ·. v-, .·· [ --
'
. .
'
•
' f
•
I
••
.
,
,
•
.•
'.• ,•
' ., l'
I
.
,.•
·..
•:
. .'
~.., -' •
' . . . &4
•
... .,~j
f (
I
•
•'
'
- ',
l ..1 •
. .
..
\'
•
.....
.. -
r- - '~- - -~ -
,•
.
.
, .,..
'
..
'
.. .
.,•.•
_,.._
. ~ -~ ' - - - . . . , - · _._
· - - - - : - -______.,
-
• • . ~.. ..•~
.: .;:.-_:,,; '',.'.\I ' • '
.- '
.
~•
�.:'
':
:. ,
\
,' I \
.
.,
..
,
.
..
.., ,.
.
... t
Neighborhood Business
(Does Not Include .Residence)
.
.
.
.
By combin~g t~s acreage w_i th.·highway communication, in- ·.
,'
·..d~stry 'should indv.ce s _e ttlement. :~his physical devell;)pme;nt 'a n~..· .
I
•
I
,
•
~.
,.
'
.fut·u re planning has bad. more "than a _s light effect on the water ·:.
'
, .
\
•.,
,1 •
. .
sys·t em in this community.
. . ..
For more tbazi a century a.:rter Danbury •..s settlement in
,
,
.·.. :, ::..
,.·
•.
. ·~ .:',
..
·:: ..
,
..
,
•,
1,1, •
.. 1.6 84, the oommun~ty concentrated on a·n choring its roots around
the many streams, rivers, lakes, and po~ds.
During thl.s period .
·,
ther received thei~·water BUpply from tli~ee resources and ;from
:,
the wells tb.e'y drove into the ground.
By 1829 th~ community bad taken root;· with the
• growth in
• ,.; l
'
_populat~on, small busi~esees were developing and industry was
on 1 ts way.
·l820 1 s other
!!!he first , bat factory was start~d 1n.i. i.780 and by tile
hat
factories had settled.
o:r ove.r 20,000 ·felt ha:\;.s a year.
Danbury water suppiy.
There w~a now. an output
,
~his pressure ·was .felt by the
·,
.',The pQpulation needed nio~e than the
bucket brigade from the nearby stream which , was
getting farther
.
and . farther away.
Tb~ water flowi~ in the brooks· was no loriger
'
.
It was· in this same . y~ar,
'
1829, ~hat the . first fix.e companies were org~n1zed. ~he horse
. adequate fo,r thi,B 1nore·a s~d oUtP.Ut,.
.
'.
drawn water wagons put ·.the population at .ease: 1n this period.
.. . ·.
In 1830 ·the ·population of Danbury had_grown 1,·0 4~311-~a ····
communication minded P4?:Pulation.
~he people dreamed of a water-·. . ~1
way to the sea, ·and a project ·to build a canal ,from tidewater 'at
'
'
---------
-
.'
I
'
.
•
j
•
t
•
•
•
•'
·; . : - - -·
•
.•* -.-
• •
.
--r-:;-~•--..--- . -.- - ' .
,.
• I.·.. .
\o •
•
•
•
_.'
-~··
t
I ""
••
,,
..,
:'
..
/
.· ·
:
'
•.·.
'
~. •.
'
':
.
,1
.
�•
·1.
Westport to Danbury .was. agitated.
The interest was there and the
survey was made~ but the project failed, only to fall in .the wake
of a second attempt 1n 1935.
The second att~mpt was to build
horse railroad from Danbury to Norwalk, but the
still too !ar in the distance.
a
.
t'ide~ater . wa1:1 .·
'
f~is proj,ect also failed.
'
. ,· ,
In 1833 there was an organi.z8'd attempt to introduce plped
water to Danbury.
'
.
We the un~ers1gn;ed do here}?y form an association or com- ·
11
.
pany tor .the purpose of supplying ourselves inhabitants of the
village ·o t _Danbury _w1tp tine spring w~ter under the name of the
Danbury Water Oompany.~3
-~
.
.-
In 1834 piped warer was . su~pl_1 ed to the shareQomders
of
. ,:
•.
The supply came· from .Tweedy's Spring
the Danbury Water Oom~any.
1n the h1.li's1de, .o n No:rrth Main Street, opposite i 'h orpe S~reet.
.
.
.
''
This private e~terpr1,e was called the Wooster Water Company 1n
honor of the man who owned ~he 1and ·and water.from which the
company received 1ta ei11pply.
£1rst president.
Mr. Wooster was ·,also the company' e
.
~he company was in the hands 0£ a number of .
.
dedicated citizens and under their. leadership t~e company
.
--
ded. ··With each new sb.a.reholder.,a··new customer was added
.
.
'
company records. :. The fee was sm.a11=-- only one dollar
year--
.
per
~• - -
but the compan7 only handled a smalL_a~a a.roan-a thet sout·h end of
Main Street.
··The census · of 18;0 showed a population of .. 4,504.
. •--:--......_ ..
_
_----..~owtA~~~~.the 1htroduct1on
of ·:11~um1nat1ng gaal~ the organ1zat1o~
,··'
;,
,I·
/
, I
i
Vith this
• ':#
�. ..
,I
•
1 '
. In i859
and
.,
. ,.
. ,.::
~.
ihiB endeavor was no.t .a suc·c ess,
1860 a larger and mo;-e· enthtis~ae.tio p°Ol)Ulation. ag~in ·:,. .:,
•
I '
•
\
•
•
I
.
•
, ·· 't
I
o.f a hook and ladder ·o ompant, ·an.d in . 18si , an attempt to intrc,_·
... . .•..,. ,·
duce public ·water to .Danbury.
...
•,
, ,:
'•
:·
.
. ·"
..
. . :··.
• •
'
·proP,osed the. i~aa. · In 186,0 an:··a p~lioation _was ?D.$.de .~o the L~f$~~-·
lature, and a ·cbarter was gra~ted ·to· the borough for construction
At a
of a ,public water wo~lts.
.'
b~'i -bug~ mee~1ng
.
_on
May
l'i •· 1860:- ·<":· .·.,
.
·.. the cha:rter was ratified by a vote of 249 yeas to .30 nays.
·At_,. : ..' ·
this same me~~1ng Messrs. · Jo~ -W• B~~on, .Oharles · Hl~ll, and. He~y ·, ·. .,. · .·,
Benedict were elec~ed ;water comin1ss1oners.
.
.
':
These m~n quickly'. · :.
.
.' . '''. :
made contracts for the I construction of the works. ·
In May, 186_0 , a
0 1ontraot
. .'
.,
'
..
'&.'.
.
, ,,
.,...
for·· f'urnishin~ _ari~ • la!1ng the pi?~s
. was given to the Patent Water -and Gas 1'1pe Company: ·:o f Jersey City •
•
.'
. .
...
.
'
'
I
•
'
,; · The .construot1o·n ·was .to be completed by · September 22 1 1860.
.
.
'
·In ·June·~ 1860, a 9ontraot was given to ~- & R • Redfield, ·.of
I
D~nbury for the : const~ot1on of a_dam to .be .c ompleted by ·September
first.
.
..
' ·
I
•
·,
On Decembe:r 13th ~he water was turned on; 111and in all the ···
. principal
st_ree;;s ·1 t
.
rlil-n, . pure, cl.ear, and limpi~, to·. ~efresh the
.
.
'
weary,. lighten ·the. labor of the workers., .running. .our mills, play- ·
'
'-~
ing our foun:tains, ·God~ s grea~ gift to man,- -pure water. 114
In eight months 48,220 £eet ·ot p~pe hai·
been laid and a
·,
._,.
reservoir holding 40,·000,000 .g all.one, had 'b'een constructed 200
feet above Main Stre·et.· ·~his reservoir 1s still 1n operation and
'
I
•~
is known as the . Lower Kohanza. · The· pipe that was :u.sed was made
•
.
•
I
'
.
. .
of' ·
•
'
•
..
' '•
wrought. iron, lined w1th.'and · ·l aid in cement. : fhe c;ttizens were., ·
I
.
.
· proud of the 1r new sy·s tem and exp.e·oted 1 t to last : ·torever, tt.nd···.
·. ':..
"I
.
..
'
/'
- - - - - ----~·r-~
,·: ....'
(
-
,• •
.
.
.
.
:
'
. . '·
'
,. •·
.
·•
'
••
t
. .-.:
·.
..
......
,' ·
,·
.
. .
�''
j
,;
•
• ,
' , , _:.--
. .
..
'
•'
. ,· .
age.
.,
..
I
'
improve with
.
•,
,.'·
\ I
.
'
•
. '• ,,
''
.
On January 31, 1869~ a roaring torrent .jamm·e.d . with timber ·
.
.
.·
,'
:
'
and ioe swept away houlles on North Main Street·.
'
'
deep
o~erfloweci. th·e ba~a
'
'
.oi,
... the , l:ltill
.
.·.
.
Water· 15 feet·.·.·
1
'
Rive~, ~~d. flooded a mile
·:.. ...
'
,
-~.
,',
and a half of railroad·
tracks,
ripp~g up ties and. damag.
1 ng .a . ·
.
.
.
'
'
.
•
,brid~e.· Thi~ tragic flood· cost· 13~ lives ~nd.- property damage was
•
'
I
..
'
.
•
•
....
•
'
causing ·this dam
The break in the upper dam had l;>e~n noticed :fo~r mont~s•:..beJ
ii
I
•
• _;·, ,
•
:.
'
..
' '
',,,
.~
I
I
.
.dame were reoonetruoted w1thin .the ·year•
I
'
..
.
I
people of Danbury quickly ' .o veroame ·this disaster and bo~~ ., :.:.
I
.,
.~
.. ,, .,.
.. .
fore the lower dam gave way but·· no a ·c t1on bad 'b een :;taken.
•
..
to burs.t also. ·. .-...
'
1866.
..
,,
.
The. lower . dam .bad been constructe.
d i .n ·1860, the upper dam .i n .
.
.
'
..
Koha1:1za ab<:>ve .' lower Kobanza had ' given ·way, throwing tons of water
into lower Kohanza r~servo1r 'and
,
I ,•
' • ;• ',
•
Investigators found that' the d~ril at UpJier ....
estimated at· #100,000.
...
'
••••
. . • .4. •.•
':•,t.·
.•
.:· ..
- .. ,
·•
'
.,,I ,',
', .
It:t 1880, · +.t wai;, n~oessary t .o enlarge the sto,r age cape.o1ty. ·.
•
Meetings were held ~nd committees .set up ,to investigate possibl•e
r• •
.."
,,,
sol~tions • . !rhe ·committees made a 'unanimous deois~on to developt:.
91oaer surveys· proved this ·deo1s1on wrong. •
, .
. .
Surveys .b y the water c·omm1ss1oners. showed. that the Pada~aram ·sy~-
~he Boggs Pond ,are.a .
tem would be a
•·
wiser ·o~oice.
Within a fqur year period, 1882-1886 1 expansion of the small
.
..
Kohanza reservoir
and piping syotem andI:_the . bui1~1ng of a·n other
,
reservoir, the ·l?adanar~ syijtem,., was completed at a coat o:f
...
•
."
.The annual reoe1·p te from. water rents had increased ·f rom
$119,000.
.
.:
•
.
•
'
I •
•
.
•
1700.00 in 1860 to i:40,.000
in 1886. · .~h1s ·monay
. was
to .be used to
..
•
I
1'·. ·.
.
.
-~ ..
.. '·.·.
,
. . . .. ',·
•·
..
,• .
-..
.
.,...,.----.; ~.........
..
·
• I ;
.
'
'•
,,
.
'
•
.
I
'
. ,1.,,·
'
·'
,·
: - · - - - ,,.....- , - ._..:...-,--,'-'-----,---=-__,...,.- ,..'.;.,...-
--,--~..........
�··.
,•
"
' 1
.
.
,, .
.
.
;
'
'
,
.. . ,.
'
. '•
..
'
ease the payme~t . of the water debt and ordinary running expense!;I·"" · i.····. ·.
: of the oity.
By -1890 the city· had 45 mil~s of s.treets; 39 contained· .pipe.
'
"3,504
: · Water was · supplied 't o1
.
.
.
f'am111ea~ 327- priv~te stables,
''
'.'.
I,:
•
.
4•
.,
i:
jl
.
'' -~'
••
•·
.,~\,
'~..
' ·.'.··'
..·
;
eight livery . stables, 57 saloons, re.staurants, etc., 39 hat .tao~
tories and· other. · shops· of more thah ten horsepove~ oa_p aci ty be- .
sides other m1scellaneoU:s purpoe·e s. ••.
. ..•
I
·.....
,I
..
For each tenement o.c aupied by o:Q.e family, if. not. exceeding five
persons ••• •• .$3.00
. ·
. ·.
'
For each add1t1~~1 person •• •• •• $~~-$0 .
..
For stores and o.ff1ces •••••• J2.oo
•
l
.
For each horse •• ••• $1~00 :
' •' J•'I
'
' •
1
.
For each cow •••. •• #1. oo" 5
I
a
•
..:
•
•
ot :Danbury was .grow~
•
Du_ring .,th_e period_ 1890--~902 the east side
I
.
'
For . each market~ ••• ·~.$_
4 . 00
,,
,
•
'
.
1,-'
,
ing and the city• eng1neer ·empbasized the .need -tI or wider .pipe ~nd
I '
I
'
recommended the .use of" mete:1:s• He believed meter.a_would prevenJ
wasteful use · or' water, 1 thus making the pr_e sent · system adequate for . . ·
. ' .
many years • .. The pipe '1 'as allocat1t_d , but· the me.t ers were not~a.~"'." ·
(
proved •
. In the _early _-part : of
•
1
the 20th century, -~~b~ry s pop~l!:1-tion
had grown ~om 19,474..4-n 1900 to between 22,000 and 23,000 in :the
-
mid-1920 1 s.
fhts
per1iod ..a1so !•saw ·the increase
in .new +ndustrieff
•
in -the area. . Thie d'e velopment
.,.
·kept
·-'
the Wat.er Oompany on the· m:o~e·. ' . ."
·., ..
.. .
,·
•
. ..
r -~-- .,..
i
1
;··
•'
..
•• •• 1'
I
•
;t .
.. ..
,
,·
'
•' t
,.,...
.''
•
.,
l
1
1 •
.··1
�. .,
;
:By 1926 there was appr_
q:x:1matel;}'I
--
-~, - ~1,250· feet -of 20" cast iron p1pe
/
900 ;feet of ·1211 c·a st 1ron pip_e:-_
_::
-/-13,000 feet of_lQ.~as't--irmrpipe. . 1
~8,000 f~et ot· 8 - cast 1ron pipe
86,ooo feet of 6~ cast iron pipe
. 8,000 feet · of 4~ cast iron pipe
14,000. reet of 16~ ·cement pipe ·. ·
,950 feet . of 12;·· --cement pipe ·
--- ----- - ·----·
2;300 .feet of 1O~ cement pipe
·· 3,900 feet of 8~ cement pipe
27,000 feet of 6~ .cement pipe
26 1 000 fee~ of 4 ~ cement pipe
-.·..
211,800 total feet 6
-- ---
-
6,500 _f eet of 2411 9ast:.:iron l)ipe
- ---
Th~
distribu~ion of the water system was divided into a -high
-
service system 1n the ;sou"tliern s~cti~n · o:r the citi and ' a low ser.
'
.
'
vice system in th~ northern seati.on o_f the city • . ·
service
The h1~h
receives its w~ter from·
the ·w~st Lake Reser-·
voir ·and a _pres~ure ~t. about. 86 pounds .per ~qu~re inch is main-
'
.
ta1ned at City Ha~l.
.
'
The low service 1s ·te~ from the Padanarum
.
'
and Kohanza and the. pr~ssura of this eyet~ 1s ~bout q6 pounds per
Hah.
1
square inch -at City-
·
.
·,r
.
T,here are·· three mf1',1Il ·pipes that enter the city; a 16-inch ·
from the Pada7:1~+111D. ' sy~~em,.
:1 6-inoli frou+ the Kol:J,anza s·y~tem, and
a 24.;,inch tr~JJi ..t .h e r:f·~ s:t L~ke syst$J..
•
'
>
•
•
I
o
•
•
Tl:i.e . two ;L6-1nch . pipes meet
,-
•
f
at Main and Franklin ~treet
, down
Main·' Street
as a 20- • ·
. . .and prooeed
·- ··. :
'
.
. inch pipe until: 1:t rea9he·e··c1ty Hall. ··.At 01:ty. Hali this 20-1nch .
I
'
•
'
•
'
I , •
'
'
'
.
.
'
.
'
' '
..pipe ·unites "'w. ith tb:e
' 24-1n~h ··~1pe .- from·the
.
'
Wes·t · La~e sy-:~ tem.
.
'.
.'
··In ·1926 t .h kse wer~_. tp.e·ithr.~~- source~ of w~ter supply.
•
··,
.
i
'
' '
•
•
'',
-·
•
..
•
'
•
•
'
\
··. ·.,.
.
At-.,-
•
.. thi•s ~1me ·. the :.oity; ha~; perm1ssipn from one o.f 1t~ c1·:t1.zens to use.
•
•
•
. •
;'
•
•
I
•
•
·• I
·\
•
•,
i,
:
•
'
•
• I
'
.anotner eour_o~, -.-!D,ak1ng·; fou;r. 1n ·a 11. . , · · · • • .. ·.. ,
oi ·
· ~he la~~e~i
.
t
•
.
•
,: ., : •• •·. .' ' . •
I
•
- ----,------ -..
• •
..,' ...
t
I
•
_', .· •• :-• :• ·,.,',
I
,,.
' '
'
'.
j,
'
..
:
••
•• o,4,,
• , '
-
;
•
•
.,.
.'
••
•
r
•~, • I
·-"
•
I
.J ','
t'
• ~•
'
.' . '
. ; !
,...,,
/
f
f' I
I
•
•
'
'
·: .
fo~~~~~ ··_wa~ W~et ~ , wht"oh• is l .0~ ·.· .·
.
. .
I•
,~ •
: ,. ' • ;-, :,
,.\
..
'
.
t •
--:-,.-.-· -.---~ ' . . ' ' ..•-.;
t •
•. ·.
,
·..•
•
,• ••: ,' _-,
f.'
. .. .
.
l
r
..
-.'
'·
,
.. · ·.
,•
.
\
'
.
:;
~....,.
_....,..,_,...,
_. ,...,.
__ -.. _ ...,........,.
_' - -:.;_.;;;.;.;,-,.....
, ---=..=--...::.=-. __ __,.;.,
••
•
·•
�--------------------~~Ey 1926 there was approx1mately1
6,500 feet of 24 11
1,250 feet of 2011
900 feet ot 12«
13,000 feet of 101111
28,000 feet of 8
86,000 feet of 6 11
8,000 feet of 4"
14,000 feet of 16~
950 feet of 12~
2,lOO feet of 10~
3,900 feet of an
27,000 feet of 6n
26 1 000 feet of 4~
217,800 total feet6
cast iron pipe
cast iron pipe
cast iron p1pe
cast iron pipe
cast iron pine
cast iron pipe
cast iron pipe
cement pipe
cement pipe
cement pipe
oement pipe
cement pipe
cement pipe
fhe d1stribut1on of the water system was divided into a high
service system 1n the southern section of the c1ty and a low service system 1n the northern section of the city.
~he high service receives its water from the West Lake Reservoir and a pressure of about 86 pounds per square inch 1s ma1nta1ned at City Hall.
The low service is !ed from the Padanarum
and Kohanza and the pre s sure of this system 1s about 66 pounds per
square inch at City Hall.
There are three ma1n p1pes that enter the c1tyj a 16-inch
from the Padanarum system, a 16-inch from the Kohanza system, and
a 24-inch from the West Lake system.
Xhe two 16-inch pipes meet
at Ma.in and Franklin Stre ~t and proceed down Main Street aa a 20inch pipe until it reaches City Hall.
At City Hall this 20-inch
p1pe unites with the 24-inch pipe from the West Lake system.
In 1926 tbese were the t hree sources of water supply.
At
this time the city had ~ermise1on from one of its citizens to use
another source, making four in all.
The largest of the four systems was West Lake, which 1s lo-
�-13-
cated about two and a half m1lee northwest ot City Hall.
two reservoirs on this etream.•
.
There are
The firat is Boggs Pond which is
north of West Lake's Watershed and has a little catchment area.
(The oatchm.ent area, or watershed, 1s the most important part of
a reservoir.
The water or lake 1• but a storage area for water
that will be put in use.
It is the size of the watershed or area
arou~w the lake that determines the amount of water and quality of
wa~er that the lake can supply.
The water is stored from the melt•
ing snows or spr1D,£ rains that drain off and seep through the watershed.)
~ogga Pond is a natural pond but its water level is raised
and controlled so it can lead down into ~est Lake by gravity as
desired.
West Lake 1e located directly below Boggs Pond and is on the
same stream.
It contains about 1.35 b1111on gallons of water
while ~ogge £ond will hold only 231 million gallons.
lhe Padanaram system is located north of West Lake and Kohanza, and 1s northwest of the city.
reservoirs:
!his system contains two
the upper, called East Lake, acts as a storage basin
and the lower 1s used as an outlet to the pipes lea~ing to the
oity.
.
~he Padanaram reservoir. which is the city's third source, 1s
su-bject to more pellution than the West Lake or Kohanza systems.
There were 41 inhabited ho'Use£, one sohooa house, and one church
1n the area. and th1s was a maj~r faetor causing the pollution.
The c1ty 1 e fourth ~ource of water was on the proper:ty of a
ff
�-l4-
Mr. C. D. Parks.
The lake was on his estate, which is located in
the southern edge of the city.
The pond is small--0.66 square
m1les--and supplies the city's system with only 500,000 gallons of
water per day.
Althfugh this system ls small, the city put it to
good use by pumping the water into the system during dry spells.
»y doinf this. th-e oi ty was able to maintain a constant pressure
to supply the city in times of need.
Souro1
•at;rshgd Area
( square miles)
West Lake
Kohanza
Padanaram
3.33
.91
e.94
· .66
Parks
6torane
(million ~allons)
Water Level
(line f,11 1n feet)
1,585
611
418
577
490
141
113
574
With these four systems bein~ used to their full capacity
and the city expecting co~tinued growth, a fTOUp was called in to
study the 9reeent system and sive suggestions for future development.
The group was under the direction of' Hazen an.d w,hinole,
civil engineers of New York Oity.
After a close survey, the committee jUdGed th~t Danbury's use
of water was ex-tre.-nely excessive.
Members of the study e-roup ee;-
t1mated that during an avera.re week in the summer, Danbury used
6.3 million gallons per day.
This figure was CQns1dered to be ex- •
t~emly high for a city the size of D~nbury .
The city was consuming about 240 gallons per capita per da y
as an averag~ over the whole year.
The average range of consump-
tion for the United ~tates d~r1ng this same period was between 80
and 150 gallons per canlta per day.
reasons for the high figure.
?he eroup felt there were two
First, ~here is a large amount of
�..
water needed t9'ake aa,ta, which was J.>anbury 1 s principle industry.
They considered this a legitimate use o~ water and ~id not olass1-
aQ a waste.
~y it
The eeoond reaa6n was that Danbury had no meters.
It seems that any city withO'Ut meters ha.s a hig.b. percentage of
waste.
..
ffaste
The group felt that 1! the city was to in~tall meter~, the
would be reduced cons1deraLly, thereb1 benefiting all.
The survey Eroup also suege&ted turning the Padanaram eystem
over to ~he exclusive use of the mills and leave the West Lake and
Kohanza supplies for domestic uee exclusively.
They felt that the
Wast Lake and ~ob.anza. systems were less polluted but still needed
a filtering plant because
found in the water.
"
·or
the large amounts of algae that were
Anoth er eugE_.estion was to obtain new water
supplies from Ma~gorle Brook and :Ball .Brook.
The Mar9er1e Creek abuts the Padanaram watershed on the east.
The watershed for the Marjorie area was small,
1.54 square miles.
~his system was not seen as a valu~bie water produoer itself but
in its relation to Ball Oreek 1t was valuable.
It was felt that
~1th1n the flat valley that joins these two s y stems there coultl be
stored a large quantity of water.
The ~oup also investigated the hieh serV,.oe area.
.
.
There is
land inside the ctty which is too high to be se.rved by grav1 ty a.n.d
still ~gher land just outside the city limits was being ~eveloped.
They relt the only wa1 this area could ba served wo~ld be by
bu11~1ng several elevate4 tanks.
hat~r to be supplied to th1e
system was tp be taken from a filtration plant and ~umped by
elec~ric ~power lnto the elevat~d tanks.
�-17-
...
bills.
Bustness for the Danbur~ 1Water Company was good, and in
1940 the K1nr Street Diversion.was built.
The K1n£ Street Di-
version was a project to dam the creek that ran just south ot
the Margorie r e servoir.
The water stored at this dam ~ould be
pumped into the Margorie s ystea.
This would add 0.50 million
gal~ons per day to the Ma~gorie sy stem.
With this complex system, water was supplied to Da nbury
during the l940 1 Q, with only small repairs and the ever present
job of replacinE a nd a dding more and more p1pea
The wa ter was
purified., t';l.1tered, condition ed, and stored in clean wells.
From the f1lter--1ng_._plants 1t flowed into the city.
Samples were
takea. da11N" and tested by the City Ohemist accord1n€ to standards
prescribed by th.e Oon.nect1eut. 'tepa-rtment of Health.
• 1-
The water
e-ye-t-en1 is rn.R"intained and operated u11der the sutlerv1s1on of t lle ·
.,(
' <11ty 8hemist and the 01ty int1neer.
the City Chemist, besides making daily teats of the water,
1s 1~ ~har£e of the operation of ~he two filter1ne plants.
?he City Bngineer acts as a consulta nt to all cit y departtnents aud is 1.n ohart e of the maintenance of the water mains.
Whenever nece-ssary, his department makes designs and specif1ca-
..
tions for repairs and improvements. The manual labor 1s carried
...
out by a c~ev under the supervision o~ the Sup~r1ntendent of
Public Works.
•
Thie mayor and the Board of Seleotmen must approve
any major proJeots u~on the recomroendation et the Oity Chemist and
the City ~ngilieer.
�- 18-
The money to finance the dall y o~eration of the filtration
plants, the yearly maintenance of the reservoir sites, and the
replacement of various parts of the distribution system comes
from ti-water renta 11 and a few meters.
t
1
riater rel1.ts
taxes lev1ed according to estimated consum~tion.
11
are water
The few meters
that are in the city are amon~ the newer industrial ~lants •
.by t'he late l i 40 1 s the additions and improvements to the
two filtering plants made it possible to feed 8,000,000 £allons
of puri~ied water a day i~to Danbury homes and shous.
The task
of filte~ing and purifying this daily load is handled by the 01ty
Uhemist, Mr. Tarlton; and a crew of seven plant operators and one
full time mech&n\c,
One man works at a time w1th both plants being ma ~ned around
the clock.
't hte water ic automatically nu,nped into the plant
through a 20-inch main controlled by an autori1at1c shut-o ff va lve.
Smaller connecting :pipes fer;d ca.refu.11 "!l regulated dosag es of alwn
into the water along with one pound of ammonia an d three pounds
of chlorine for every million f allons of water.
'.l:he alwn combines w1'th all dirt and natural c he:micals 1n the
water. lumping th~m toretner in grayish, fluffy. sponge-like
obunks called
11
:t'locktt which can then be removed easily.
Before the water goes into the filter 1t is pi p ed outside
to basins called flocculators.
load of t~e f1lter.
to fifteen hours.
The flocculators help 11shten the
The water remains in these basins for seven
Du.rill~ this period the flock se~tles to the
bott~~. leav1nf the clear water on top.
The flock on the bottom
\
�-1,-------------~------~
)
C.
...
is then r-emoved.
....
h~m here the water is let into ' th~ filters
~here it 1s allowed to seep do'lf?l through layers of sand and
graded E:l"avel.
l
At the bottom of the filter basin the water is drawn off 1n
t
'
•
four-inch P+Pee and pumped into two underground clear well~,
eight feet deep, -with a total canacity of 1,250,000 gallons.
These wells are always kept f~l l ed as a reserve and the excess
water is pumped to the c1ty.
These f1lteriag plants, built in 1936, have ~djusted to the
needs pf t h e city by keening up with new filtering methods ~nd new
pu~ify1ng chem1eals.
Tbe plan for the :future is to continue to
apply new 1Imovat1ons that will increase the oapac1ty and quality
of the w~te~ as the city requires it.
Durinf the early 1950 1 s, a survey ~roup rtom Oolurobia made
a s~udy of ~he community of Danbury.
,
They reported that the Dan.
b~ry 'll'at~r supply-was adequate for ~ormal use even durin~ ttmes o!
severe drought ••
~t this time the filtering plant had increased
its i~tal oapacity to 9,000,000 eallone with both plants op eratinc
a,t
two-thirds capacity,
In the early 1950 1 s the city wa s expanding on the west side
and 1t was found difficult to maintain pressure 1n that area.
This sect~oµ of the city was supplied by the main that extended
from "eat Lake to Ma.in Street.
Thie d1etr1ct was supplied di-
r.ectly by fo~r and six~noh distribution ~1pes.
With low pressure
1n any p~rt1cular e~otlon there is also a low n-0w in the pipes
1n th.a~ section.
Avert lo~ fidW- 1n a~y seat1on of pipe increases
'"
<'
\.
�the poss1b1lity of oontam1natiQn an4 corrosion.
'
A project was
started to lay a closed loop of large diameter pipe around the
southwest part of the c1ty.
This would cause the pressure to
rise and increase the flow of water 1n the smaller distribution
mains.
It -would also increase the capacity of that distribution
system.
This allowed the h9uaine- projects 1n that area to oo.n-
t1nue.
r
The problem of a city seweraBe sy,tem bas been closely ~elated
..
to the development of the city water company.
In 1697 the first sand filters for sewerage were put into
operation.
Th~se sand filters enlarged and develo ped wlth the
.
needs of the city and the most recent filters were built 1n 1928 .
This left the city with a 14½ acre tract of land w1th sewage oollection lines pourin~ ·raw se¥age on sand beds which filtered off
and purified the liquid well enouch to be allowed to flow off into
the streams.
,.
The tot~l cost of this systeill up to 1930 was
i204,ooo.
In 1930 a project .was started to provide the city with a more
a dequate sewa~e disposal system..
.ii..t this time more sludge beds
were constructed; grit eha.mbere, settling tanks, fine screens,
d1g eatore, -~r1ckling f'11 ters, and pumping equipment were also in-
stalled.
All these p~ojecte were completed in a six-year period.
By 1937 the total cost of the sewerac e plant 'wl,i.s Q38'7 ,ooo.
Thie
plant a ttained its present torm with a daily capacity of 6,000,000
gallons.
Bonds outstandi.nir, wh iicb. were issued to finance. the
seweraf e system amounted to $234~000.
�.
'
In the 1950'e Danbury had 55 miles of sewer mains whioh
served 85% of the city street mileage.
have use of the sewer system.
The plants run at about 5,500,000
gallons per day which is 90~ ca pactty~
need for
'a.II
The town area does not
~he city does not see the
increase 1n this capacity unless an unusual ly larfe
~opulat1on 4evelops.
Any new industry requiring a large amount
of water could not be accommodated without expansi on to this plant
or private disposal means provided.
to date the city's major pollution problem 1s the Still
~1ver.
The major souroe of contam1nat1on 1a caused by the die•
posal of industria l sewage.
The city had received many complaints
from property owners along t he rive r.
To remedy this situa tion,
some manufacturers are strainint their waste material, holdini.
1.t 24 hours. and sendinE,": 1t through the sewer system dur1ne- slack
'periods•
Only 1n handling the si tuat1on with methods such ae
these can t h e situation be 1.rnpreved under present circumsta nces.
With the future, the city looks fo~ further im~rovement s.
As mentioned previously, the pub.lie wate.r sys tem in Da n bury
was developed to meet the needs of the city.
In Danbury's his-
tory the ~ajor con6umer was the hatt1ng industry. which demanded
..
lar~e quantities of watet.
As the o1ty protre~sed into the mid-
20th centuru the :popui.ation.. growth and n ew industry increased al-
most in propoii"tion to t ue ~resainf hattin~ 1ndustr~.
wn j
l
This is
Danbury has always had an ample supply of water and facil-
1 ti es.
~resently, water is collected in e1r ht reservoirs cwne~ by
•
�- 22-
the City of Danbury:
1.
Mar~orie, 2.
4.
Upper Kohanza, 5.
8.
King 's Stre~t Diversion.
West Laket 3.
Lower Kohanza, 6•
East Lake,
.BQgge Fond, 7.
Padanaram,
~hese e i ght systems are diveded into two main sources with
filter plants at each.
1he first is the Marr orie reservoir which
1s supplied by the East Lake and Padanaram system.
The King Stre et
Diversion which is a low stora~e h1bh CGpac1ty system also flows
into the Hargorie reservoir.
The second system. West Lake. is
supplied directly by Lower Kohanza and Eor~s Fond.
Lower Kohanza
1s supplied by gravity from the Upper Kohanza system.
The combined storage capacity of all of these reservoirs
wh en f illed is about two and one-third billion rallons of water.
'f he area of wa.tersheds ti:.at furnish water to these reservoirs is
a bout ei.p-ht o.nd th.ree-i'ourthe miles.
At the present time, the
city is using six cillion vallons of water a day.
Dur1n~ the
Summer months the city uses about seven million gallons of water
per day .
The city assumes that even dur1ne- a dry year the water
system oan supply an average of about seven million gallons per day.
In the distribution system, there is approximately 75 miles
of pipes of ei~es ranfing from 24 inches tc four inches.
The
..I..
water ia used for domestic use, industrial and commercial use,
public purposes (schools, hospitals, etc.) and for fire protection.
In Danbury there are,about 750 fire bydro.ut2 trat a.re
used ln case of fire.
The cost of installing and maintaininE a public water supply system to serve these numerous functions varies a creat deal.
�- 23-
.,
.A.n illustration of the average cost would ran~e around ~120.00.per
million gallons.
~allon.e per year.
for this supply.
A £a:n1ly of four 1n Daubury mifht use 150,000
At th1~ rat~ it would cost them less than .e20.oo
~he to'Wll residents must pay double these rates
for the ·use of the -c,1 ty I s su~p~y • and the city will only supply
t!lem
it' 'th.ey are close enoue-h to a ma1n to ma!;:e the connection
feasible.
What will the future br1nr?
development.
W1th this development the city must provide housing
for a labor force.
tOKn.
Danlm..ry Bncourages industT1al
lhe area of new housine is concentrated 1n the
In the future the possibility of consolidation of the town
and city coupled w:1th the ~row1nE:, population of the urban a rea will
show the need for public water for health proteotio~.
To any lar£ e indu stry thet decides t0 settle 1n Danb~ry . a
water supply system ie essential.
Where will this B'l;.p,1ly come .from?
The o1ty chemist, :,1r.
'£arl:ton, said tbat "with the introduction of meters to t "ie com-
munity, the :Present water system. can handle a 50% increa se."
In each stage of a community~-past, present and .tuture--wa~er
plays a vital rele.
Danbury has been a community blessed with an
abundant supply of water.
Both t he community and the water system
have survived the rep~rcuss1ons or va~ious per1odso
lhe fact that
both of these institutions ar~ fun ction~np today is a llvinf
memorial to gensrations of Uanbur$ clti.zens~
the n~xt time we have a drink of water, we would do better
to r~aliz-e t~at t 11is 1s not t he result of ou~ individual need,
but '0$ a commu nj ty ef.fo.rt •• ,.
�?OOTNOTES
Columbia Un iversi t y School o f Eng1neerine, ! ~tudent Survey
CommUllity, Columbia School of Engineering ,(New York
£!
27, 1955}, P• 6.
2.
>
Technical Plan.nin~ 4 Ssoc1ates Inc., Town of nanbur;, Connecticut Plan of Pevelopment, Prepared £or the~anbury own Planning
Commiss1onand the Uonnecticut Development Uommission, (July 1960),
:P• 9.
V
3. -Wooster Water Company, Danbury, Connecticut, Note·s t aken at
meetin~a, 1833-1939, (1833, Sec. F. WildmanJ, p. l
Ba1ley~ Ja~es, MontEomery, History of Danbur~• Oonnecticut,
1684-H:~96 ( ~Iew York, Burr Printing House, 18 6), P• +iv J
.
5.
Proceedings and Records of t he Board of Councilmen and Board
of Aldermen of the Uity of Danbury for the Years Endine
1390- l -ir.~ ( :.. •• ,
(Danbury Hews Press), P• ,,,.
6.
Hazen & Whi uple, Civil Engineers, ~eport to the ~ity of
Danbury, Connecticut .Qn Pronosed I~2rovements t~ a~er5upplY
lfovember 1, 1926 ,.f!azen & Wl1i p ple, i vil Eng ineers , 25 West 43rd
Street, New York vity, p. 9
'1
..
""'·
t
.
,,
,.
I\ ..
.
..
�3IBLir)J J. i.fY
?rtIMARY 0 0\Jilc :.s
_?"";t'ilitJ\L JH'J';."1V'ffi:h'3
l. :lapn, 3idMy, Ci tJ :;,;~gincer, D~bu:r; , Con.nee tic
,t.
2. Tarlton, E., City' Cne¢.-st, na.nbur;,
Connecticut.
I
NEWS PA ?.:..'.-tS
1. ~nbury N~ws Timeis, Danb ury-, GotmPr.tic 11t
August 27 • 19o9
January JO, 19, 8
P• 10
October 1. l 95R
December 2, 195]
January
p.
4, 1960
P• 1.3
p. 12
July 21, 1~60.
~eotember 8, 1962
Octob~~ 18, 1963
October 2L, 1003
u
p .. 1
P• 8
p.
D'1CJ:.•lliN':'S M,io
1<r:c,td; ..
1. City Hall , .::ianbury,. Connecticut..
r.
.,
Columbia Univ~rsity- School of Er-,ginPeril.g, A StudP..nt
Survey
Cor.unitY, Colur ,hfa School oft.n!:ineer~ng ,
New York 27, L95.
3. Hazen & whiople, Civil Engineers ; •teµort
tnc City
of Danoury, Connecticut on ?rdooserl Lnnr ovel"lents t o
~ter Supoly~ f:ovembe r 1_-;-1926; Hazen r. hippl e , Civil
6ngineers, 25 \Jest hJrd Street, Mew Yo:·k City.
4.
5.
Pitor"teter Co1T1pany, Engineers; Rellort
P:ttomet§r ;:,urvey~
;>i tome to::J r C.ompa ny, tiew Yor k 1.,;it y
Danbury• Gonne c tic ut, 1927 ;
Proceedings and !:?eeo~de of t he Board of Councilmen and Board
o.f Aldermen of the Coty of Danbury f ,Jr t he Years Ending1 iJ 9r _
1907, Danbury N~ws ?res~.
6. Resolves and Private laws of the citate of Connecticut, fro~
the yea~ lA,36 t o t he year 1857, ~ublished u.~der and by
virtue of a Resolution of the 3eneral Assembly, Pa.s3ed Hay
Session, 1856 mder the s11-oervis1on cf :i, s neoial committee,
Vol. LV, N'ew rtaven, Connecticut, Thomas J . ~tafford,
Printer, 18$7.
1
7.
Technical Planning Associates Inc. ,
of Df1:b l.lt'lt
Conneeticut Plan of Development, r're?A:-ec!, fo•· the Danbury
Town Planning Cormniss ion and the Connec:.ticut Development
Corw~sion, July l9~ .
8. Wooster '!later Company, Danbury, Conm,ci.icut. 1lotes tatten
-~
at
:u.eetingg,
1833-1&39.
�I
9. Scott-Fanton MuseW'l, .\L'lin o-treet, .Oa.abl.Jl:'y,
Docwi,ents and m&ps
C.: c,mi.ecti.c1Lt
f
..
'
BOOl{S
1. Bailey, J ames, Mont.FomPl'Y, History 2£. Danb~, C;m"'h!cticut,
16&-1896, New York, Eu.rr ?rj,_nt inc 'fouse,%.
2. De Haven, Jame3
c.,
Hirshle\fP.r, Jack, ~lliman~ Jerome ~.,
'tlat(>r Suopl11 -- Econo'l\i.cs, ~echnolor:;r,
University of :-'hicaigo .tire~~, 1·;10,1 •
Policy, The
· J. Enc~·clopedi:1 of tl-\~ 3ocii.l :,,,. -1 .,.nre~, oditor-in-Chief, &',,i.n
.::>elisman, A5sociate ~tor, Alvin J ohnsen, 'flle ..:ac:'lillian
Comr_:>any, New ·0~~1c , Vol.
15.
\I
,.
..
...
. .
I
'
-:'(
.
�:--
.
-
j· ••
.
~-
.
._
:-.
..
i
'
~:r 1.' r..r;r;.. )
J
l
..
J
j
I
i
t
1
I
l
lI
12.t~a.wv
J'./l)?}U!Jij:JE/1i
I
I
I
_J
1.
!
·'
j
I.
I
-1 ..
r//f4
0',::..:;vKr.
NT t;',.)•Trc.l
. b:f _A'1C-lST 1-: St/(,('/~
.
-
--
..
·I
�.... -- _.,._;:~-. .
·--
;
.,_-- ~
-. ·,:
--
,-r
\
.
"-
. _ !'•
-
-
\
..
It
\
·•
..--
I
I
tJ
·1'.
~-
]
I
~-ff,'11@
- - - .. - o• '
.•
t:I
·l
- - !)t ·-Jr
·,
,,.
-,
\
.
.
. .. . .- .. . .. _
. .. ·-,j - .
l .
-
I
,j
L
.'
n'ff''I I t1._•(.'>:, V~'=-_ /1,~e ,~.
,_
·11'1
' c';-'t.t= <"
6 f,' A~t...lST ;--. S£'1(,<'/:
f1
J
•
-
-
'
JI .
.
~-I
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Truman A. Warner Papers, MS026
Description
An account of the resource
Warner spent 37 years as a teacher and administrator and was also a board member and former president of the Scott-Fanton Museum, now known as the Danbury Museum and Historical Society. During his tenure, he supervised and contributed to numerous museum exhibits. The Warner Collection consists of writings, photographs, miscellanea, research notes and papers documenting Warner’s life as a World War II medic, author, historian and historical researcher. The bulk of the collection contains an extensive series of newspaper clippings and printed materials relating to local and state history, several boxes of personal papers, and several boxes that contain information on Western’s faculty, administration, and events concerning the school’s history beginning in the 1940s and continuing through to the late 1990s.
Has Version
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource.
<a href="https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/findingaids/ctdbn_ms026_warner.xml">Link to finding aid.</a>
IIIF Collection Metadata
UUID
3dc6b291-3261-430c-849f-d3e5eb379917
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Water as a Utility in Danbury, Connecticut
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Serra, August F.
Description
An account of the resource
29 pgs
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Research Seminar paper on the history of water usage in Danbury, CT.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1964
Subject
The topic of the resource
Water resources development
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Danbury State College
IIIF Item Metadata
UUID
01a0b83d-9048-457c-a5f8-95400416b132
Conservation
Water issues
-
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Academic_Affairs_Records_RG_6_[_includes_legacy_RG_6a]/6016/rg6_18_14_001.pdf
d32e59c185effffbc1e9e2a2c0a3f1b7
PDF Text
Text
���������������������
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Academic_Affairs_Records_RG_6_[_includes_legacy_RG_6a]/6016/rg6_18_14_002.pdf
5cd738b053b2f72093b349184a81d813
PDF Text
Text
������������������
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Academic_Affairs_Records_RG_6_[_includes_legacy_RG_6a]/6016/rg6_18_17_001.pdf
0c721cea9a1bc009143ba2e56a2ae9ae
PDF Text
Text
�������������������������
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Academic_Affairs_Records_RG_6_[_includes_legacy_RG_6a]/6016/rg6_18_17_002a.pdf
4f30159d33c04a72810435d0da7a3f38
PDF Text
Text
����������������������
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Academic Affairs Records, RG 6 [& includes legacy RG 6a]
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
This collection documents the development and formation of the undergraduate, graduate, and professional studies programs, and spans the years 1919-2017.
Has Version
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource.
<a href="https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/findingaids/ctdbn_rg6_academicAffairs.xml">Link to finding aid.</a>
IIIF Collection Metadata
UUID
b84370e4-b1ef-4c06-9fcd-1c11f402570e
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Monuments of Culture (humanities) course materials
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
?Lowe, Frederick W., 1923-
Description
An account of the resource
4 booklets, ~60pgs
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Reading lists and syllabi for Monuments of Culture - a course not listed in College catalogs of the time. The instructor may have been Dr. Frederick Lowe who is mentioned in a syllabus.
Subject
The topic of the resource
College teaching--United States
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Danbury State College
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1958-1959
IIIF Item Metadata
UUID
2be16f3b-0362-4905-9601-dec69d8bfe31
-
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Truman_A._Warner_Papers_MS026/5121/ms026_26_60_.pdf
65bc6c4ac25f545267bbc61ce2b7796c
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Truman A. Warner Papers, MS026
Description
An account of the resource
Warner spent 37 years as a teacher and administrator and was also a board member and former president of the Scott-Fanton Museum, now known as the Danbury Museum and Historical Society. During his tenure, he supervised and contributed to numerous museum exhibits. The Warner Collection consists of writings, photographs, miscellanea, research notes and papers documenting Warner’s life as a World War II medic, author, historian and historical researcher. The bulk of the collection contains an extensive series of newspaper clippings and printed materials relating to local and state history, several boxes of personal papers, and several boxes that contain information on Western’s faculty, administration, and events concerning the school’s history beginning in the 1940s and continuing through to the late 1990s.
Has Version
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource.
<a href="https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/findingaids/ctdbn_ms026_warner.xml">Link to finding aid.</a>
IIIF Collection Metadata
UUID
3dc6b291-3261-430c-849f-d3e5eb379917
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
PL 89-329, Community Services, and Continuing Education Programs.
Alternative Title
An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.
An Action Study to Improve Poverty Conditions in Danbury Connecticut Growing Out of The Wilder Report
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Danbury State College
Description
An account of the resource
93 pgs
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
During the past summer, a team of researchers from the Columbia University Bureau of Applied Social Research, working with funds supplied by the State of Connecticut and Federal matching funds under the above act, surveyed the needs of Danbury. Many needs were identified (see pages 58, 59), The study report was carefully reviewed by college personnel, the head of the research team, and local officials heading up poverty programs.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1967
Subject
The topic of the resource
Urban policy--United States.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Danbury State College
IIIF Item Metadata
UUID
03353dc4-587f-475a-831a-06a19d884d75
Danbury Redevelopment
Danbury State College
-
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Student_Newspaper_Collection_RG_5.15.1/5116/rg5151_06_1967_04_01_001_corrected.jpg
0059d2dfad934a08821242f37a3ada89
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Student_Newspaper_Collection_RG_5.15.1/5116/rg5151_06_1967_04_01_001.jpg
71941c04f0b16ccd81682c9f9e2cf470
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Student Newspaper Collection, RG 5.15.1
Has Version
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource.
<a href="https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/findingaids/ctdbn_rg5151_studentNewspapers.xml">Link to finding aid.</a>
IIIF Collection Metadata
UUID
a51d974f-a90d-4af3-b33b-6c8edfb3516c
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
rg5151_06_1967_04_01_001
Title
A name given to the resource
Echo, Apr 01, 1967
Description
An account of the resource
1 newspaper clipping
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Danbury State College
Subject
The topic of the resource
Academic libraries--Connecticut.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1967-04-01
IIIF Item Metadata
UUID
a3f4f65a-bb53-448f-813e-17a073ec8a8f
Clippings
Danbury State College
Haas Library
-
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Student_Newspaper_Collection_RG_5.15.1/5115/rg5151_06_1967_03_31_001_corrected.jpg
1708f5262a9126a31f862b21b70e271e
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Student_Newspaper_Collection_RG_5.15.1/5115/rg5151_06_1967_03_31_001.jpg
df3a34a702886d41cf4384e7224d5125
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Student Newspaper Collection, RG 5.15.1
Has Version
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource.
<a href="https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/findingaids/ctdbn_rg5151_studentNewspapers.xml">Link to finding aid.</a>
IIIF Collection Metadata
UUID
a51d974f-a90d-4af3-b33b-6c8edfb3516c
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
rg5151_06_1967_03_31_001
Title
A name given to the resource
Echo, Mar 31, 1967
Description
An account of the resource
1 newspaper clipping
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Danbury State College
Subject
The topic of the resource
Academic libraries--Connecticut.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1967-03-31
IIIF Item Metadata
UUID
bb1f1941-9889-48af-969e-c0d54d5af5b1
Clippings
Danbury State College
Haas Library
-
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Student_Newspaper_Collection_RG_5.15.1/5114/rg5151_06_1967_03_17_002_corrected.jpg
c9110f661c50f1082644bb7be4ea7463
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Student_Newspaper_Collection_RG_5.15.1/5114/rg5151_06_1967_03_17_002.jpg
84534083d29e4e16d40615bc87670f19
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Student Newspaper Collection, RG 5.15.1
Has Version
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource.
<a href="https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/findingaids/ctdbn_rg5151_studentNewspapers.xml">Link to finding aid.</a>
IIIF Collection Metadata
UUID
a51d974f-a90d-4af3-b33b-6c8edfb3516c
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
rg5151_06_1967_03_17_002
Title
A name given to the resource
Echo, Mar 17, 1967
Description
An account of the resource
1 newspaper clipping
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Danbury State College
Subject
The topic of the resource
Academic libraries--Connecticut.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1967-03-17
IIIF Item Metadata
UUID
4744454c-769c-4533-951c-4530105493fb
Clippings
Danbury State College
Haas Library
-
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Student_Newspaper_Collection_RG_5.15.1/5113/rg5151_06_1967_03_17_001_corrected.jpg
f037f6dfda89d1f513505d0f53c0a3ff
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Student_Newspaper_Collection_RG_5.15.1/5113/rg5151_06_1967_03_17_001.jpg
fbe4be72a431b693f149368a5c50ab7c
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Student Newspaper Collection, RG 5.15.1
Has Version
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource.
<a href="https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/findingaids/ctdbn_rg5151_studentNewspapers.xml">Link to finding aid.</a>
IIIF Collection Metadata
UUID
a51d974f-a90d-4af3-b33b-6c8edfb3516c
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
rg5151_06_1967_03_17_001
Title
A name given to the resource
Echo, Mar 17, 1967
Description
An account of the resource
1 newspaper clipping
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Danbury State College
Subject
The topic of the resource
Academic libraries--Connecticut.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1967-03-17
IIIF Item Metadata
UUID
14aa7516-91ac-4b98-8feb-62a083fd2f6f
Clippings
Danbury State College
Haas Library
-
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Student_Newspaper_Collection_RG_5.15.1/5112/rg5151_06_1967_03_03_001_corrected.jpg
d6b2c1c93d48c3b62bee65ebf6b53d16
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Student_Newspaper_Collection_RG_5.15.1/5112/rg5151_06_1967_03_03_001.jpg
e7d6aeb8893d8c705d1a18c55da7b95c
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Student Newspaper Collection, RG 5.15.1
Has Version
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource.
<a href="https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/findingaids/ctdbn_rg5151_studentNewspapers.xml">Link to finding aid.</a>
IIIF Collection Metadata
UUID
a51d974f-a90d-4af3-b33b-6c8edfb3516c
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
rg5151_06_1967_03_03_001
Title
A name given to the resource
Echo, Mar 03, 1967
Description
An account of the resource
1 newspaper clipping
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Danbury State College
Subject
The topic of the resource
Academic libraries--Connecticut.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1967-03-03
IIIF Item Metadata
UUID
d57346e5-f4a5-44e8-95bf-8e3a9f92f786
Clippings
Danbury State College
Haas Library