James McDonald Vicary was born in Detroit 30 April 1915. He has been associated with the J.L. Hudson Company (Detroit), Benson and Benson (Princeton, NJ), Crowell-Collier Publications Company (NY), and Benton and Bowles, Inc. (NY). Mr. Vicary is the author of articles on research in such journals as the Public Opinion Quarterly, Harvard Business Review, and Printer's Ink. Mr. Vicary is most known for his work with subliminal messages in advertising.