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https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/omeka/files/original/Truman_A._Warner_Papers_MS026/6025/MS026_28_37.pdf
9c5f874cba9d0315c88ccba8a32eca1c
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Wa.ter S:s -a Utility in Daµbury,_
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Research -Seminar
Dr. Thomas Godward
Dr. Martha Counts
May 25, 1964 ·
August F. Serra
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The topic o:t my pa.per ·1s· ."Water As a Ut111ty .1n Danbury',
Connec:ticut."
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.!:�though there 1s one topic,
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m�st ·present the·
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· development and- re·1I.at1onship o:t 'three subjects·•
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and Danbury,
-Connecticut.
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water, util1t1eE!,
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Water is one of the necessities of life - but because· .our
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eoo�omic values. are measured by scarcity, water, lik� the �1r
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f�r granted. · Only w�1_�n_i�1·e rt-- .-:_� ___;,__:
we ·breathe, 1s' . many times tak�n
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ta:l element fails to appear does the averag� citizen become con--j
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The first citizens of this ;nation did not overlook · the
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value of this commod1 ty.
Danbury, ..like many o·ther commun1 ties, .·
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�as. found,_l�n a site.that promised a� abunda_n�e l�· :water. · _the
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uses an(Y'thus the-value of�water has increased with the· develop'
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of community life and man's technological ad�ances.
At ·present, virtua1iy �uery-large community in'the world
is supplied with wate�
by pub;io en�erprise.
that a city have, an amp1e eupply _ot wat�r.
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great deal of industry
or
none.at all.
It 1s necessary
Whet'her it haa a.
Wherever there is people
there is. a need !or an abundant.: supply of water •.
In a modern community water must be supplied for four·
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distinct uses.
The first being the· water needed for domestic
use;_ that is, for drinking, c�oking, bathing, washing and general
household needs as'well as for wateri�g lawns and g�rdens.
suppl
_ y. of water · conE;Jumed in· the process of performing
the· e every
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�he_ different
day activi ties
' vary greatl7 with
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classes/�f .peop.le
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��he
--/. ·- sections
�h� f1g�....a.ta..t-e-d-for
poor¢st
which ·perform· t�em.
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have _averaged out ·t o a daily per capit'a conswnpt_ion of 15 to 20
gallons while the f'igures for the wealthiest sections have reached
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-60 to _7Q__ gi\_ilons cir more.
kpart�ent houses seem.to have a high
rate o;f consumption, equa·l · t·o, or exceeding the rate for the
Cities· that use a
�igher class o£·dwellings.(60 to 70 gallons;)
.met·ered system use a great ·deal less than
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u�.;.met�x."�ja. cities•
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daily �om.estic consumption for a city as a whole ,i,s between 20 and
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50 gallons per capita with the tenden�y toward the higher figure.
With the use of
the element of.waste is areatly reduced.
meters
With ··meterij, the people are more aware -of the y.alue of the • ele
ment they are U(:ling._
The second important use is for. 1ndu�try and oo;mmerce.
The
figures for·. the amount ,of water consumed in industry vary in rela-
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t1on tp the amounts of, di.f'terent types 9:nd· sizes ·of industries. · ..
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Oo�ercial es�ablishm�nt� in �arge c'ities · sli�w a ·reiativ�ly stable
consumption, ·.which Qrdina�ily· ·falls between 8 �nd ·12 gallons p�r
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capita.
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The figures for- .1�d��try__range ,fl!o
_ m:-1-0 ·tq . 50 gallons or
more per capi�a·· depending o·n · the .nature and· extent of the industry.
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The 'th1�d dem&:nd on water 1s_.-.for fire .prote�-tion. tn re•
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_ s:,:p�·t:'��-water,.· �he �m��t consumed by
lation .to the _:·_�ihe� .de��n:d
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f1re _p rotection is very small . .. · Except :for -v ery large · oi ti~s,.. ':,:. ··:
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. fire . protection depends not , ~n the size , of the_.supply, but on .a
distribution system. :
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· Water is needed, in ' the '•fou:r:--t~h pl~oe, :for public ' 1nstitu-· .
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. private charitable
1nst1tut1ons,
p~rks.
cemeteries,
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sewer :flushing_,. and various 41nor ~ses.
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tions .such as schoo.1 s, • hosp1tal_s , . p~bl:1.c builp.ings, public or _·:..
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. · In all these places water could mean the difference be-. .
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twe_e n l11'e and death o,r just a refresh1.n g shower,· and 1n ail
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cases it is an element which we would
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be
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bard-pressed to replace. ·
In Danbu~y thee_!! services are. suppli~d by _t~1~.}1~1cipal ·
Water Works, with a capacity of 10 million gallon~1~~d
:7 :£ m1les
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of mains.
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This ·1 s. · th8:, only water company; it has n~ competitors
·and it 1s a city util1~y which is not requir~d to serve the town
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area • . In. recent years 1the urban construction has
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great . deal. • . With constru.otion spreading in the···~own area, the
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water company will supply ~ny: customer near enough to make con-.
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struction of 11ztee fea191b1~. ··· Thie service ,1!J supplied to them at
rates 50% above . those for houses
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the c _:1,.ty limits.
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~he 1_1t111ty eer;v1ce 1n Danbury 1s aooept~d c_asua),l_y: as
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ties. .-· It is onlY. noticed when sudden1
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ly, for some inevitabl!3 reason, this supply ~oes not appe-ar_• .
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Water is · considered
to be ·a ··commodity'
with a great deal of
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public importance.
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It 1s because ·- of its importanc·e that 1t is '·.,. .
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supplied b7 a ·utility. service
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s·e rvices· ·can be privately--'··-:
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owned or . furnished· by governmental organizations ~hich are ·re_gU;.:.. · ..
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lated and monitored by goverDmental agencies.
It is the economic
belief that operations which are nec~saary, but would. be unprof•
itable to~ two or more companies, be given to one concern to be
controlled. by the government so as to insure service and regUlate
profit.
A1though t:ne: Amerioan ·aoono~y frowns on monopol:,ies, it has
had to accept the ·utility as the only means to supplying such ser-
~he utility service is the only practical econom~
vices .as water,
ic state in which . such a eer~ice can exist.
In all oases where
there must be- a dire.ct conneC?t1on · by wire-, pipe, or rail 1t would
be too much of an· expense to dup;J,.ioate such;,- oenne~;ting systems.
It is easy to · see · that ut111 ty services must. alwayl:t be monop,ol1es
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1n order to ·serve
_t~e public.
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' l:iecau~·e -'o f gove~nment . control and th~ need for such com'
pan1ep to cont1.n ue 001:1:str,uct.ing _and adding to their .already 1a1:g.e . ·
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amounts of propert7 -and machinery, . they must o~~t1nually
borrow
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··large amounts.. of ~ap1tal·. _
. 'rtlu~~k~s thJ~tqSe.:-~e~n~'1~a~~b:lt1e~"launicdLEeicc:ao;:;':":--_~:---:-~
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Although ·wat.er supplied 1. by
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a relatively recent innovation 1n~~elat1on to the .~entu~ies that
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water has had to be· supplied,· irt·.1 s felt
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to be time-tested
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· .' the citizens of Danbury, as 1n · all other .cop:lIIl~n1t1es in this__:-----: · .
country.
The community of Danbury was ·settled in.-.l.684.
It lies 1n
the northern part of ;1airf'1eld
Oo~nty •a~d is :f3urrounded.
by hi:p.s
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and valleys with many small lakes and ponds which are all pretty
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sheets of wat~r w'.1tli
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~e1i..:wo~ded. banks. Danbury ' 1s
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north-northeast of Nell York. ·0 1tyJ
.the comm.unit1 waa settled on
a plain through which the Still River, a tributary of the Houeatoni~, flows • .
ihe Ind,..an11 in the .a rea gave the name
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Pabqu1oque 11 or
Th~ site has many good character1f?t1cs
0pen Plain" to the area.
£or settlementi
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It offered accessibility for transports ·, water and
waste .facilities and.
sp~ce
for. future development. These
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characteristics made the development of 1ndus.t ry possible. . B~-
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cause of the ample space, Danbury bas never had to search for ·· ...:
factories or dwellings.
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It seems that 1 ts ··1 .ocat1on has been strategic 1n the
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early history of this country.
Its
pos1t1o'n between New York ·
City and New England gave 1t the valuable position of a .border
community.
This position is sti11 considered an asset.
In 1780, early in the history ~f Danb~ry, a Zador Bene~.
41ct began the manufacturing of felt hats, setting up his shop
on Beaver ~rook.
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By 1800, Danbury's o~tppt was 20,000 felt bats a year.
In 1918 both population growth and business was good.
After
World War I m~y different types of i ndustry came to Danbury.
- In 1951 hatt~g was still considered the most important industry
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in t~e community~ although it was slowly being. lost with the new
influx o! uivers1f1oation.
shown continual ·g rowth.
Danbury is a community that has .
This
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grpwth can
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be shown with popula•·
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sites for its p;rospect1ve c1t1·z ens desiring to build either
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�tion .figares. 1
·Oensus,-
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Population _. __. . :_~
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1870
8,733
.1 940·
26,955'
27,921
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1950
30,337
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20.7
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1929-1940,· · Depression
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19,473
"T 66.9
19,474
O
·Labor boycotts 1n Danbury
23,502
:\-20.7 r
22,325_·,
5.p
1920
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11,666
1880
1890'
1900
1897~19021
·1910 .
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%Change
+ 8.7
The populatiqn o.f Danbury is presently about ·41,ooo and ·
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the city estimates ·a 'population of 64,000 by 1975 •.
~esides growth in population, the o1ty'also ·plan~ to grow
clty
1nduetr1ally • . The
plans to · do this 1n t~o '-wa.?J,s I
the first ·
Routes six and seven .ha~- plans for im-
is ·by tran~port~tion.
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provement along_w~th further deveiopment ' of Route .1 -84.
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The second means is
land., , ,.The oitf has ,made
available rand fo:r; - industry and ·bus1ness.2
,Industry ; · ·.Acres ·. ·
list of
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Use ,
-::~ ·.: .. ' . 289·-:- . Heavy Industry • ·
1G ·. ·. '.' · -. ·...714 .. Ge'n eral Industry .
l.A . .. ·.. ; . :- •. 195
Airport and Associa_ted · Industry
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Best.rioted Industry .
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572 -: · · 1o·t al. :6\ls1ness and Industry
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Recreation ·.
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. ·.. ·.. ·.: i,: •·.::: · ·· .,·' . ·.B.eta11 ··. Business.,)__. --.·~·'. ..,:..,.-~~-:-~~~-·_.;.-.:.
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Neighborhood Business
(Does Not Include .Residence)
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By combin~g t~s acreage w_i th.·highway communication, in- ·.
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·..d~stry 'should indv.ce s _e ttlement. :~his physical devell;)pme;nt 'a n~..· .
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.fut·u re planning has bad. more "than a _s light effect on the water ·:.
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sys·t em in this community.
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For more tbazi a century a.:rter Danbury •..s settlement in
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.. 1.6 84, the oommun~ty concentrated on a·n choring its roots around
the many streams, rivers, lakes, and po~ds.
During thl.s period .
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ther received thei~·water BUpply from tli~ee resources and ;from
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the wells tb.e'y drove into the ground.
By 1829 th~ community bad taken root;· with the
• growth in
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_populat~on, small busi~esees were developing and industry was
on 1 ts way.
·l820 1 s other
!!!he first , bat factory was start~d 1n.i. i.780 and by tile
hat
factories had settled.
o:r ove.r 20,000 ·felt ha:\;.s a year.
Danbury water suppiy.
There w~a now. an output
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~his pressure ·was .felt by the
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.',The pQpulation needed nio~e than the
bucket brigade from the nearby stream which , was
getting farther
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and . farther away.
Tb~ water flowi~ in the brooks· was no loriger
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It was· in this same . y~ar,
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1829, ~hat the . first fix.e companies were org~n1zed. ~he horse
. adequate fo,r thi,B 1nore·a s~d oUtP.Ut,.
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drawn water wagons put ·.the population at .ease: 1n this period.
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In 1830 ·the ·population of Danbury had_grown 1,·0 4~311-~a ····
communication minded P4?:Pulation.
~he people dreamed of a water-·. . ~1
way to the sea, ·and a project ·to build a canal ,from tidewater 'at
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Westport to Danbury .was. agitated.
The interest was there and the
survey was made~ but the project failed, only to fall in .the wake
of a second attempt 1n 1935.
The second att~mpt was to build
horse railroad from Danbury to Norwalk, but the
still too !ar in the distance.
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t'ide~ater . wa1:1 .·
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f~is proj,ect also failed.
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In 1833 there was an organi.z8'd attempt to introduce plped
water to Danbury.
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We the un~ers1gn;ed do here}?y form an association or com- ·
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pany tor .the purpose of supplying ourselves inhabitants of the
village ·o t _Danbury _w1tp tine spring w~ter under the name of the
Danbury Water Oompany.~3
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In 1834 piped warer was . su~pl_1 ed to the shareQomders
of
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The supply came· from .Tweedy's Spring
the Danbury Water Oom~any.
1n the h1.li's1de, .o n No:rrth Main Street, opposite i 'h orpe S~reet.
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This private e~terpr1,e was called the Wooster Water Company 1n
honor of the man who owned ~he 1and ·and water.from which the
company received 1ta ei11pply.
£1rst president.
Mr. Wooster was ·,also the company' e
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~he company was in the hands 0£ a number of .
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dedicated citizens and under their. leadership t~e company
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ded. ··With each new sb.a.reholder.,a··new customer was added
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company records. :. The fee was sm.a11=-- only one dollar
year--
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per
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but the compan7 only handled a smalL_a~a a.roan-a thet sout·h end of
Main Street.
··The census · of 18;0 showed a population of .. 4,504.
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_----..~owtA~~~~.the 1htroduct1on
of ·:11~um1nat1ng gaal~ the organ1zat1o~
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Vith this
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. In i859
and
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ihiB endeavor was no.t .a suc·c ess,
1860 a larger and mo;-e· enthtis~ae.tio p°Ol)Ulation. ag~in ·:,. .:,
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o.f a hook and ladder ·o ompant, ·an.d in . 18si , an attempt to intrc,_·
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duce public ·water to .Danbury.
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·proP,osed the. i~aa. · In 186,0 an:··a p~lioation _was ?D.$.de .~o the L~f$~~-·
lature, and a ·cbarter was gra~ted ·to· the borough for construction
At a
of a ,public water wo~lts.
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b~'i -bug~ mee~1ng
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_on
May
l'i •· 1860:- ·<":· .·.,
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·.. the cha:rter was ratified by a vote of 249 yeas to .30 nays.
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this same me~~1ng Messrs. · Jo~ -W• B~~on, .Oharles · Hl~ll, and. He~y ·, ·. .,. · .·,
Benedict were elec~ed ;water comin1ss1oners.
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These m~n quickly'. · :.
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made contracts for the I construction of the works. ·
In May, 186_0 , a
0 1ontraot
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for·· f'urnishin~ _ari~ • la!1ng the pi?~s
. was given to the Patent Water -and Gas 1'1pe Company: ·:o f Jersey City •
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,; · The .construot1o·n ·was .to be completed by · September 22 1 1860.
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·In ·June·~ 1860, a 9ontraot was given to ~- & R • Redfield, ·.of
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D~nbury for the : const~ot1on of a_dam to .be .c ompleted by ·September
first.
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On Decembe:r 13th ~he water was turned on; 111and in all the ···
. principal
st_ree;;s ·1 t
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rlil-n, . pure, cl.ear, and limpi~, to·. ~efresh the
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weary,. lighten ·the. labor of the workers., .running. .our mills, play- ·
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ing our foun:tains, ·God~ s grea~ gift to man,- -pure water. 114
In eight months 48,220 £eet ·ot p~pe hai·
been laid and a
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reservoir holding 40,·000,000 .g all.one, had 'b'een constructed 200
feet above Main Stre·et.· ·~his reservoir 1s still 1n operation and
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is known as the . Lower Kohanza. · The· pipe that was :u.sed was made
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wrought. iron, lined w1th.'and · ·l aid in cement. : fhe c;ttizens were., ·
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· proud of the 1r new sy·s tem and exp.e·oted 1 t to last : ·torever, tt.nd···.
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age.
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improve with
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On January 31, 1869~ a roaring torrent .jamm·e.d . with timber ·
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and ioe swept away houlles on North Main Street·.
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deep
o~erfloweci. th·e ba~a
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Water· 15 feet·.·.·
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Rive~, ~~d. flooded a mile
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and a half of railroad·
tracks,
ripp~g up ties and. damag.
1 ng .a . ·
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,brid~e.· Thi~ tragic flood· cost· 13~ lives ~nd.- property damage was
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causing ·this dam
The break in the upper dam had l;>e~n noticed :fo~r mont~s•:..beJ
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.dame were reoonetruoted w1thin .the ·year•
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people of Danbury quickly ' .o veroame ·this disaster and bo~~ ., :.:.
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fore the lower dam gave way but·· no a ·c t1on bad 'b een :;taken.
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to burs.t also. ·. .-...
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1866.
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The. lower . dam .bad been constructe.
d i .n ·1860, the upper dam .i n .
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Koha1:1za ab<:>ve .' lower Kobanza had ' given ·way, throwing tons of water
into lower Kohanza r~servo1r 'and
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Investigators found that' the d~ril at UpJier ....
estimated at· #100,000.
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It:t 1880, · +.t wai;, n~oessary t .o enlarge the sto,r age cape.o1ty. ·.
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Meetings were held ~nd committees .set up ,to investigate possibl•e
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sol~tions • . !rhe ·committees made a 'unanimous deois~on to developt:.
91oaer surveys· proved this ·deo1s1on wrong. •
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Surveys .b y the water c·omm1ss1oners. showed. that the Pada~aram ·sy~-
~he Boggs Pond ,are.a .
tem would be a
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wiser ·o~oice.
Within a fqur year period, 1882-1886 1 expansion of the small
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Kohanza reservoir
and piping syotem andI:_the . bui1~1ng of a·n other
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reservoir, the ·l?adanar~ syijtem,., was completed at a coat o:f
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.The annual reoe1·p te from. water rents had increased ·f rom
$119,000.
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1700.00 in 1860 to i:40,.000
in 1886. · .~h1s ·monay
. was
to .be used to
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ease the payme~t . of the water debt and ordinary running expense!;I·"" · i.····. ·.
: of the oity.
By -1890 the city· had 45 mil~s of s.treets; 39 contained· .pipe.
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"3,504
: · Water was · supplied 't o1
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f'am111ea~ 327- priv~te stables,
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eight livery . stables, 57 saloons, re.staurants, etc., 39 hat .tao~
tories and· other. · shops· of more thah ten horsepove~ oa_p aci ty be- .
sides other m1scellaneoU:s purpoe·e s. ••.
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For each tenement o.c aupied by o:Q.e family, if. not. exceeding five
persons ••• •• .$3.00
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For each add1t1~~1 person •• •• •• $~~-$0 .
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For stores and o.ff1ces •••••• J2.oo
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For each horse •• ••• $1~00 :
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For each cow •••. •• #1. oo" 5
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ot :Danbury was .grow~
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Du_ring .,th_e period_ 1890--~902 the east side
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For . each market~ ••• ·~.$_
4 . 00
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ing and the city• eng1neer ·empbasized the .need -tI or wider .pipe ~nd
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recommended the .use of" mete:1:s• He believed meter.a_would prevenJ
wasteful use · or' water, 1 thus making the pr_e sent · system adequate for . . ·
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many years • .. The pipe '1 'as allocat1t_d , but· the me.t ers were not~a.~"'." ·
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proved •
. In the _early _-part : of
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the 20th century, -~~b~ry s pop~l!:1-tion
had grown ~om 19,474..4-n 1900 to between 22,000 and 23,000 in :the
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mid-1920 1 s.
fhts
per1iod ..a1so !•saw ·the increase
in .new +ndustrieff
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in -the area. . Thie d'e velopment
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·kept
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the Wat.er Oompany on the· m:o~e·. ' . ."
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:By 1926 there was appr_
q:x:1matel;}'I
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-~, - ~1,250· feet -of 20" cast iron p1pe
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900 ;feet of ·1211 c·a st 1ron pip_e:-_
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-/-13,000 feet of_lQ.~as't--irmrpipe. . 1
~8,000 f~et ot· 8 - cast 1ron pipe
86,ooo feet of 6~ cast iron pipe
. 8,000 feet · of 4~ cast iron pipe
14,000. reet of 16~ ·cement pipe ·. ·
,950 feet . of 12;·· --cement pipe ·
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2;300 .feet of 1O~ cement pipe
·· 3,900 feet of 8~ cement pipe
27,000 feet of 6~ .cement pipe
26 1 000 fee~ of 4 ~ cement pipe
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6,500 _f eet of 2411 9ast:.:iron l)ipe
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distribu~ion of the water system was divided into a -high
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service system 1n the ;sou"tliern s~cti~n · o:r the citi and ' a low ser.
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vice system in th~ northern seati.on o_f the city • . ·
service
The h1~h
receives its w~ter from·
the ·w~st Lake Reser-·
voir ·and a _pres~ure ~t. about. 86 pounds .per ~qu~re inch is main-
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ta1ned at City Ha~l.
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The low service 1s ·te~ from the Padanarum
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and Kohanza and the. pr~ssura of this eyet~ 1s ~bout q6 pounds per
Hah.
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square inch -at City-
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T,here are·· three mf1',1Il ·pipes that enter the city; a 16-inch ·
from the Pada7:1~+111D. ' sy~~em,.
:1 6-inoli frou+ the Kol:J,anza s·y~tem, and
a 24.;,inch tr~JJi ..t .h e r:f·~ s:t L~ke syst$J..
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Tl:i.e . two ;L6-1nch . pipes meet
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at Main and Franklin ~treet
, down
Main·' Street
as a 20- • ·
. . .and prooeed
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. inch pipe until: 1:t rea9he·e··c1ty Hall. ··.At 01:ty. Hali this 20-1nch .
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..pipe ·unites "'w. ith tb:e
' 24-1n~h ··~1pe .- from·the
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··In ·1926 t .h kse wer~_. tp.e·ithr.~~- source~ of w~ter supply.
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.anotner eour_o~, -.-!D,ak1ng·; fou;r. 1n ·a 11. . , · · · • • .. ·.. ,
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· ~he la~~e~i
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fo~~~~~ ··_wa~ W~et ~ , wht"oh• is l .0~ ·.· .·
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�--------------------~~Ey 1926 there was approx1mately1
6,500 feet of 24 11
1,250 feet of 2011
900 feet ot 12«
13,000 feet of 101111
28,000 feet of 8
86,000 feet of 6 11
8,000 feet of 4"
14,000 feet of 16~
950 feet of 12~
2,lOO feet of 10~
3,900 feet of an
27,000 feet of 6n
26 1 000 feet of 4~
217,800 total feet6
cast iron pipe
cast iron pipe
cast iron p1pe
cast iron pipe
cast iron pine
cast iron pipe
cast iron pipe
cement pipe
cement pipe
cement pipe
oement pipe
cement pipe
cement pipe
fhe d1stribut1on of the water system was divided into a high
service system 1n the southern section of the c1ty and a low service system 1n the northern section of the city.
~he high service receives its water from the West Lake Reservoir and a pressure of about 86 pounds per square inch 1s ma1nta1ned at City Hall.
The low service is !ed from the Padanarum
and Kohanza and the pre s sure of this system 1s about 66 pounds per
square inch at City Hall.
There are three ma1n p1pes that enter the c1tyj a 16-inch
from the Padanarum system, a 16-inch from the Kohanza system, and
a 24-inch from the West Lake system.
Xhe two 16-inch pipes meet
at Ma.in and Franklin Stre ~t and proceed down Main Street aa a 20inch pipe until it reaches City Hall.
At City Hall this 20-inch
p1pe unites with the 24-inch pipe from the West Lake system.
In 1926 tbese were the t hree sources of water supply.
At
this time the city had ~ermise1on from one of its citizens to use
another source, making four in all.
The largest of the four systems was West Lake, which 1s lo-
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cated about two and a half m1lee northwest ot City Hall.
two reservoirs on this etream.•
.
There are
The firat is Boggs Pond which is
north of West Lake's Watershed and has a little catchment area.
(The oatchm.ent area, or watershed, 1s the most important part of
a reservoir.
The water or lake 1• but a storage area for water
that will be put in use.
It is the size of the watershed or area
arou~w the lake that determines the amount of water and quality of
wa~er that the lake can supply.
The water is stored from the melt•
ing snows or spr1D,£ rains that drain off and seep through the watershed.)
~ogga Pond is a natural pond but its water level is raised
and controlled so it can lead down into ~est Lake by gravity as
desired.
West Lake 1e located directly below Boggs Pond and is on the
same stream.
It contains about 1.35 b1111on gallons of water
while ~ogge £ond will hold only 231 million gallons.
lhe Padanaram system is located north of West Lake and Kohanza, and 1s northwest of the city.
reservoirs:
!his system contains two
the upper, called East Lake, acts as a storage basin
and the lower 1s used as an outlet to the pipes lea~ing to the
oity.
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~he Padanaram reservoir. which is the city's third source, 1s
su-bject to more pellution than the West Lake or Kohanza systems.
There were 41 inhabited ho'Use£, one sohooa house, and one church
1n the area. and th1s was a maj~r faetor causing the pollution.
The c1ty 1 e fourth ~ource of water was on the proper:ty of a
ff
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Mr. C. D. Parks.
The lake was on his estate, which is located in
the southern edge of the city.
The pond is small--0.66 square
m1les--and supplies the city's system with only 500,000 gallons of
water per day.
Althfugh this system ls small, the city put it to
good use by pumping the water into the system during dry spells.
»y doinf this. th-e oi ty was able to maintain a constant pressure
to supply the city in times of need.
Souro1
•at;rshgd Area
( square miles)
West Lake
Kohanza
Padanaram
3.33
.91
e.94
· .66
Parks
6torane
(million ~allons)
Water Level
(line f,11 1n feet)
1,585
611
418
577
490
141
113
574
With these four systems bein~ used to their full capacity
and the city expecting co~tinued growth, a fTOUp was called in to
study the 9reeent system and sive suggestions for future development.
The group was under the direction of' Hazen an.d w,hinole,
civil engineers of New York Oity.
After a close survey, the committee jUdGed th~t Danbury's use
of water was ex-tre.-nely excessive.
Members of the study e-roup ee;-
t1mated that during an avera.re week in the summer, Danbury used
6.3 million gallons per day.
This figure was CQns1dered to be ex- •
t~emly high for a city the size of D~nbury .
The city was consuming about 240 gallons per capita per da y
as an averag~ over the whole year.
The average range of consump-
tion for the United ~tates d~r1ng this same period was between 80
and 150 gallons per canlta per day.
reasons for the high figure.
?he eroup felt there were two
First, ~here is a large amount of
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water needed t9'ake aa,ta, which was J.>anbury 1 s principle industry.
They considered this a legitimate use o~ water and ~id not olass1-
aQ a waste.
~y it
The eeoond reaa6n was that Danbury had no meters.
It seems that any city withO'Ut meters ha.s a hig.b. percentage of
waste.
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ffaste
The group felt that 1! the city was to in~tall meter~, the
would be reduced cons1deraLly, thereb1 benefiting all.
The survey Eroup also suege&ted turning the Padanaram eystem
over to ~he exclusive use of the mills and leave the West Lake and
Kohanza supplies for domestic uee exclusively.
They felt that the
Wast Lake and ~ob.anza. systems were less polluted but still needed
a filtering plant because
found in the water.
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the large amounts of algae that were
Anoth er eugE_.estion was to obtain new water
supplies from Ma~gorle Brook and :Ball .Brook.
The Mar9er1e Creek abuts the Padanaram watershed on the east.
The watershed for the Marjorie area was small,
1.54 square miles.
~his system was not seen as a valu~bie water produoer itself but
in its relation to Ball Oreek 1t was valuable.
It was felt that
~1th1n the flat valley that joins these two s y stems there coultl be
stored a large quantity of water.
The ~oup also investigated the hieh serV,.oe area.
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There is
land inside the ctty which is too high to be se.rved by grav1 ty a.n.d
still ~gher land just outside the city limits was being ~eveloped.
They relt the only wa1 this area could ba served wo~ld be by
bu11~1ng several elevate4 tanks.
hat~r to be supplied to th1e
system was tp be taken from a filtration plant and ~umped by
elec~ric ~power lnto the elevat~d tanks.
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bills.
Bustness for the Danbur~ 1Water Company was good, and in
1940 the K1nr Street Diversion.was built.
The K1n£ Street Di-
version was a project to dam the creek that ran just south ot
the Margorie r e servoir.
The water stored at this dam ~ould be
pumped into the Margorie s ystea.
This would add 0.50 million
gal~ons per day to the Ma~gorie sy stem.
With this complex system, water was supplied to Da nbury
during the l940 1 Q, with only small repairs and the ever present
job of replacinE a nd a dding more and more p1pea
The wa ter was
purified., t';l.1tered, condition ed, and stored in clean wells.
From the f1lter--1ng_._plants 1t flowed into the city.
Samples were
takea. da11N" and tested by the City Ohemist accord1n€ to standards
prescribed by th.e Oon.nect1eut. 'tepa-rtment of Health.
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The water
e-ye-t-en1 is rn.R"intained and operated u11der the sutlerv1s1on of t lle ·
.,(
' <11ty 8hemist and the 01ty int1neer.
the City Chemist, besides making daily teats of the water,
1s 1~ ~har£e of the operation of ~he two filter1ne plants.
?he City Bngineer acts as a consulta nt to all cit y departtnents aud is 1.n ohart e of the maintenance of the water mains.
Whenever nece-ssary, his department makes designs and specif1ca-
..
tions for repairs and improvements. The manual labor 1s carried
...
out by a c~ev under the supervision o~ the Sup~r1ntendent of
Public Works.
•
Thie mayor and the Board of Seleotmen must approve
any major proJeots u~on the recomroendation et the Oity Chemist and
the City ~ngilieer.
�- 18-
The money to finance the dall y o~eration of the filtration
plants, the yearly maintenance of the reservoir sites, and the
replacement of various parts of the distribution system comes
from ti-water renta 11 and a few meters.
t
1
riater rel1.ts
taxes lev1ed according to estimated consum~tion.
11
are water
The few meters
that are in the city are amon~ the newer industrial ~lants •
.by t'he late l i 40 1 s the additions and improvements to the
two filtering plants made it possible to feed 8,000,000 £allons
of puri~ied water a day i~to Danbury homes and shous.
The task
of filte~ing and purifying this daily load is handled by the 01ty
Uhemist, Mr. Tarlton; and a crew of seven plant operators and one
full time mech&n\c,
One man works at a time w1th both plants being ma ~ned around
the clock.
't hte water ic automatically nu,nped into the plant
through a 20-inch main controlled by an autori1at1c shut-o ff va lve.
Smaller connecting :pipes fer;d ca.refu.11 "!l regulated dosag es of alwn
into the water along with one pound of ammonia an d three pounds
of chlorine for every million f allons of water.
'.l:he alwn combines w1'th all dirt and natural c he:micals 1n the
water. lumping th~m toretner in grayish, fluffy. sponge-like
obunks called
11
:t'locktt which can then be removed easily.
Before the water goes into the filter 1t is pi p ed outside
to basins called flocculators.
load of t~e f1lter.
to fifteen hours.
The flocculators help 11shten the
The water remains in these basins for seven
Du.rill~ this period the flock se~tles to the
bott~~. leav1nf the clear water on top.
The flock on the bottom
\
�-1,-------------~------~
)
C.
...
is then r-emoved.
....
h~m here the water is let into ' th~ filters
~here it 1s allowed to seep do'lf?l through layers of sand and
graded E:l"avel.
l
At the bottom of the filter basin the water is drawn off 1n
t
'
•
four-inch P+Pee and pumped into two underground clear well~,
eight feet deep, -with a total canacity of 1,250,000 gallons.
These wells are always kept f~l l ed as a reserve and the excess
water is pumped to the c1ty.
These f1lteriag plants, built in 1936, have ~djusted to the
needs pf t h e city by keening up with new filtering methods ~nd new
pu~ify1ng chem1eals.
Tbe plan for the :future is to continue to
apply new 1Imovat1ons that will increase the oapac1ty and quality
of the w~te~ as the city requires it.
Durinf the early 1950 1 s, a survey ~roup rtom Oolurobia made
a s~udy of ~he community of Danbury.
,
They reported that the Dan.
b~ry 'll'at~r supply-was adequate for ~ormal use even durin~ ttmes o!
severe drought ••
~t this time the filtering plant had increased
its i~tal oapacity to 9,000,000 eallone with both plants op eratinc
a,t
two-thirds capacity,
In the early 1950 1 s the city wa s expanding on the west side
and 1t was found difficult to maintain pressure 1n that area.
This sect~oµ of the city was supplied by the main that extended
from "eat Lake to Ma.in Street.
Thie d1etr1ct was supplied di-
r.ectly by fo~r and six~noh distribution ~1pes.
With low pressure
1n any p~rt1cular e~otlon there is also a low n-0w in the pipes
1n th.a~ section.
Avert lo~ fidW- 1n a~y seat1on of pipe increases
'"
<'
\.
�the poss1b1lity of oontam1natiQn an4 corrosion.
'
A project was
started to lay a closed loop of large diameter pipe around the
southwest part of the c1ty.
This would cause the pressure to
rise and increase the flow of water 1n the smaller distribution
mains.
It -would also increase the capacity of that distribution
system.
This allowed the h9uaine- projects 1n that area to oo.n-
t1nue.
r
The problem of a city seweraBe sy,tem bas been closely ~elated
..
to the development of the city water company.
In 1697 the first sand filters for sewerage were put into
operation.
Th~se sand filters enlarged and develo ped wlth the
.
needs of the city and the most recent filters were built 1n 1928 .
This left the city with a 14½ acre tract of land w1th sewage oollection lines pourin~ ·raw se¥age on sand beds which filtered off
and purified the liquid well enouch to be allowed to flow off into
the streams.
,.
The tot~l cost of this systeill up to 1930 was
i204,ooo.
In 1930 a project .was started to provide the city with a more
a dequate sewa~e disposal system..
.ii..t this time more sludge beds
were constructed; grit eha.mbere, settling tanks, fine screens,
d1g eatore, -~r1ckling f'11 ters, and pumping equipment were also in-
stalled.
All these p~ojecte were completed in a six-year period.
By 1937 the total cost of the sewerac e plant 'wl,i.s Q38'7 ,ooo.
Thie
plant a ttained its present torm with a daily capacity of 6,000,000
gallons.
Bonds outstandi.nir, wh iicb. were issued to finance. the
seweraf e system amounted to $234~000.
�.
'
In the 1950'e Danbury had 55 miles of sewer mains whioh
served 85% of the city street mileage.
have use of the sewer system.
The plants run at about 5,500,000
gallons per day which is 90~ ca pactty~
need for
'a.II
The town area does not
~he city does not see the
increase 1n this capacity unless an unusual ly larfe
~opulat1on 4evelops.
Any new industry requiring a large amount
of water could not be accommodated without expansi on to this plant
or private disposal means provided.
to date the city's major pollution problem 1s the Still
~1ver.
The major souroe of contam1nat1on 1a caused by the die•
posal of industria l sewage.
The city had received many complaints
from property owners along t he rive r.
To remedy this situa tion,
some manufacturers are strainint their waste material, holdini.
1.t 24 hours. and sendinE,": 1t through the sewer system dur1ne- slack
'periods•
Only 1n handling the si tuat1on with methods such ae
these can t h e situation be 1.rnpreved under present circumsta nces.
With the future, the city looks fo~ further im~rovement s.
As mentioned previously, the pub.lie wate.r sys tem in Da n bury
was developed to meet the needs of the city.
In Danbury's his-
tory the ~ajor con6umer was the hatt1ng industry. which demanded
..
lar~e quantities of watet.
As the o1ty protre~sed into the mid-
20th centuru the :popui.ation.. growth and n ew industry increased al-
most in propoii"tion to t ue ~resainf hattin~ 1ndustr~.
wn j
l
This is
Danbury has always had an ample supply of water and facil-
1 ti es.
~resently, water is collected in e1r ht reservoirs cwne~ by
•
�- 22-
the City of Danbury:
1.
Mar~orie, 2.
4.
Upper Kohanza, 5.
8.
King 's Stre~t Diversion.
West Laket 3.
Lower Kohanza, 6•
East Lake,
.BQgge Fond, 7.
Padanaram,
~hese e i ght systems are diveded into two main sources with
filter plants at each.
1he first is the Marr orie reservoir which
1s supplied by the East Lake and Padanaram system.
The King Stre et
Diversion which is a low stora~e h1bh CGpac1ty system also flows
into the Hargorie reservoir.
The second system. West Lake. is
supplied directly by Lower Kohanza and Eor~s Fond.
Lower Kohanza
1s supplied by gravity from the Upper Kohanza system.
The combined storage capacity of all of these reservoirs
wh en f illed is about two and one-third billion rallons of water.
'f he area of wa.tersheds ti:.at furnish water to these reservoirs is
a bout ei.p-ht o.nd th.ree-i'ourthe miles.
At the present time, the
city is using six cillion vallons of water a day.
Dur1n~ the
Summer months the city uses about seven million gallons of water
per day .
The city assumes that even dur1ne- a dry year the water
system oan supply an average of about seven million gallons per day.
In the distribution system, there is approximately 75 miles
of pipes of ei~es ranfing from 24 inches tc four inches.
The
..I..
water ia used for domestic use, industrial and commercial use,
public purposes (schools, hospitals, etc.) and for fire protection.
In Danbury there are,about 750 fire bydro.ut2 trat a.re
used ln case of fire.
The cost of installing and maintaininE a public water supply system to serve these numerous functions varies a creat deal.
�- 23-
.,
.A.n illustration of the average cost would ran~e around ~120.00.per
million gallons.
~allon.e per year.
for this supply.
A £a:n1ly of four 1n Daubury mifht use 150,000
At th1~ rat~ it would cost them less than .e20.oo
~he to'Wll residents must pay double these rates
for the ·use of the -c,1 ty I s su~p~y • and the city will only supply
t!lem
it' 'th.ey are close enoue-h to a ma1n to ma!;:e the connection
feasible.
What will the future br1nr?
development.
W1th this development the city must provide housing
for a labor force.
tOKn.
Danlm..ry Bncourages industT1al
lhe area of new housine is concentrated 1n the
In the future the possibility of consolidation of the town
and city coupled w:1th the ~row1nE:, population of the urban a rea will
show the need for public water for health proteotio~.
To any lar£ e indu stry thet decides t0 settle 1n Danb~ry . a
water supply system ie essential.
Where will this B'l;.p,1ly come .from?
The o1ty chemist, :,1r.
'£arl:ton, said tbat "with the introduction of meters to t "ie com-
munity, the :Present water system. can handle a 50% increa se."
In each stage of a community~-past, present and .tuture--wa~er
plays a vital rele.
Danbury has been a community blessed with an
abundant supply of water.
Both t he community and the water system
have survived the rep~rcuss1ons or va~ious per1odso
lhe fact that
both of these institutions ar~ fun ction~np today is a llvinf
memorial to gensrations of Uanbur$ clti.zens~
the n~xt time we have a drink of water, we would do better
to r~aliz-e t~at t 11is 1s not t he result of ou~ individual need,
but '0$ a commu nj ty ef.fo.rt •• ,.
�?OOTNOTES
Columbia Un iversi t y School o f Eng1neerine, ! ~tudent Survey
CommUllity, Columbia School of Engineering ,(New York
£!
27, 1955}, P• 6.
2.
>
Technical Plan.nin~ 4 Ssoc1ates Inc., Town of nanbur;, Connecticut Plan of Pevelopment, Prepared £or the~anbury own Planning
Commiss1onand the Uonnecticut Development Uommission, (July 1960),
:P• 9.
V
3. -Wooster Water Company, Danbury, Connecticut, Note·s t aken at
meetin~a, 1833-1939, (1833, Sec. F. WildmanJ, p. l
Ba1ley~ Ja~es, MontEomery, History of Danbur~• Oonnecticut,
1684-H:~96 ( ~Iew York, Burr Printing House, 18 6), P• +iv J
.
5.
Proceedings and Records of t he Board of Councilmen and Board
of Aldermen of the Uity of Danbury for the Years Endine
1390- l -ir.~ ( :.. •• ,
(Danbury Hews Press), P• ,,,.
6.
Hazen & Whi uple, Civil Engineers, ~eport to the ~ity of
Danbury, Connecticut .Qn Pronosed I~2rovements t~ a~er5upplY
lfovember 1, 1926 ,.f!azen & Wl1i p ple, i vil Eng ineers , 25 West 43rd
Street, New York vity, p. 9
'1
..
""'·
t
.
,,
,.
I\ ..
.
..
�3IBLir)J J. i.fY
?rtIMARY 0 0\Jilc :.s
_?"";t'ilitJ\L JH'J';."1V'ffi:h'3
l. :lapn, 3idMy, Ci tJ :;,;~gincer, D~bu:r; , Con.nee tic
,t.
2. Tarlton, E., City' Cne¢.-st, na.nbur;,
Connecticut.
I
NEWS PA ?.:..'.-tS
1. ~nbury N~ws Timeis, Danb ury-, GotmPr.tic 11t
August 27 • 19o9
January JO, 19, 8
P• 10
October 1. l 95R
December 2, 195]
January
p.
4, 1960
P• 1.3
p. 12
July 21, 1~60.
~eotember 8, 1962
Octob~~ 18, 1963
October 2L, 1003
u
p .. 1
P• 8
p.
D'1CJ:.•lliN':'S M,io
1<r:c,td; ..
1. City Hall , .::ianbury,. Connecticut..
r.
.,
Columbia Univ~rsity- School of Er-,ginPeril.g, A StudP..nt
Survey
Cor.unitY, Colur ,hfa School oft.n!:ineer~ng ,
New York 27, L95.
3. Hazen & whiople, Civil Engineers ; •teµort
tnc City
of Danoury, Connecticut on ?rdooserl Lnnr ovel"lents t o
~ter Supoly~ f:ovembe r 1_-;-1926; Hazen r. hippl e , Civil
6ngineers, 25 \Jest hJrd Street, Mew Yo:·k City.
4.
5.
Pitor"teter Co1T1pany, Engineers; Rellort
P:ttomet§r ;:,urvey~
;>i tome to::J r C.ompa ny, tiew Yor k 1.,;it y
Danbury• Gonne c tic ut, 1927 ;
Proceedings and !:?eeo~de of t he Board of Councilmen and Board
o.f Aldermen of the Coty of Danbury f ,Jr t he Years Ending1 iJ 9r _
1907, Danbury N~ws ?res~.
6. Resolves and Private laws of the citate of Connecticut, fro~
the yea~ lA,36 t o t he year 1857, ~ublished u.~der and by
virtue of a Resolution of the 3eneral Assembly, Pa.s3ed Hay
Session, 1856 mder the s11-oervis1on cf :i, s neoial committee,
Vol. LV, N'ew rtaven, Connecticut, Thomas J . ~tafford,
Printer, 18$7.
1
7.
Technical Planning Associates Inc. ,
of Df1:b l.lt'lt
Conneeticut Plan of Development, r're?A:-ec!, fo•· the Danbury
Town Planning Cormniss ion and the Connec:.ticut Development
Corw~sion, July l9~ .
8. Wooster '!later Company, Danbury, Conm,ci.icut. 1lotes tatten
-~
at
:u.eetingg,
1833-1&39.
�I
9. Scott-Fanton MuseW'l, .\L'lin o-treet, .Oa.abl.Jl:'y,
Docwi,ents and m&ps
C.: c,mi.ecti.c1Lt
f
..
'
BOOl{S
1. Bailey, J ames, Mont.FomPl'Y, History 2£. Danb~, C;m"'h!cticut,
16&-1896, New York, Eu.rr ?rj,_nt inc 'fouse,%.
2. De Haven, Jame3
c.,
Hirshle\fP.r, Jack, ~lliman~ Jerome ~.,
'tlat(>r Suopl11 -- Econo'l\i.cs, ~echnolor:;r,
University of :-'hicaigo .tire~~, 1·;10,1 •
Policy, The
· J. Enc~·clopedi:1 of tl-\~ 3ocii.l :,,,. -1 .,.nre~, oditor-in-Chief, &',,i.n
.::>elisman, A5sociate ~tor, Alvin J ohnsen, 'flle ..:ac:'lillian
Comr_:>any, New ·0~~1c , Vol.
15.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Truman A. Warner Papers, MS026
Description
An account of the resource
Warner spent 37 years as a teacher and administrator and was also a board member and former president of the Scott-Fanton Museum, now known as the Danbury Museum and Historical Society. During his tenure, he supervised and contributed to numerous museum exhibits. The Warner Collection consists of writings, photographs, miscellanea, research notes and papers documenting Warner’s life as a World War II medic, author, historian and historical researcher. The bulk of the collection contains an extensive series of newspaper clippings and printed materials relating to local and state history, several boxes of personal papers, and several boxes that contain information on Western’s faculty, administration, and events concerning the school’s history beginning in the 1940s and continuing through to the late 1990s.
Has Version
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource.
<a href="https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/findingaids/ctdbn_ms026_warner.xml">Link to finding aid.</a>
IIIF Collection Metadata
UUID
3dc6b291-3261-430c-849f-d3e5eb379917
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Water as a Utility in Danbury, Connecticut
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Serra, August F.
Description
An account of the resource
29 pgs
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Research Seminar paper on the history of water usage in Danbury, CT.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1964
Subject
The topic of the resource
Water resources development
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Danbury State College
IIIF Item Metadata
UUID
01a0b83d-9048-457c-a5f8-95400416b132
Conservation
Water issues