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OCT 1 S1994
ABSTRACT OF
THE HERBERT FULLER AND NEW YORK C ITY'S
S HIPPING INDUSTRY FROM 1 890 - 1910
by
G loria d e P rado
I N PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIRMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF ARTS I N HISTORY
~~vision
#1
T he H erbert F uller w as
c onstructed
n ewly
a
T he p urpose o f t his t hesis i s
in
t o d emonstrate how
u sed
t he
1 890.
a
g roup
s hipping
c ommercial
of
f amily
t echnology
g aining
s teadily
p rofit.
T he
in
p owered b y s ails.
as
a
f ine
F uller
a nd
u sed
T he P ort o f New
s eaport
in
a
to
p owered
p opularity
H erbert
r elated
p rior
R evolution a t a t ime w hen s team
I ndustrial
s hips
m anaged
a
s mall
s hip,
i nvestors
t he
s teel
Y ork,
c ity
s ailing
to
w ere
e arn
a
c rew a nd w as
l ong
e stablished
t hat w as o ne o f t he g reat
m ercantile c enters o f t he w orld, w as
t he
H erbert
F uller's
m ain p ort o f c all.
T here
w ere
m any
f acets
o perating
s hip i n o rder t o
i nsure
l aws
c oastal
t rade
f oreign
c ompetition
r estricted
e asing
o ut
t rade.
To
v essels,
a ny
r educe
t he
t he
H erbert
i ts
to
e conomic
r isks
F uller
to
of
a n A merican
s uccess.
o nly
in
C abotage
A merican
s hips,
t his a rea o f s ea
o wnership
of
m arine
a nd i ts f reight w ere i nsured
a gainst s uch u nforeseen c atastrophes
t hat
w ere
c onsidered
" Dangers o f t he S ea."
O nce
a
s hip w as r egistered a nd i nsured i t w as r eady
t o t ransport g oods a nd e arn i ts k eep.
a
l egal
d evice
d rawn
up
by
T he
s hipping
C harter
P arty,
a gents, a llowed a
m erchant t o h ire a s hip t o t ransport g oods t o a nother
#2
a rea.
I t s et f ees, d escribed c argo,
d elegated
t he
d uties
o f t he c aptain a nd c rew a nd g ave d ates o f d eparture.
As
s oon
as
t owed o ut t o s ea.
c lean,
p ainted
t he
s hip
D uring t he s ea v oyage t he s hip
a nd
w as
a
d angerous
b rought
t he
w as
k ept
A rriving a t
r epaired, w hen n ecessary.
i ts d estination, t ow b oats
T his
w as l oaded w ith g oods i t w as
s hips
i nto
p ort.
t ime a nd m ost t ow c ompanies r efused
t o t ake a ny r esponsibility f or d amages t o t he s hip.
When
s afely
in
p ort,
t he
c aptain
p resented
C ustoms O fficer w ith b ills o f h ealth f or h is c rew.
c ould
be
q uarantined
t he
s hip
i f a nyone o n b oard h ad a ny d iseases.
T he c aptain a lso p aid f reight r ates,
of
A
t he
b ased
c argo, t o t he C ustom H ouse .
l eave t he s hip, u ntil t he
c aptain
on
t he
w eight
No o ne w as a llowed t o
p roved,
w ith
n otarized
s tatements, t hat t he c rew h ad b een p aid.
As
a nd t he
m ajor
s oon
g oods
r epairs
as
a ll
w ere
t he
t he c argo w as i nspected f or d amage
u nloaded,
s hip
t he
m ight
c aptain
a ssessed
a ny
n eed a nd b rought i t t o t he
s hipwright, m aking s ure t he s hip
w as
b rought
to
an
a rea
w here m any s hipping s ervices c ould b e o btained.
T he
H erbert
f ashion u ntil
c aptain,
m ate.
F uller m oved a bout i ts b usiness i n t his
1 896,
C harles
T.
w hen
N ash,
t he
s econd
h is
E ventually, N ash's b rother,
w ife,
m ate
m urdered
L aura,
A lonzo,
t ook
i ts
a nd f irst
o ver
m anagement o f t he H erbert F uller f or t he n ext f ourteen
t he
#3
y ears
u ntil
i t c aught f ire w hile i n a l umber y ard.
s old i n 1 916 a nd r enamed t he " Rousse."
U nited
S tates
e ntered
W orld
War
S hortly
I t w as
a fter
t he
I , a G erman U -Boat s unk
t he s hip o ff t he c oast o f F rance o n May 2 7, 1 917.
A lthough t he H erbert
o wners,
i ts
s pan
of
F uller
o peration
e arned
w as
T he
h arbor i n 1 941.
l ast
f or
i ts
l imited a s s teel a nd
s team p owered v essels d eveloped s peed a nd a
c apacity.
m oney
l arge
c arrying
c ommercial s ail s hip e ntered New Y ork
#THE HERBERT FULLER AND NEW YORK C ITY'S
S HIPPING INDUSTRY FROM 1 890 - 1910
A T HESIS
PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY OF
WESTERN CONNECTICUT STATE UNIVERSITY
by
G loria d e P rado
I N PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF ARTS
~~Division
#TABLE OF CONTENTS
C hapter
1.
INTRODUCTION # ############################### # 1
2.
GROWTH OF NEW YORK C ITY AS A SEAPORT AND
COMMERCIAL CENTER # ########################### 4
3.
LAUNCHING OF THE HERBERT FULLER # ############ 2 1
4.
FACETS OF S HIPPING # ######################### 3 9
5.
MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF S HIPS AND
~R~~~
6.
# ###################################### 6 9
DISASTERS AND CONCLUSIONS # ################# l 05
B ibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 16
#1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
T he
I ndustrial
t he d evelopment
c entury
n ew
of
s lowly
b usiness
A merica.
i nventions
a nd
R evolution
H owever,
a nd
p layed
a nd
a
i ndustry
m ajor r ole i n
in
n ineteenth
n ot e veryone s ubscribed t o t he
i deas.
M odern
g radually i n a cceptance.
w as o ne e xample o f how e ntrepreneurs
i nnovations
g ained
T he s hipping i ndustry
u sed
s ome
f acets
of
i nvention w hile c linging t o o ld i deas.
T his
t hesis
a ttempts
t o s how h ow, i n 1 890, a n ewly
c onstructed w ooden s hip, t he H erbert F uller,
t echnology
of
w ind
a nd
s ail
p revalent a t t he
t ime.
h istory
Y ork
as
as
w ell
of
New
s hipping i ndustry
p layed
in
t he w orld.
r elated
to
m aking
New
in
t his
o ld
s tudy
is
t he
s eaport a nd i ts i mpact o n t he
as
t he
f orces
t hat
s hipping
Y ork t he g reat m ercantile c enter o f
A ctivities a nd c are o f t he
t he
t he
i nstead o f s team a nd s teel,
I ncluded
a
u sed
h istory
of
s hip
a nd
c rew
a nd
t he
g rowth o f
s hipping
a re
s atellite i ndustries a round t he P ort o f New Y ork.
P rimary a nd s econdary s ources
f rom
t he
f or
t his
s tudy
c ame
S outh S treet S eaport M useum's l ibrary, t he H erman
M elville, i n New Y ork C ity.
I w ish t o t hank
t he
l ibrarian
a nd s hip c urator o f t he S outh S treet S eaport, N orman
#2
B rouwer,
w ho
F uller.
i ntroduced
I am a lso
M arie
L ore,
p rimary
g rateful
w ho
s ources
a lways
c ame
by
S eaport.
a rchival
to
t he
to
t he
me
to
t he
l ibrary
f eel
m useum
v olunteer,
w elcome.
d isplays
O ther
a nd
o ral
d ocent
s taff
of
S outh
S treet
m aterial
f rom
t he
S outh
S treet
S eaport c onsisted o f 7 4 f olders.
s tudies
f iles o n t he H erbert
t heir
m ade
f rom
p resentations
T he
me
m aterial
I
t ried
to
c onfine
my
f rom f olders t hat r elated m ainly
t o New Y ork C ity.
I w ish
N ews,
d ay
to
V irginia
of
t he
p hotocopy
t hank
f or
M ariners
a nswering
H erbert
of
T he
F uller
Museum
of
N ewport
my i nquiries a bout t he l ast
a nd
s upplying
me
w ith
a p icture o f t he s hip t aken i n 1 898.
a w ealth o f s econdary s ource m aterials
in
t he
a
I f ound
l ibrary
of
my a lma m ater, M ercy C ollege.
T he
s tudy
of
c ulmination
of
s ail s hips.
I am v ery
a nd
my
t he
C hairman
l ove
of
H erbert
f or
t hat
H istory
on
e conomic
New
Y ork
g rowth.
C ity
I
as
a
my
a
t hesis
D epartment
C onnecticut S tate U niversity, D r. J ohn
v iews
w as
n atural
t he s ea a nd i nfatuation w ith
f ortunate
t he
F uller
at
L eopold,
s eaport
a nd
a dvisor
W estern
s hared
c enter
my
f or
w ish t o t hank h im f or h is g uidance i n
my f irst s erious e ffort a t w riting h istory.
F inally, I w ish t o t hank
W estern
C onnecticut
U niversity f or g iving me t he o pportunity t o w rite.
S tate
To a ll
#3
my
p rofessors,
g rateful
f or
b oth
h ere
a nd
y our e ncouragement.
at
M ercy
F uller
I
am
T his h as b een a l abor o f
l ove a nd i t i s my w ish t hat a ll t hose
H erbert
C ollege,
who
r ead
a bout
t he
w ill s hare my e nthusiasm f or t he t all s hips
t hat o nce g raced t he s eas w ith g lory a nd m ajesty.
#4
CHAPTER 2
GROWTH OF NEW YORK CITY AS A SEAPORT AND COMMERCIAL CENTER
T he
H erbert
F uller,
a
w ooden c ommercial s ail s hip
b uilt i n 1 890, t ransported c argo t o m any
t wenty
y ears
of
s ervice.
U sing
p orts
m ainly
d uring
o ld t echnology,
t his v essel c ompeted w ith t he m odern s hips o f t he
t ook
f ull
a dvantage
to
u pkeep.
t he
t he
N evertheless,
t echnology.
e nough
of
i nnovations
t he
H erbert
of
t hat
t he
n ew
e arned
m ake a p rofit f or i ts o wners a nd p ay f or i ts own
O pportunities f or c ommercial g ain a t
n ineteenth
t he
e ra
F uller
c entury
w ere i deal.
w orld
w as
at
r elative
t he
t urn
of
T he U nited S tates h ad
r ecovered f rom t he e conomic d evastations o f
a nd
i ts
p eace.
t he
C ivil
War
T hese w ere m odel
c onditions f or b usiness t o t hrive a nd g row.
D ynamic, e nergetic, c hanging
of
h arbor
l ife
in
M anhattan
at
a llowed t he H erbert F uller, a s mall
r elative
t ime
s uccess
t hese
s hipping
to
in
p owerful
t he
F uller
s aw
w here
H owever, i n
c ompelling
c ommercial
e nterprise,
v entures.
A t t he s ame
r apidly
c hanged
t his
t ype
1 891,
t he
o pportunities
f orces
t he t urn o f t he c entury
b usiness
f orces
p oint
l imited l ife s pan.
H erbert
i ts
a nd
f or
c ommercial
o f v essel h ad a
o wners
p rofit
of
t he
a nd g rowth
r ather t han l imited b usiness e xpansion a nd c hose New Y ork
#5
New
Y ork
C ity
as
t he
m ajor p ort c ity, i t w as
C ommercial
p rimary p ort f or t heir s hip.
t he
b rought
s hipping
a nother a nd e ncouraged t he
c reated
j obs,
s cene
of
b ustling
g oods
g rowth
f rom
of
a ctivity.
o ne
r elated
As a
p lace
to
b usinesses,
i ncreased t he d emand f or g oods a nd h elped t o
e xpand t he e conomy.
M any
S everal
w ere
s eaport.
s uccessful
f actors
New
b odies
r esponsible
Y ork
h as
f or
n atural
o f w ater s urround t he c ity.
S andy H ook, i s c onnected t o t he U pper B ay
T his
b ody
of
B rooklyn.
t hree
w ater
I t i s t wo m iles
q uarters
of
to
a
l ong
a nd
m ile w ide.
a dvantages.
T he L ower B ay,
by
t he
N arrows.
at
o ne
p oint,
o nly
H ere, s hips c ould e asily
T he
n ecessary.
N arrows
t he U pper B ay a nd t hen t o t he E ast R iver a long t he
e ast s ide o f M anhattan I sland.
i sland
t his
i s s ituated b etween S taten I sland a nd
b e d etained a nd q uarantined, w hen
l ead
c reating
is
t he
H udson
R iver.
On
t he
w est
s ide
of
t he
S outh o f t he E ast R iver i s
G overnor's I sland.!
T he E ast R iver i s s ixteen m iles l ong
U pper
B ay
w ith
L ong I sland S ound.
j oins
t he
T he S ound l ies b etween
L ong I sland a nd C onnecticut a nd i s 1 00 m iles
t o t wenty m iles w ide.
a nd
l ong
a nd
t en
V essels w ere s afer i n t he E ast
! Robert G reenhalph A lbion, T he R ise o f New Y ork
P ort, ( Harnden, C onnecticut: A rchon B ooks, 1 961), 1 7-9.
#6
R iver
b ecause
T here
w as
t hey
w ere
s helter
p rotected
e ntrance
t he
e lements.
f rom t he s ea a nd t he S ound d eadened t he
f ull b runt o f t he o cean w aves.2
a nother
f rom
i nto
New
L ong I sland
Y ork
S ound
r egardless
of
c onditions3 a nd w as t he " back d oor" t o
New
Y ork
e xpansion
a lso
h ad
t he
c apacity
f or
o ffered
w eather
E ngland.4
New
w ith
i ts
B rooklyn, New J ersey a nd S taten I sland s hores.5
New Y ork o ffered e asy
e very
s tage
s hips
i nto
c hannels
so
o f t he t ide.
p ort,
l andlocked
to
i ts
p orts
d uring
As a r esult, w hen p ilots b rought
w ere
a ble
to
f ind
d eep
w ater
t hat t he s hip's k eel ( its d eepest p art), w ould
n ot r un a ground.6
a
t hey
a ccess
New Y ork, n ear t he o pen
s ea,7
a nd
w ith
h arbor, o ffered a n atural s helter - more t han
a ny o ther m ajor p ort a s
c lose
to
t he
s ea.8
T he
w aters
a round M anhattan p rotected v essels a gainst t he A tlantic
2 Albion, 2 0-1.
3 Ibid., 2 1.
4 John M. C armody, A dministrator, A M aritime H istory
o f New Y ork, ( Federal W orks A gency, G arden C ity, New Y ork:
D oubleday, D oran a nd C ompany, I nc., 1 941), 1 9.
5 Albion, 3 4.
6 Albion, 2 4-5.
? Albion, 3 4.
8 Albion, 2 8-9.
#7
s torms,9
a nd
k ept
s hips
f rom
t hese w inds, r ather t han w aves,
w ater
c rafts
d uring
f oul
b eing
t hat
f rom
F ernadina,
F lorida,
h ad t o b e t owed f or r epairs o n
d amage
w as
s ustained
a nd
w ere
w eather.lO
f or e xample, h ad s ome d ifficulties
Y ork
d amaged
a rriving
1 0,
t hough,
t his
p ort
w as
in
1 90s.ll
& L ang
D ry
r epaired t he H erbert F uller b y O ctober 3 o.l2
t ime,
to
New
a ground o n s hoal a nd
O ctober
T ietjen
t roublesome
T he H erbert F uller,
w hen,
w ent
f or i t w as
i deal
Some
D ock C o.
M ost
of
t he
f or s afe l andings o f
m arine c rafts.
T here w ere, h owever,
Y ork
h arbor
h ad
to
f ace.
o ther
F loating
R iver c aused s ome s hip's d elays.
h ad
no
t rouble
g oing
p roblems
M ost
w ater
y ear.l3
f roze
in
t he
New
i ce f rom t he H udson
of
t he
t ime
s hips
o ut t o s ea b ut New Y ork w as c ut o ff
f rom A lbany a nd i ts n ortherly i nterior
w hen
t hat
p art
of
t he
s tate
t he H udson f or a bout 1 00 d ays o f t he
O ther p orts a lso h ad t his
p roblem.
I ce
c ut
o ff
M ontreal a nd Q uebec f rom t he s ea f or a bout f ive m onths
9 Albion, 2 9.
l Orbid., 3 0.
l lNew Y ork C ity, S outh S treet S eaport M useum,
M elville L ibrary, B arkentine H erbert F uller, F older # 49,
N otarized s tatement.
1 2Folder # 49, T ietjen & L and D ry D ock C o.
1 3Albion, 3 0-1.
#8
e very
B oston
y ear.
f aced
s eaports o f P hiladelphia,
i ce
h indered
s hip's
t his
s ame
B altimore
m ovements
d ilemma.
a nd
f or
In
D elaware,
s everal
t he
f rozen
w eeks d uring
c old w eather. 1 4
F og a lso p lagued New Y ork
To
c ombat
t his
p henomena,
f rom
t he
D ecember
l ighthouse s ervice, u nder
s ignals. 1 5
t he T reasury D epartment, p rovided f og
of
t heir
m aintenance
t hey
a lso
m arked
As
b uoys
e ntrance t o t he p ort i n r ed, w hite o r b lack c olors
s hips
a void
p arts
of
s and
t he
b ars.
w ater,
S ignal
s ent
M arch.
to
at
to
p art
t he
h elp
p oles, p laced i n v arious
m essages
to
t he
p ort
of
i ncreasing p opulation.
New
a pproaching s hips.l6
A nother
f actor
w as
an
Y ork's s eaport h ad b een g rowing a t a v ery
b efore
w as
t he
t he
c heapest
d istances.!?
m any
A merican
p eople
R evolution,
m ethod
of
O pportunities
to
t his
a rea.
p ace,
e ven
f or w ater b orn t ransport
m oving
f or
f ast
g oods
e conomic
o ver
g rowth
l ong
b rought
A t t he t ime o f t he T reaty o f
P aris o f 1 763, t he c ity's p opulation w as 1 3,000.
T his
1 4Albion, 3 1-3.
l Sibid., 3 3.
1 6Ibid., 2 17.
1 7Edmund J . G ubbins, T he S hipping I ndustry:
T he
T echnology a nd E conomics o f S pecialization,
(New Y ork:
G ordon a nd B reach S cience P ublishers, 1 986}, 2 .
#9
e xpansion
of
w ealth
c reated
c apitalists
in
r iver,
o utnumbered
l andowning
a
n ew
c oastal
a nd
o f m ercantile
o cean
m erchants.
New Y ork r esidents o wning s hips
c lass
B etween
in
i ts
t rades,
who
1 747 a nd 1 762
h arbor,
i ncreased
f rom 99 t o 4 47.18
E ven
1783,
w hen
a fter
New
b eing
g rowth c ontinued.
p ort
w ere
1 772,
at
P ounds f or i mports.20
p rovided
n ew
b ecame a T ory p ort f rom 1 776 -
c aptured
By
v alued
Y ork
by
t he
e xports
p assing
e conomic
t hrough
T he e nd o f
t he
A merican
R evolution
o pportunities f or m ercantile g rowth.
t ons.
At
t he
1 50,000 P ounds p er a nnum a nd 1 00,000
1 789 a nd 1 799 A merican e xports r ose
5 76,733
B ritish,l9
f rom
1 23,893
B etween
t ons
to
t he s ame t ime B ritish s hips, e ngaged i n
U nited S tates c ommerce, s aw t heir e xports f all
f rom
9 4,110
t o 1 9,669 t ons.21
A fter
t he
War
of
a ll n ations a nd t his b ecame
A merica's
t rading
1 812, t he h igh s eas w ere o pen t o
an
p artners.22
a ccepted
T he
f act
d efeat
by
of
a ll
N apoleon
e stablished a n i nternational p olitical f ramework f or f ree
1 8carmody, 6 1.
1 9Albion, 6
2 0carmody, 6 0.
2 lrbid., 8 9.
2 2rbid., 1 20.
of
#10
t rade.23
A merica e njoyed p eace f or t he
e nabling
New
n ext
h alf
c entury
Y ork's s eaport t o g row a nd d evelop.
M exican War d id n ot a ffect t he p ort b ecause i t
E ven t he
w as
so
f ar
r emoved f rom t he c onflict.24
New
E urope,
Y ork's
s outhern
m ail,
m ajor t rade r outes, i n 1 815, w ere
p orts
g oods
c arrying
s chedules,
w ere
New
Y ork
a nd
as
of
t rade,
b ack
p ort
a nd
T hese
w estern
t he
t he
New
New
O cean
W est.
p assengers
1 820.
c ontributed t o t he r ise o f
v olume
t he
a nd
t raveling
A tlantic a s e arly
m ade
t hree
a cross
s ailing
S tates
g overnment.26
By
p ort.25
W ith
t he
n ational
g overnment
i ts
C ustom H ouse c ollected a
1 828
t he
d uties a nd t ariffs w ere e nough t o p ay f or a ll
of
t he
v essels
c onsiderable a mount o f f reight c harges a nd t ariffs
U nited
f ixed
o f c all f rom E urope a nd
Y ork's
Y ork
d uring
f orth
f ast
p ackets
e xcept
t he
f or
t he
c ollection i n
t he
e xpenses
i nterest
o n t he
d ebt.27
A nother f actor t hat h elped New Y ork p rosper w as
2 3Alan W. C afruny,
R uling
t he
W aves:
T he
P olitical E conomy o f I nternational S hipping,
( Berkeley:
U niversity o f C alifornia P ress, 1 987), 4 8.
2 4Albion, 1 0.
2 5rbid., 3 34-5.
2 6rbid., 3 4.
2 7rbid., 2 24.
#11
t he
" Cotton
w ealthy.
C harleston,
w ere a ll
c otton
c otton,
w ere
F rance.
s outh
In
T riangle."
f act,
S avannah,
p orts.
m ade h er i mmensely
M obile
E uropean
g enerally
it
a nd
p orts,
L iverpool,
New
w hich
E ngland
b uy
c otton
f rom
s outhern
a ccepted
a nd
I n t he 1 820's n orthern m erchants s ent
to
O rleans
a gents
p lanters.
T hese
Y ork.
i nterest
on
t he
e xpenses
l oans
a nd
w ere
f reight,
c ommission
l oading
a nd
u nloading o f g oods.
m ills.
T he
r emainder
s hores,
t hese
s hips
T hen
t he
s hipping,
O nce t he s hipment a rrived
f or
t heir
o f t he s outhern s taple w as
s hipped t o E urope w here i t w as s old.
A merican
to
i nsurance,
f or
i n New Y ork, New E ngland m erchants b ought c otton
t extile
b ack
f ees.
a gents h ired s eamen a nd s tevedores n ecessary
d own
T hey a lso
a dvanced m onies t o t he p lanters f or s hipping c osts
New
H avre,
B efore
w ere
d eparting
l oaded
f or
w ith i mported
g oods f rom E urope t o s ell i n New Y ork a nd t he S outh.
T his t riangle, w hich w ent f rom
Y ork
to
E urope
a nd
b ack
to
t he
S outh
a nd
h ad
t raded
e liminating
v ery
f ine
c otton.
w ith
New
s hippers.
New
E ngland
F or
a nd
E urope,
s ome r eason t hough,
s outhern p lanters w ere c ontent t o a llow n orthern
a gents
h andle
t hey
t heir
T he
s eaports a nd c ould h ave b ought s hips
d irectly
Y ork
New
New Y ork a nd t he S outh, w as
n ever r eally n ecessary f or t he d isposition o f
S outh
to
b usiness
a ffairs
j ust
as
to
w ere
c omfortable w ith u sing s lave l abor t o g row t heir c rops.
WESTERN CONNECTICUT STAT# UNIV. OB.
o.:~''
'\.
CT 06810
#12
T he
o nly
p ossible
e xplanation
w as
t hat
a grarian a nd S outherners t hought o f t heir
t erms
of
an
i mmediate d irect p rofit.
w as i ndustrialized
w hich
w ould
s hipping,
a nd
e arn
s aw
c otton
t he
S outh
p roduce
w as
o nly
in
T he N orth, h owever,
as
a nother
c ommodity
m oney t hrough s econdary s ources s uch a s
h andling,
b anking,
i nsurance,
f reight
c harges
a nd c ommissions.28
T he C otton T riangle e nabled m erchants a nd
t ake
s hares
l arge
of
t his
c rop.29
T he
i nterest, c ommissions, f reight a nd i nsurance
t hat
New
g rew
a rea.
b ecause
a mounts
of
t he
C otton m ade
M anufacturing,
of
t his
c otton
a nd t he E ast R iver.
a cross
i ncome
w as
so
to
f rom
g reat
Y ork m erchants e arned f orty c ents o n e very d ollar
o f s outhern c otton.30
m aritime
a gents
s outhern
w ere
c arried
T his w as
A tlantic
a nd
n ot
a dded
t he
n ortheast
b anking
a
g reat
a nd m erchandising
s taple.31
C onsiderable
t o E urope v ia S andy Hook
t he
2 00
m ost
d irect
r oute
m iles t o t he v oyage.
E xtra c harges f or u nloading a nd r eloading i ncreased t he
2 8Albion, 9 5-121.
2 9carmody, 1 50-1.
3 0Albion, 9 6.
3 1James M atthew M orris, O ur M aritime H eritage:
M aritime D evelopments a nd
T heir
I mpact
on
A merican
L ife,{Washington, DC:
U niversity P ress o f A merica, I nc.,
1 979), 1 21.
#13
c ost
of
e xporting
c otton
l ong b efore New Y ork b ecame
U nited
S tates.
o f t rade.33
a nd
t he
t he
S outh.32
f inancial
of
t he
O nly L ondon s urpassed New Y ork a s a c enter
b ankers
p lanter t o e xporting
to
I t w as n ot
c enter
By t he u se o f c ommercial p aper
d rafts,
j obber
f rom
e nabled
m erchant
s hopkeeper.
At
g oods
to
to
s uch
be
s ame
n otes
p assed
c ommission
t he
as
f rom
m erchant
t ime
t hey
to
w ere
a dvancing m onies, t hey w ere a lso c harging i nterest.34
D uring t his s ame p eriod, t he
C anal,
t hrough
t he
b uilding
p lanned
T he
to
a ccessible
E rie
a
g reat
p ort
c anal, s ituated b etween A lbany a nd B uffalo, w as
m ake
to
t he
t he
G reat
t hat
L akes
in
a
s hort
I t w as
p eriod
c ollected r eimbursed New Y ork S tate
i n b uilding t he c anal.37
3 2Albion, 9 6.
3 3Ibid., 2 84-5.
3 4Ibid., 2 83-4.
3 5carmody, 1 21.
3 6Albion, 8 7.
3 7Ibid., 9 0.
a nd
L ake
P ort o f New Y ork.35
t he E rie C anal w as c ompleted.36
p roject,
t he
e fforts o f G overnor D eWitt C linton, i n
1 817, g reatly c ontributed t o m aking New Y ork
c ity.
of
f or
C hamplain
I n O ctober o f 1 825
s uch
of
a
t ime
t he
s uccessful
t he
i nitial
L ake t rade s tarted b etween
t olls
c ost
#14
B uffalo
a nd
C leveland a nd c ontinued w ith M ichigan i n p ork,
w hiskey,
p otashes
c ounties
of
New
a nd,
Y ork
e ventually
m illed
w ater
i nto
p ower.40
e xchange
f or
f lour
F armers
g oods.
W estern
a long t he c anal r eplaced t he H udson
V alley a s t he c enter f or t he f lour
b een
f urs.38
i ndustry.39
W heat
s ince e arly c olonial t imes, u sing
b rought
it
S hopkeepers
to
s hopkeepers
b rought
it
( back
c ountry).41
T riangle
W est).42
a nd
( going
New Y ork s hipped
L atin
A merica.43
n umbers, t hey
a cted
as
f rom
C hina
a nd
E urope,
c rops."44
s outh)
f lour
As
d istributed
t he
a long
t he
a nd t he E rie C anal ( to t he
to
c ountry
d istribution
L atin
to
When t hese i tems c ame i nto
t he New Y ork p ort, t hey w ere e asily
C otton
in
t o t he New
Y ork p ort a nd o btained c ash a nd g oods t o b ring b ack
h interlands
h ad
E urope,
s tores
p oints
New
E ngland
i ncreased
f or
in
i mports
A merica a nd p rovided " cash
I n a ddition t o f lour, o ther c ommodities p roduced
i n t he b ack c ountry t o b e u sed a s " cash c rops" w ere a shes,
3 8Albion, 9 0.
3 9Albion, 8 9.
4 0Albion, 8 0.
4 1Albion, 8 1.
4 2Albion, 7 7-8.
4 3Albion, 9 2-3.
4 4Albion, 9 1.
#15
f laxseed
a nd
s alted
A merican
f armers,
m eats.
who
s pace f or g rowing n ew
w as
g rown
f rom
E urope
c ut
down
c rops.
A merican
a shes
p roduced
s eeds,
in
to
b ear
s eeds.45
S alted
n eeded f or t he d iet o f m ariners.
h ogs
a nd
c attle
w ere
I reland
b ecause I rish f lax
g rowers h ad h arvested t heir p lants b efore t hey
e nough
f rom
a nd b urned t rees t o m ake
L inen
f lax
b ought
w ere
m ature
m eats a nd h ardtack w ere
T herefore,
s laughtered,
t hey
w hen
e lderly
w ere c ut u p a nd
p acked i n b rine.46
New Y ork b anking p layed a p art i n t he g rowth
New
Y ork
p ort
by
a dvancing
f lour b efore i t w as m illed.
t heir
l oans
w ith
m onies
p aid
b orrow
m oney
s eeds.
T hey
a lso b ecame d ependent o n New Y ork.47
w ay New
Y ork
b ecame
w ithout
p roducing
t hem
c enter
a nd
b ack
T his m ethod d rew a n umber o f
r egions i nto d ebt a s t hey u sed c redit t o
t he
t he
t o o ther r egions f or
A t h arvest, f armers
i nterest.
of
f or
e xchange
f or
I n t his
of
g oods
i n t he p rocess g rew r ich f rom
c ommissions, f reights a nd t olls.48
T he W est
d eveloped
c ommercial
f arming
v egetables, g rains, m eats a nd d airy p roducts.
4 5Albion, 7 9.
4 6Albion, 7 8-9.
4 7Albion, 9 4.
4 8Albion, 1 0.
-----
of
f ruits,
F armers
#16
s hipped
t heir
p roduce
to
t he
N ortheast
m anufactured g oods a nd t o t he S outh
by
m eans
of
t hey
d rafts d rawn o n n orthern b anks.
a l arge m arket i n t he e astern
w estern
w here
i n e xchange f or
W estern
s tates.
s tates
f or
p roducers
a lso
f rom b ank d rafts t o p urchase a dditional
w ere
p aid
T his c reated
f oodstuffs
u sed
f rom
t he m oney
m anufactured
g oods
f rom t he E ast.49
A fter
Y ankee
t he
s ailing
C ivil
v essels.50
c ontinued t o g row.
C ape
H orn
to
W ar
t he
c otton t rade w as l ost t o
H owever,
C otton w as r eplaced
C alifornia.51
D uring
d ominated t he A merican i mport-export
50%
of
t he
t he
n ation's
s ugar
a pproximately 80% w ool
a nd
a nd
New
w ith
t he
Y ork
t rade
p ort
a round
1 870's t he p ort
b usiness.
M ore
t han
m olasses; 52% o f c offee;
m anufactured
g oods,
a nd
o ver
92% o f s ilk i n i mports p assed t hrough New Y ork.52
S outh
W ar o f 1 812.53
S treet
h ad
b een b uilt u p 3 0 y ears b efore t he
S hipowners w ent t o New Y ork's S outh S treet
4 9Morris, 1 22.
5 0Richard c . M cKay, S outh
H istory o f New Y ork,
(New Y ork:
1 934), 4 27-31.
S treet:
A M aritime
G .P. P utnam's S ons,
5 lwilliam A very B aker, A M aritime H istory
of
B ath, M aine a nd t he K ennebec R iver R egion, V olume I I,
( Bath, ME: M arine R esearch S ociety o f B ath, 1 973), 7 93.
5 2carmody, 1 98-9.
5 3Ibid., 1 18.
#17
a nd p rocured s hipping a gents
t he
b usiness
w as
New E ngland.54
v entures
o perated
to
t hough
t his
f ive
in
w ith
r ent
B uildings o n t he
s tories
f or
i ncreasing.56
u sed
f or
m erchant
h igh
a nd
s eaport
a ll
m arine
r eal
e state
of
w ere
u sually
m ade m ostly o f b rick.ss
t heir
p roperty
v alues
T he u pper s tories o f t he
s torage
w here
t he S outh S treet a rea a nd w ere k nown
E ntrepreneurs a lways s trived t o own
t han
w as
m ost v essels w ere b uilt i n
B usinesses c oncerned
a s c ountinghouses.
t hree
e ven
b ecause
w ere
r ather
c onstantly
c ountinghouse
w ere
g oods ( warehouse) a nd t he f ront p art
o f t he f irst f loor w as
t he
s howroom.
F urther
b ack
w ere
t he c ounting r ooms ( offices).57
C lerks
in
t he
c ounting
s lowly a nd l aboriously w ith
c arbon
A ll
c opies.
h ouse
w ere men who w orked
p en
a nd
i nk;
d ocuments
h ad
t o b e c opied b y h and.
W riting m asters t aught a " good h and" t o
in
b usiness,
b ut
o nce
h andwrighting
l apsed
d ifficult
r ead).
to
t here
y oung
w ere
men
e ngaged
a
man
b ecame
h ead o f a f irm h is
i nto
h is
f ormer
s crawl
P oor
( and
5 5Albion, 2 60.
5 6Albion, 2 61.
5 7rbid.
w as
p enmanship w as a lways t he c ase
w ith C aptain C harles N ash, who n ot o nly w as i n c harge o f
5 4Albion, 2 68.
no
#18
t he H erbert F uller f or m any y ears, b ut w as
r esponsible
p resenting
e xpenses
a
i nvestors.58
m onthly
a ccount
as
c opyists
a nd
t heir
e arned
T hey b ecame s pecialized c lerks
t ranslations.
c onfidential
r eceiving
c hief
t heir
w ay
up
e ducation,
e xperience i n t he
c aptains
a
t o t he
in
t he
c ustom-house
Many
a nd
b ookkeeprs
b ecame
w ork
a nd
y oung
w orked
in
T hen t hey w ent t o
p lace
r eputation
a nd
at
a round
s ea
s ea
t he
m en,
a fter
t he c ounting h ouse
S econd M ate t o C aptain.
w ork
c ounting
o ne t o t wo d ollars a w eek.
t hey
c lerks.59
f rom
c areers
f or
E ventually,
f or t wo t o t hree y ears.
t heir
of
I n a ny e vent, n o o ne s eemed t o c omplain.
Y oung b oys s tarted
h ouse
s heet
f or
a nd
w orked
E ducation a nd
g ave
w orld
A merican
f or
b eing
k nowledgeable a nd e fficient i n t he m erchant m arine.60
M erchants o f S outh S treet w elcomed
s ource
1 848
of
G old
i mmigrants
l abor f or t heir s hipping b usiness.61
R ush,
m erchants
d ollars a b arrel i n New Y ork.
s old
f lour
By t he
at
t ime
a
D uring t he
f ive
it
as
or
a rrived
s ix
in
S an F rancisco, t he c ost h ad r isen t o t en t imes t hat
5 8Folder # 4, C aptain's a ccount.
A pril 1 , 1 891.
5 9Albion,261.
Y ork:
6 0Frank c . B owen, T he G olden Age o f S ail, (New
M inton, B alch & C ompany, 1 925), 3 4.
6 1Albion, 3 49.
#19
a mount.
f rom
N ewspapers t hat s old f or a p enny i n New
b etween
Y ork
s old
f ifty c ents a nd o ne d ollar i n C alifornia w hen
t hey w ere f our a nd f ive m onths o ld.62
I n 1 855 t he f ashions f or women d ictated
1 00
y ards
c ommercial
T his h elped
s hipping.
t rade t o t hat d egree.63
i mportant
w as
to
b oth
M en's
I ron
t he
i ron
1 860.
a nd
i mports
F inished
L iverpool.
r ails
as
c ame
I ron
f rom
B ristol
S pain
p rovided
R evolution.
L eeds
E ighty
p ercent
of
t he P ort o f New Y ork i n
s heets
a nd
a nd
f ifty-seven
f rom
b ars,
i ndustry
d id n ot a ffect
M anchester
t hrough
c ame
t extile
f ashions
I ndustrial
p assed
c utlery
t he
f rom
p ercent o f t he t extile i mports a nd
a ll
m uch
o f m aterial f or a c omplete o utfit w hich i ncluded
t heir p etticoats.
a nd
as
S outh
B irmingham,
S heffield
a nd r ods f or r ailroad
W ales.64
H olland
a nd
A mericans
w ith
s pirits.
F rance,
L iverpool a nd N ewcastle b rought c oal.65
A ll t hese i mports a nd e xports m eant t here
to
be
m ade
a gainst t his
in
s hipping,
b ackground
of
6 3Albion, 5 5-6.
6 4Albion, 6 6-7.
6 5Albion, 7 0-7.
w as
e specially i n New Y ork.
c apital
g rowth,
w ealth t hat a g roup o f f amily r elated i nvestors
6 2Albion, 3 56.
w ines
a nd
m oney
I t w as
s uccess
a nd
#20
c ommissioned
t he
c onstruction
i n 1 890, w hich t hey n amed t he
a rrived
at
t he
S outh
h ad e very e xpectation
P ort o f New Y ork's h istory.
6 6Folder # 1.
H erbert
S treet
of
o f a w ooden s ailing v essel,
F uller.66
When
it
S eaport i n 1 891, i ts o wners
s ucceeding.
P roof
w as
in
t he
E veryone w as h opeful.
B uilding a ccounts.
J anuary, 1 890-1.
#21
CHAPTER 3
LAUNCHING OF THE HERBERT FULLER
I nvestors
a nd
m ost
C aptain
of
of
t hem
C harles
t he H erbert F uller w ere f amily r elated
h ad
s ome
e xperience
w as
m erely
n ecessarily
t he
a uthority.
T he
a
n aval
of
M aster
T he
s hareholders,
B oston,
t he
w ith
s hared
t he
of
s pecified
U nion
L ang
he
S wan
R.
C entral
L ife
a ny
r isks
a nother
F uller,
t he
o wned
a
t he
B oston
d ry
s hip's
I nsurance
d ock c ompany.
of
i n o wning a s hip.
n ot u nique f or f amilies t o s hare t he c osts
o perating a n o cean c raft.
i nvestor,
I nsurance C ompany i n
of
i nvolved
m ilitary
a nd J ohn S wan, J r.
N ash,
H erbert
b rothers
h eld
E ach m ember o f t he f amily o wned d ifferent a mounts
a nd
t itle
a c aptain w as n ot
s hip
n ot
n amesake, w as t he V ice P resident
T he
a nd
a
J ohn
H enry
M assachusetts.
C ompany.
H is
s hip.
M aster a lways h eld c omplete c ontrol o f t he
w ere s hipping a gents.
r epresented
a
r ank
s hip, r egardless o f w hether o r
r ank.67
s hipping.
T . N ash, a s a M aster, w as r equired t o k now
a lmost e verything a bout o perating
C aptain
w ith
a nd
s tock
I t w as
d angers
of
M ember r elated f amilies i n
6 7Alan E . B ranch, E lements o f
New Y ork: C hapman a nd H all, 1 989), 7 .
S hipping, ( London;
#22
G enoa b egan c ombining t heir m onies t o p urchase s hares
s hip
as
e arly
as
t he t welfth c entury.68
b ear
a
When s hips w ere
l ost a t s ea o r o ther m ishaps o ccurred, t he l oss
to
in
w as
e asier
f or t he g roup t han i t w ould h ave b een f or a s ingle
i ndividual.
T he H erbert F uller w as k nown a s
T his
t ype
of
v essel
is
a
r igged.69
u pon w inds a cting
A lthough
a
M ovement
on
of
s ails
b arkentine
t hree-masted
f oremast, m ain m ast a nd m izenmast.
s quare
a
O nly
t hese
a nd
t he
c onstruction.
s hips
v essels.
$ 35.00
w ater
f or
o pted
T heir
w ere
r easons
c heaper
I n 1 880, w hite o ak
p er
p er t on.71
f oremast
a
is
on
i ts
r udder.70
l arge m ajority o f A merican s hips u tilized s team
F uller
Wooden
w ith
w ater c rafts d epend
p ower a nd w ere b uilt o f i ron a nd s teel, t he
H erbert
s hip
s hip.
1 000
b oard
s ail
w ere
to
f eet.
p ower
M aine
of
a nd
p urely
b uild
f rom
o wners
t he
w ood
e conomical.
t han i ron a nd s teel
w as
s elling
f or
T he c ost o f i ron w as $ 60.00
S ails u sed w ind p ower i nstead o f c oal, w hich
6 8Eugene Hugh B yrne, G enovese S hipping
T welfth a nd T hirteenth C enturies,
( Cambridge,
M ediaeval A cademy o f A merica, 1 930}, 1 4-5.
in
MA:
t he
T he
6 9capt. H. P aasch, I llustrated M arine E ncyclopedia,
( Great B ritain: A rgus B ooks, L td., 1 890, 1 977}, 5 .
7 0Richard
H enry
D ana,
T he
S eaman's
( Boston: C .C. L ittle & J . B rown, 1 844}, 6 9.
7 1Baker, 7 91.
F riend,
#23
f ueled
When
s teamships.
c oal
w as
b urned t o c reate h eat
f or s team p ower, i t e mitted b lack o ily
t he
S ails,
a ir.
on
w ere f ree a nd c lean.
n ot
a
m ajor
p referred
b reathed
a
m inimum o f
w eighed
of
7 42.79
s ociety,
s ail
1 00
t ons
t hree-masted
s ix
an
or
p owered
of
s hip
v essels
w eight
c ould
s even.73
t ons,
i ndustrial
c ommercial s hipping
d id
n ot
w ooden
p ollution
n evertheless,
T he
r equired
of
w as
s eamen
w here
n ation
f eel
p ressured
s ailing
v essels
i nto
to
i ts
H erbert
o nly
a fter
c ompanies,
t he
k eep
a
t hey
v essel,72
c rew
F uller,
to a
w hich
c rew
E ven t hough t he U nited S tates c hanged f rom
to
p olluted
O peration o f s team s hips r equired t welve
c rewmen f or e very
w hereas
A lthough e nvironmental
on
e asier.
a nd
t he o ther h and, u sed t he w inds w hich
c oncern
w orking
s moke
t he
o f e ight.74
an
a gricultural
C ivil
W ar,
d uring
t his
m aking
t he t ransition f rom
i ron
h ulled
t ime
m any
p eriod,
s team
p owered
v essels.75
7 2Erik
F . H aites, W estern R iver T ransportation:
T he E ra o f E arly I nternal D evelopment, 1 810
1 860,
( Baltimore: T he J ohn H opkins U niversity P ress, 1 975), 3 1.
7 3John
P.
( Aylesbury, B ucks,
L td., 1 965), 5 4.
P arker,
S ails
of
t he
M aritimes,
G reat Brit-a~i-n-:---=H~a-z-e~l~l~,~W~a~t-s_o_n--~&~V~1~.n c-y,
--
7 4Folder # 4, O rder o f
A pril 2 2, 1 891.
7 5Morris, 1 90.
p ayment
of
w ages
d ue
c rew,
#24
In
w ooden
a ddition
s ail
b ecause
to
p owered
of
t he
o bvious
v essels
f act
of
c ontinued
a
p opularity
in
i ts h istoric b ackground a nd t he r efusal o f m any
m ariners t o move w ith t he t imes t o s team a nd
w as
s teel.
s hippers,
c ompeting
i nternationally
W ar.
i nexpensive
w ood.
As
t echnology
n ineteenth c entury, E uropeans b uilt
i ron
h ulls
a nd
B ecause o f i ts h ighly
i ndustries,
B ritain
i ron,
w hile
A merican
d eveloped
c ould
t he
a bundant
a nd
d uring
t he
a dvanced
s team
p owered
s hipping
m ining
s upply
A merican
w ith f oreign t raders,
h ad a d istinct a dvantage o ver t hem b ecause o f
c heap
T here
l ong t radition o f w ooden s ailing s hips i n t he U nited
S tates d uring t he p eriod p rior t o t he C ivil
w ith
e conomics,
i ts
b egan
a nd
v essels
t o l ag.76
m anufacturing
s hipbuilders
w ith
U nited S tates f ound i t m ore c ostly
t o b uild i ron s hips.
H igh b uilding c osts o f i ron s hips w as
p roblem
t ime.
t hat
A merican
s hipowners
n ot
c rews
O pportunities
m embers.
b ecause
a vailed
t hey
t hemselves
o nly
h ad t o f ace d uring t his
A merican m erchant s eamen r eceived h igher
E uropean
t he
h ad
to
m ore
w ages
t han
s kills.77
A merican
c rew
T hey l earned e very a spect o f m arine l ife a board
7 6Morris, 1 91.
7 7william
W allace
B ates, A merican M arine:
T he
S hipping Q uestion i n H istory a nd P olitics,
( Boston & New
Y ork: H oughton M ifflin C ompany, 1 892), 3 54.
#25
s hips a nd u sed i t t o g ain
e mployment
s eamen
a bout
w ork
who
f or
h ad
l earned
s ailmaker
a
n ecessitated
t he
u se
s ails
t he
w as
an
A merican
25 -
35
c ompete
p ercent
s tores.79
As
B ut
who
w ith
on
c reated
on
C lothing
A cquisition
t he
f ound
r epairs
of
t hese
h imself
u nable
to
t he f oreign s hipowner who s aved
c ost
t his
w ooden
of
a lso
s hips
l imited
V essels o ver a t housand t ons h ad
s train
w hile a t s ea, c ould
w ages,
p rovision
a nd
a r esult, U nited S tates s hipowners c ontinued
t o u se s ail p owered
c rews.
A
a dvantage t o t he A merican s eamen b ut n ot t o
s hipowner
s uccessfully
a reas.
a s ewing m achine, a nd t hat s kill
m ight b e u sed i n a t ailor's s hop.78
s kills
o ther
s hore.
on
of
in
t he
w hich
t heir
l ong
r equired
a reas
m asts
s maller
o f t rade.80
w hich
p ut
a
r igs ( lines h olding t he s ails i n p lace) a nd
p roblems
at
s ea.81
O verall,
t his
r esulted
in
l imited c argo t onnage.
Many s hipowners r ealized, i f t hey w anted
s uccessfully
t echnology.
w ith
E urope,
t hey
h ad
to
to
c ompete
i mprove
t heir
A fter t he C ivil W ar, i n t he U nited S tates,
7 8Tour o f t he W aivertree, a n 1 896 s ail-ship
a t t he S outh S treet S eaport M useum, J uly 8 , 1 993.
7 9Bates, A merican M arine, 3 54.
8 0Morris, 1 90.
8 1Baker, 7 97-8.
d ocked
#26
s team
b egan
to
w ooden v essels.
t he
r eplace
s ails
a nd
M anufacturing, r ailroad
d evelopment
of
c ompetition
k eenly,
M erchant
s hippers
f or
t heir
i ndustry
B efore t he C ivil War
d ecline.
h ighly
c onstruction,
a nd
i ron, c oal a nd o il l ands, a ll c ompeted
w ith t he s ea f or v enture c apital.
t he
i ron h ulls s upplanted
s hips
w ere
p rofitable
s outhern
c otton
c onflict, s hipbuilding w as c entered o n
w as
b uilt
o n t he
f or
t he
A fter
t rade.
t he
f elt
t he
l ess
l ucrative
t rade a round C ape H orn t o C alifornia.82
In
t he
E ast, New Y ork, o riginally, u ntil t he 1 850s,
h ad t he l umber t o b uild s hips.
u sed
in
m asts
f or
As
m ore
e xpensive
s uccessful b ecause o f
s killed
l aborers
s hips w ere
b eing
m echanics
a nd
" machinists.n85
p assed,
t he
o ak
E ast R iver b oat c onstruction c ame f rom
M aine a nd a long t he H udson R iver.83
b uilding
t ime
t he
w hose
t han
c oncentration
w ork
b uilt.84
m achine
s hips
New Y ork,
d espite
i ts
New
E ngland,
w as
of
c ommerce
a nd
c ould b e i nspected w hile t he
T he
b uilders
c ity
k nown
d eveloped
as
i ts
own
" artists"
E ast R iver y ards p rovided New Y ork's b est
8 2Baker., 7 93.
8 3Albion, 2 95.
8 4rbid., 2 97.
8 5carmody, 1 30.
or
#27
s hips.86
w ere
I n B ath, M aine,
l ess
e xpensive
p roducing
s ome
w orld.87
By
of
b oasted
b ecause
t he
1 860
a nd b uilt 43% o f
t hey
t hey
f inest
t hat
t heir
s hips
u sed c heap l abor w hile
s ailing
v essels
in
t he
M aine h ad 17% o f t he r egistered t onnage
t he
s quare-riggers.
New
E ngland
b uilt
77% o f t hese v essels ( as a w hole).88
T imber
s hortages,
in
New Y ork C ity, b ecame e vident
d uring t he 1 850 1 s a nd s upplies h ad
G reat
L akes
d eclining
i ron
L abor c osts a lso
a vailability
s hipbuilders b egan
t heir
be
f rom
t he
of
c onstructing
c onstruction,
t hese
i ncreased.89
A merican
i ron
s hips.
at
l ow
l ess
at
s ea.90
to
be
d amaged
m ore r igid t han w ood.91
W ith
t imber,
s ome
B ecause
of
s hips w ere i nexpensive t o
m aintain a nd c ould b e i nsured
l ikely
m oved
a rea, i nterior c oastal r egions a nd t he S outh -
all a t h igher p rices.
t he
to
r ates.
G oods
w ere
I ron v essels w ere
T hey w ere s uperior t o w ood i n
8 6Albion, 2 87.
8 7Baker, 7 91.
8 8A1bion, 2 67.
8 9Morris, 1 64-5.
9 0James D ouglas J errold K elley, T he Q uestion
(New Y ork:
S hips, t he N avy a nd t he M erchant M arine,
S cribner#s S ons, 1 884), 2 6-44.
of
c.
9 1David Ames W ells, O ur M erchant M arine: How I t
R ose, I ncreased, B ecame G reat, D eclined a nd D ecayed,
(New
Y ork: G .P. P utnam#s S ons, 1 882), 4 8.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#28
b uoyancy
a nd
d rew
i n c argo
a nd
h ad
c ommercial
l ess w ater; t hey c arried g reater w eight
l arger
s ail
s towage
d isappeared
c apacity.92
in
1 941,
T he
b efore
j ust
l ast
t he
U nited S tates' e ntry i nto W orld War I I.93
N evertheless, t here
" Iron
is
a
of
it
t he
w ould
i nsisted
t hat
w ere
t he
who
b elieved
v essels
h azards
i nsurance
e xplosions
h ad
a
to
a nd
s hort
h igh. 95
w as
t hat
P ointing t o r ailroad
w ithout w arning.94
i ncluded
t hese
t hat
t here
b reak
s teamboat
a rgued
t hose
m ost u ncertain s ervant."
d isasters, m any s aid
s tress
w ere
i ron;
u nder
O ther p roblems
f ires.
l ife
Some
s pan
S till
a nd
o thers
m aintained t hat s teamships w ere c ostly.96
T he h igh c ost o f f uel
d elays
t he
in
l oading
e ngineering
a nd
c rew,
f or
s team
v essels,
f requent
u nloading c argo, a nd a dded c ost o f
k ept
c arriage o f c argo o verseas.97
s ails
c ompetitive
in
t he
H owever, a s t he s hipbuilding
9 2wells, 5 0.
9 3south S treet S eaport Museum e xhibit.
9 4william W allace B ates, A merican S hips, T heir P ast
a nd F uture a nd t he Q uestion o f Wood o r I ron f or T heir
C onstruction, { Chicago: W illiam W allace B ates, 1 870), 5 2.
9 5Haites, 3 0.
9 6carmody, 1 84.
9 7Felix
R eisenberg, S tandard S eamanship
M erchant S ervice, {New Y ork:
D. Van N ostrand
I nc., 1 922, 1 936), 9 .
f or t he
C ompany,
#29
i ndustry
f irst
a nd
i mproved
w ith
m ore
i ron
s team
v essels.lOO
of
T his
B etween
d eveloped
T hey
i nto
w ere
1 875
l ed
r eplacing
to
s hipping
t he
c ontinued t o i ncrease
in
by
w ood
l ed
to
1 850
as
a nd
a nd
f ast
s peed.102
t he
a nd
f urther
as
c arrying
i ndustry98
l arger
t wice
t heir
g rowth
w ater
1 870
f lame
p ressure.l03
t hrough
w ater.
m erchant
m ore c omfortable
as
s ailslOl
F urther
a nd
t echnical
t ube b oiler w herein
w ater i n t ubes p assed t hrough f lames i nstead o f
e nclosed
h ulls
a nd l ater w ith s teel, s hips b ecame l arger
i ncreased.99
s hips
a dvances
p roduct
c apacious.
p roductivity
c apacity
i ts
p assing
an
T he r esult w as m ore s team
S till, i n 1 900 m any s team p owered
s hips
h ad
a uxiliary s ails.l04
T he
t hree
m asted
s chooner
w as
A merican m erchant v essel u sing s ails.l05
t he
m ost
p opular
I n t he 1 860's
9 8Gubbins, 7 .
9 9Haites, 7 2.
l OOMorris, 1 83-4.
1 01Albion, 3 20.
1 02Haites, 6 9.
1 03carmody, 2 01.
1 04Gubbins, 7 -8.
1 05Ralph D elahaye P aine,
T he O ld M erchant M arine:
A C hronicle o f A merican S hips a nd S ailors b y R alph D.
P aine, " Textbook E dition," (New H aven:
Y ale U niversity
P ress, 1 919), 1 91.
#30
s chooners s ailed t he
T hese
H udson
v essels
s ailing
as
h ad
w ell
t wo
r equired h alf t he c rew, w ere f ast
b uilders,
in
t he
1 880's,
or
f ound
t hree
a nd
f our
m asted
t he
f ew
d ecades
a ugmented
w ork.111
t win
t he
u se
of
m otors.112
m asts.
T hey
S hip
b arkentine, a t hree
s ubstitute
c rew.l09
p roduced
b arques.llO
s ail
g ear,
T hey w ere g ood f or w ind a nd
s crew
s hips.l06
f or
s chooners w ith s quare r igs108
s hipbuilders
g reat s quare r igged s hips a nd
m ore
p opular
a nd c ould a lso b e h andled b y a s mall
n ext
s team
p racticar.107
a nd
m asted s quare r igged v essel, w as a
t he
as
D uring
t he
l arge n umbers o f
D onkey
a nchors
u sually
e ngines
a nd
c argo
f itted
w ith
I n t he l umber t rade, s chooners a nd
b arkentines m ade e xcellent t imell3 a nd w ere u sed o n l ong
H udson,
7 6-93.
1 06william E dward V erplanck, T he S loops o f
t he
( Port W ashington, NY: I .J. F riedman, I nc., 1 908),
1 07william
A rmstrong
F airburn,
M erchant
V olume
I V,
( Center
L ovell,
ME:
F airburn
E ducational F oundation, I nc., 1 945-55), 2 608.
S ail,
M arine
1 08Bates, A merican M arine, 2 90.
1 09Reisenberg, 1 5.
1 10John
P.
P arker,
S ails
of
t he M aritimes,
( Aylesbury, B ucks, G reat B ritain: H azell, W atson & V iney,
L td., 1 965), 5 5.
1 11Ibid., 5 8.
1 12Reisenberg, 1 1.
1 13Ibid.
#31
h auls t o E ngland, w estern E urope a nd t he O rient.ll4
When
a
n umber
o f s ea d isasters o ccurred, i nvolving
f our a nd f ive m asted s chooners, a t t he
m any
s hipbuilders
s uch
l arge
a nd
v essels.ll5
c omfort,
v essels e ntered t he
s hipping
of
1 890,
a nd s hipmasters q uestioned t he w isdom o f
t heir s uperiority o ver
s peed
b eginning
T hough
s team
s hips
s ail
w ith
i ncreased
d uring
1 895
m ore
P ort
of
New
h ad
c apacity
t han
Y ork.ll6
p roven
a nd
1 700 s ailing
Swan
& S on,
a gents
a nd
p art o wners o f t he H erbert F uller, o f
6 6 S outh S treet,
New
Y ork,ll7
o perated
s eventeen
s hips
u nder s ai1.ll8
C onstruction
i nto
t he
t wentieth
of
w ooden
c entury.
s hip.
u sed
a
d onkey
e ngine
T his s mall e ngine
as
b ecalmed.
a
s ource
of
w as
v essels
c ontinued
Many t raditional s eamen, a s
l ate a s 1 935, b elieved t hat t his
w ith
s ailing
t ype
b etter
c ould
t han
a lso,
a uxiliary
of
in
p ower
v essel,
a ny
s teel s team
m any
if
c oupled
t he
s hips,
be
s hip w as
S ituations o f t his n ature s ometimes k ept a s hip
l l4Robert G reenhalph A lbion, =S~e~a~-L~a=n~e~s~~i~n~~W~a~r~t~i~m~e~:
T he A merican E xperience 1 775-1942, ( London: G eorge, A llen
& U nivin, L td, 1 943), 1 9.
l l5Baker, 7 97.
l l6carmody, 2 28.
l l7Folder # 2, C harter P arty, F ebruary 1 0, 1 891.
l l8carmody, 2 26.
#32
i n o ne p lace
s team
a nd
at
s ea
s teel
h ad
f or
t urn
of
t he
d eveloped.120
as
c entury,
T his
t ype
w arships.ll9
t he
of
War I a nd r r.l21
D espite t he
w ere
in
i ncreasing
by
1 914,
g enerally s upplanted c anvas a nd w ood
i n m erchant s hips a s w ell
t he
E ventually,
m onths.
o il
M oreover,
p owered
t anker
at
w as
v essel s aw u se i n b oth W orld
f act
p opularity
t hat
s team
a nd
s teel
i n 1 890, t he o wners o f t he
H erbert F uller b elieved t hat a s ail
p owered
w ooden
v essel
w as b est f or t hem.
O nce
t he
t heir
C ollector
s hip
of
in
t he
be
r eady t hey r egistered i t w ith
C ustoms
E nrollment.l22 a ndl23
w ould
w as
in
t he
E ven t hough i ts
C ertificate
m ain
p ort
of
of
c all
New Y ork, t he H erbert F uller h ad t o b e r egistered
S tate
of
r egistration, a
w as c urtailed.
M aine,
v essel's
w here
t rade
it
w as
b uilt.
r estriction
a nd
W ithout
m ovement
A ny s hip f ailing t o m eet t his o bligation
l l9Albion, S ea L anes, 1 77.
1 20rbid., 1 82.
1 2lrbid., 1 84.
1 22Folder
2 3, 1 891.
# 2,
C ertificate
of
E nrollment,
J anuary
1 23Joseph
B lunt, T he S hipmaster's A ssistant a nd
C ommercial D igest, 2 nd E d, {New Y ork: E . & G. W. B lunt,
1 837), 1 9.
#33
w as
s eizure
to
l iable
a nd
h eavy
p enalties.l24
C ertificate o f E nrollment l isted a ll p ertinent
t he
J ohn
s hip.
R.
A llen,
t he
H erbert
f acts
T his
w as
n ot
a
u nique
c entury s hips f or a s e arly a s
c entury,
G enovese
s hip
f eature
t he
m iddle
m asters
b uilt
t wo d ecks a nd t wo o r t hree m asts.
s hip
d etermined
i ts
1 58 f eet l ong w ith a b readth o f 3 5
f eet
d eep.
I ts
n et
t onnage
s ince
i tem w as v ery i mportant
w ere
b ased
w eight.126
v essels
on
u nder
c orresponding
by
t he
30
t ons
t he
M aster
of
of
n ineteenth
t he
t welfth
l arge v essels w ith
a nd
b eam
of
a
f eet
a nd
w as
w as 7 42.79 t ons.
a ll
c ustom
in
a ddition
l aws
e ighteen
T his l ast
d uty
f ees
to
i ts
c argo
d id
n ot
a llow
a nd
r ight t o b ring g oods i nto i ts
E ach n ame l isted
n umber
of
t hree
T he H erbert F uller w as
A lso, A merican n avigation
s eaports.l27
g iven
w eight
t his
a nd
of
L ength
c apacity.l25
a bout
F uller's M aster
C arpenter, c ertified t hat t he b ark h ad t wo d ecks
m asts.
T he
on
s hares
t he
t he
of
s hip
c ertificate
o wnership.
a nd
h ad
An
a
o ath
r equired b y l aw,
i ndicated t hat a ll t he o wners w ere c itizens o f t he U nited
1 24wells, 8 9.
1 25Byrne, 6 .
1 26Folder # 2, D uties
P ort, F ebruary 1 1, 1 891.
1 27wells, 7 9.
a nd
F ees
f rom
C ustoms
H ouse
#34
S tates.l28
O wners o f t he H erbert
t hese
r ules
b ecause
t hem
f rom
f oreign
P rotective
1 789,129
t ariffs
f or
F uller
A merican
g ladly
n avigation
c ompetition
f or
in
m arine
n orthern
d ues
a nd
s hipping
a ll
B etween
m erchants
i mport
a nd
t axes
g ave
A merican
1 790
A merican
w ere
t itle
to
n ot
a ny
t rade
own
f oreign
To
t rade,
o wners.
a llowed
b egan
s hip
F or
t he
H erbert
s hippers,
t his
w as
an
f or
s outhern
a gainst
i nsure
f oreign
a gainst
r estrictions
A merican
b uilt
or
c itizens
v essels.
a ny
w ay
F uller
a nd
o ther
i mportant
a spect
1 29carmody, 8 8.
a ny
p laced
w ere
T his
n ot
m eant
u se
it
as
A merican
o f t he l aw.
i nvestors
w ould h ave b een a ble t o u se c heap f oreign l abor.
1 28rbid., 7 7.
w ere
in
e liminated c ompetition f rom A merican
1 3lrbid., 6 5.
in
t o p urchase, a cquire a r egistry o r
p roperty.
1 30wells, 6 4.
p orts.
1 792 a cts l evying t onnage
d iscriminated
a llowed t o i mport a ny f oreign
t hey
p rotected
i n e xchange f or a t wenty
a nd
c ommerce.l31
s hip
t heir
w ith
A merican s hip o wners a n ear m onopoly o n
c ompetition f rom f oreign
on
l aws
e nterprises
y ear c ontinuation o f t he A frican s lave
p lanters.l30
c omplied
a broad
It
who
Y et, t he
#35
U nited
S tates
v essels
p ermit
p urchased
f lags.l32
A merican
v essel,
of
c oastal
t radel34
if
t he
in
s hip
C ape
T his s ame
u nder
o ther
to
be
u nder
t he
t he U nited S tates a nd n o l onger c ould e ngage
C abotage
L aws
d efined
c oastal
a ll d irect t raffic b y s ea b etween t he A tlantic
of
G ood
r ule
c ountries
w orld
c eased
a nd P acific p orts o f t he U nited
t he
t he
a n aturalized c itizen p urchased a n
t rade.l33
as
t he w orld t o e nter i ts p orts i n
a nywhere
H owever,
p rotection
in
d id
Hope
a pplied
( except
f or
or
to
S tates
v ia
C ape
H orn
of
a cross t he I sthmus o f P anama.
A mericans
c onsuls
or
r esiding
A merican
in
o ther
a gents
on
b usiness i n a f oreign p ort).l35
E ven
i mportance
a liens
t hough
in
w ere
v essel.l36
m any
A merican
n ot
O nce
t o a f oreigner
f oreigners
i ndustry,
a llowed
an
it
h eld
of
e ducation a nd t he a rts,
command
to
p ositions
a ny
A merican
A merican s hip w as s old o r t ransferred
c ould
n ever
be
r epurchased
a gain
as
A merican p roperty, e ven i f t he t ransfer h ad b een t he
1 32wells, 7 5.
1 33Ibid., 4 5-6.
1 34Gerald
R . J antscher, __ e~_d ___~p~_n T_____w___~_s :
B r~ a _ U o ~~ h e
_a t e r ~
F ederal A ids t o t he M aritime I ndustries,
( Washington, DC:
T he B rookings I nstitution, 1 975), 4 5.
1 35wells, 7 6.
1 36Ibid., 7 7.
#36
r esult
of
c apture
t ime o f w ar.l37
d uring
t rade
t he
f oreign
t he
s hips
c ondemnation b y a f oreign p ower i n
Many A merican s hips w ere
C ivil
w ith
a nd
s old
to
War s o t hat s ome n ortherners c ould s till
S outh.l38
l ong
T hese
a fter
t he
v essels
r emained
w ar e nded.
of
k nowing
e stablished
t hat
b usiness
A merican
r elationships
as
As a r esult o f
t hese l aws, a s hip l ike t he H erbert F uller h ad
a dvantage
E ngland
t he
s hippers
f urther
l ong
l imited.
w ere
w ith
T he
m arket f or n ew b usiness w as w ide o pen t o e veryone.
T he g reatest g amble o n
n ot
it
c ould
M aster
e lse
a nd
of
t he
i n t he f amily.l40
N ash, a s m uch a s Swan
s team
C aptain
w as
C harles
o f t he H erbert F uller.
L aura, t hey o wned a t hird
a nyone
v essel
w hether
or
e arn b ack m oney i nvested a nd c ontinue p aying
d ividends t o i ts o wners. 1 39
t he
a ny
s teel.
&
N ash
w as
T ogether w ith h is w ife,
s hares,
f ar
m ore
t han
I t w as o bvious t hat C aptain
S on, p referred
A long
T.
w ith
t he
s ails
a nd
w ood
to
o ther i nvestors, t hey
d ecided t hat t he w ooden s ail p owered v essel, r equiring
1 37wells, 7 9.
1 38winthrop L ippitt M arvin, T he A merican M erchant
M arine,
I ts H istory a nd R omance f rom 1 620-1902, (New
Y ork: C harles S cribner's S ons, 1 902), 3 19-42.
1 39parker, 5 4.
1 40Folder
2 3, 1 891.
# 2,
C ertificate
of
E nrollment,
J anuary
#37
l ess f uel a nd a
a
o perate
s maller
c rew
T hey
s hip.
w as
w ere
t he
c ost
p ractical
c onscious,
t hrift a nd f rugality, a nd d etermined t o m ake a
w ay
to
p racticed
p rofit
f rom
t his v enture.
T he H erbert F uller's c arrying c apacity w as 7 40.66
t ons.l41
I ts
p orts o f d estination w ere c onfined m ainly t o
S outh A merica a nd t he A tlantic c oast,
f rom
f oreign
L aws.
c ompetition
t hrough
w hich
w as
t he A merican N avigation
D espite t heir e conomies, n one o f t he
g rew
e xtremely
t his
v essel
w ealthy.
e arned
N onetheless,
m oney
f or
p rotected
i ts
i nvestors
f or
o wners,
t wenty
e ver
y ears
a lthough t he
a mounts w ere n ot n ecessarily t o e veryone's s atisfaction.l42
S wan & S on, a s a gents f or t he
e xtremely
s hip.
S treet,
u seful
T hey
w here
c handler
h ad
f or
a
l ong
m ost
a nd
i nsuring
c rew w ere
N ecessary
s uccess
to
w ere
t he
on
S outh
o riginated.
l ocated
a nother
F uller,
b usiness
v entures
s tore,
S treet, w as a lso o perated b y
f amily.
m onetary
e stablished
m arine
g rocery
H erbert
T he
n earby
m ember
of
on
S outh
t he
Swan
g oods a nd s upplies f or t he s hip a nd i ts
p urchased
at
t his
e stablishment
v essel w as i n t he New Y ork p ort.
1 41Folder
2 3, 1 891.
# 2,
1 42Folder
- August, 1 910.
# 73,
C ertificate
w henever
t he
A lthough m any o ther
of
C orrespondence
E nrollment,
J anuary
a nd F inal S ale, J uly
#38
s hips w ere u nder t he c are a nd c ontrol o f
H erbert
F uller
n ever
r emained
s pecifications,
w ere
& S on,
t he
i dle i n p ort f or v ery l ong
b ecause s hipping m erchants, w ishing
i ts
Swan
to
e ncouraged
h ire
to
a
s hip
w ith
u se t his v essel.
C ertainly e verything w as f avorable f or t he H erbert F uller.
#39
CHAPTER 4
FACETS OF SHIPPING
B efore
F uller,
c ommercial
l eft
p ort
to
s hips,
p ick
s uch
c argo
up
as
f or e ventual s ale,
f ormal d ocuments w ere s igned t o i nsure
New
Y ork
F uller,
t he
l egal
d rew
i mporters,
up
t he
l egal
i nstrument
e xporters,
s ea
t radesmen
f or
In
a greement
a ll
w ith
s hips
a
s hipping
i nvolved
w rote u p a greements.
in
l easing
c ommerce.
t he
M erchants,
a nd a ny o ther b usinessmen
w ishing t o u se t he w aterways f or t heir c argo,
A lmost
b acking.
C ity, Swan & S on, s hipping a gents f or t he H erbert
v essel t o m erchants i nvolved i n
an
H erbert
a gent
f or
c ommerce
M erchants a nd a gents
e ntered
t hat
i nto
p urpose.
u sed a gents, who
e ntered
i nto
a
c ontract u sually k nown a s a C harter P arty.l43
C harter
c entury b y
P arties
G enovese
d escriptions
d estination
of
of
m erchants, t heir
m inimum
a nd
g iven t ime.
w ere
u sed
s hippers.
t he
t he
v oyage,
n ames
maximum
v essel
a nd
a mounts
a s e arly a s t he t welfth
T hese
c ontracts
a nd
e quipment,
f reight
r ates
o bligations
w ith
i ncluded
s tops
p aid
by
r espect
a nd
t he
to
o f c argo t o b e l oaded a t a ny
D ates f or l oading g oods a nd p enalties f or
1 43Folder # 2, C harter P arty, F ebruary 1 0, 1 891.
#40
f ailure
of
t he
m erchant
to
f ulfill
t he
t erms
of
t he
c ontract w ere a lso i ncluded.l44
I n o rder
s hip
d emonstrate
o wners
s eaworthy,
e quipment.
to
t heir
d escribed
o ne
c anvas
s ail
s ails), t he n umber o f e xtra
j ust
t heir
D eclarations
p rior
to
a nd
s pars,
v essels
w ere
v essel's
I nventory i ncluded t he n umber o f
( usually
c able.
t hat
a
s ails
n umber
a nchors
m ajor
on
t he
o f c otton
a nd
c oils
of
w ere m ade i f n ew m asts w ere i nstalled
s ailing.
M erchants
c ould
i nspect
a ll
e quipment i ncluding t he c abin a nd f urniture o n t he s hip.l45
By
t he
t hirteenth
c entury,
r equired t o h ave a s cribe who
a lso
a
h ad
h ad
G enovese
n otarial
t o b e a c lerk a nd a n a ccountant.
a nd
s hips
w ere
t raining.
He
T he s cribe k ept
r ecord
of
r eceipts
d isbursements,
u nloading
of
c argo, m aintained a ccurate r ecords a nd c opies
a nd f iled a greements i n h is c hest.
u seful
to
s hip
b uilders
who
S uch
r elied
l oading
d ocuments
on
t his
a nd
b ecame
a rchival
k nowledge i n t he p urchase o f m aterials.l46
D uring t he m iddle a ges r ats w ere a
s hips
a nd
t he
" senyor"
d amages b y t hese r odents.
1 44Byrne, 3 1.
1 45Ibid., 3 4.
1 46Ibid., 6 0-1.
of
a
s hip
w as
r eal
p roblem
on
r esponsible f or
He c ould b e h eld l iable i f h e
#41
c ould
n ot
p rove
c at."l47
In
t hat
1 532
he
h ad
" an
s killful
a dequate
a C harter P arty h ad s pecific p rovisions
t hat o n t he A nne o f H ull, a n E nglish s hip,
t he
v essel
w as
t o c arry " doge a nd a c at w ith a ll o ther n ecessaryes."l48
A
C harter
s hipping
P arty
i ndustry
f or
w as
t he
j ust
as
H erbert
i mportant
F uller
in
n ineteenth c entury a s i t w as i n t welfth c entury
s et
f ees
t hat
t he
c harterer
w ould
d etermined w hat k ind o f s pecie w as
u sually
a
m inimum
a nd
p re-determined
v essel
e xpected
f reight
a ddition
a mount
It
p ay t o t he a gent a nd
D escription
maximum a mounts.l49
T here
to
of
d estination.
t he
w as
d ocument
a lso
m oney
t he
e arn
f or
t heir
s ervices.
to
c harter
a nd
c argo
S etting f orth a ll
of
c harges,
g oods
of
a mount
p rovided t he s hip, c aptain, c rew
p aid
l ate
G enoa.
a cceptable.
t he r ules f or l easing t he s hip, t his
t he
t he
t he
p reamble w hich d escribed t he v essel a nd p rovided
d ates o f r eadiness f or l oading.
s tated
in
o wners
s upplies.
s tated
of
t he
T he a gent
M erchants
b ased o n t he w eight o f t he s hip, i n
c harges,
d elivered
to
w hich
t he
w ere
p ort
b ased
or
on
t he
p orts
of
T he C ustom H ouse c ollected f reight r ates.
1 47oorothy
- 1540, ( Toronto:
B urwash, E nglish M erchant S hipping: 1 460
U niversity o f T oronto P ress, 1 947), 4 0.
1 48Burwash, 4 0.
1 49Branch, 3 48-9.
#42
An i nternational f reight m arket d etermined
e ach
c ountry
h ad
to
a pprove
t he r ates.l50
l ittle c hoice b ut t o a ccept t he g oing
w ere
b ased
T he
H erbert
H ouse.l53
s olely
on
F uller
T he
t he
p aid
f reight
n et
f ees
b ut
S hippers h ad
r ate.l51
S uch
f ees
t onnage o f t he v essel.l52
s uch
r ate
t hese
f ees
of
t he
to
t he
C ustoms
c argo w as t he u sual
a greed u pon p rice f or s hipping.l54
M erchants, who r ented t he w hole s hip, h ad
to
d etermine
d ecks
M erchandise f illed t he s paces
c ompletely
c aptain a nd c rew.
w ithout
t he
e xcept
No g oods
f or
w ere
s eparate
t he
to
t iers
a nd
T his
p revented
b etween
t he
l iving q uarters o f
be
l oaded
c onsent o f t he m erchant.l55
u sually l oaded b etween t he d ecks.
i nto
r ight
t he g oods t aken o n b oard a s l ong a s t hey w ere
n ot c ontraband.
t wo
t he
on
b oard
G eneral c argo w as
s pace
t oo
w as
d ivided
m uch w eight f rom
b earing o n t he c argo a t t he b ottom o f t he h old.l56
1 50Jantscher, 1 .
1 5lcafruny, 1 8-24.
1 52Branch, 1 5.
1 53Folder # 2, D uties
P ort, F ebruary 1 1, 1 891.
a nd
F ees
f rom
C ustoms
1 54Gubbins, 7 8.
1 55Folder # 2, C harter P arty, F ebruary 1 0, 1 891.
1 56Branch, 3 2.
H ouse
#43
C harterers
h ad
t he
r ight
of
s hipowners i f a v essel w as n ot
r eady
s pecific
t he
d ate
H erbert
s et
F uller,
f orth
f or
in
e xample,
F ebruary 1 0, 1 891, s pecified
p eriod
f or
l oading
a nd
f or
i ts
t he
w eek
on
t he
P arty.l57
T he
C harter
n umber
of
s pecific
b ut
d epended o n t he p ort a nd c ustom.
c onditions, w hich p revented
w ere
d iscounted.
w aves w ere t oo h igh.
s aved
or
t ime
l ost.
w ork
on
t he
m erchant.
If
w ere
h olidays
A dverse w eather
d ocks,
a nd
r eferred
P enalty
e xcessive
T herefore,
to
t ime
f ees
d ue
d emurrage
a
r eward
w ere p aid t o t he a gent
to
a nd
t he
f ault
of
d elay
1 57Branch, 3 48-9.
1 58Fo1der # 2, C harter P arty, F ebruary 1 0, 1 891.
1 59Branch, 3 51.
t he
o ther p enalty f ees,
On A pril 1 1, 1 896, S wan & S on s ued, i n t he US
1 60rbid., 3 51.
l ay
a s hip l oaded a nd d ischarged c argo i n
w ere p aid a s c ompensation t o t he o wner f or t he
s hip.l60
d ays
S urf d ays w ere n ot c ounted w hen t he
R eversible l aydays
s aved.l59
w hen l ay d ays
a
D epending
a nd
l ess t han t he p rescribed t ime t he o wner m ight p ay
f or
d ays,
w orking
M ost w orking d ays e xcluded S undays
d ays
of
o r c onsecutive d ays t hat i ncluded S undays a nd
h olidays.
t his
P arty
l ay
u nloading o f c argo.l58
o n t he p arties, t hese d ays c ould b e
of
a gainst t he
l oading
C harter
in
t he
d amages
of
a
#44
D istrict
t he
C ourt
n ame
C ompany
of
to
f or
t he
t he
S outhern D istrict o f New Y ork, i n
H erbert
r ecover
d emurrage.
C lerk o f t he C ourt, t hey
U sually,
of
l iability
a nd
c argo
d emurrage.l62
t he
F uller,
r eceived
A pply
c ollection
f or
You
L umber
t otal
of
$ 50.0o.l61
o f t he c harterer e nded w ith t he l oading
of
f reight.l63
f ollowing
to
a
f reight
c harges
A s hipowner w as a ble t o h old
p ayment
t he
D odge
I ncluding f ees p aid t o t he
In
1 906, t he H erbert F uller's a gents
C o.
H ilton
f or
m essage,
B ills
a gainst
a t elegram, o n J une 2 8,
s ent
to
" Notified
of
c argo
a nd
McGowin
L umber
S izers
A gents
by
L ading # ## W ill H old C argo F or
D emurrage U nless C leared T oday.nl64
When
o bligation
f rom
a
of
p hysical
v essel
t he
a rrived
o wners
h arm
as
s hipowner a lways h ad t he
t han
o ne
s tated
in
to
w ell
p ort,
it
w as
t he
m ake s ure t he p ort w as s afe
as
r ight
t he
in
p olitical
to
r equest
C harter
P arty
s trife.
a
p ort
w hen
he
T he
o ther
f elt
u nsafe.l65.
1 61Folder # 51,
R eceipt
B urlingham, A pril 1 1, 1 896.
f rom
W ing,
P utnam
&
1 62Branch, 3 51.
1 63Ibid.
1 64Folder
J une 2 8, 1 906.
# 52,
1 65Branch, 3 49.
P ostal
T elegraph C ommercial C ables,
#45
An a gent p romised t o k eep t he s hip
w ell
f itted,
l ast
s taunch,
t ackled a nd p rovided w ith e very r equisite a nd
w ith m en a nd p rovisions n ecessary
T his
" tight,
f or
s uch
a
v oyage."l66
c ovenant g ave r ise t o t he n eed f or t he s atellite
i ndustries w hich s prang u p o n a ll t he d ocks
a nd
s lips
a nd
s erviced t hese v essels.
U pon
t he
s igning o f t his a greement, S wan & S on w ere
p aid a f ive p ercent c ommission o n t he a mount t he
e xpected
to
y ield.
s peed
a nd
w as
I t w as t o t heir a dvantage, t herefore,
t hat a ny s hip u nder t heir
w ith
c argo
c are
e fficiency
a nd
so
c ontrol,
t hat
it
m oved
g oods
c ould b e u sed a s
o ften a s p ossible i n o ther c ontracts.
T he s ea h ad a l ife o f i ts
v aried
a nd
a
" force
o f t he s ea."l67
f or
on
m oving
T herefore,
u ncertain.
i ncluded
l ife
w illful
m ajeure"
E xemptions
w rongdoing
t he c onsent o f t he o wner.
by
an
a ll
of
o wn.
b odies
C harter
W eather
of
c onditions
w ater
w as a lways
P arty
i nstruments
c lause w hich c overed " dangers
f rom
l iability
c lauses
w ere
t he m aster a nd/or c rew w ithout
C apture a nd s eizure o f
t he
s hip
e nemy o f t he S tate who u sed f orce t o t ake t he v essel
w as a lso a ccepted u nder " perils o f t he s ea."l68
O ther
1 66Folder # 2, C harter P arty, F ebruary 1 0, 1 891.
1 67Folder # 2, C harter P arty, F ebruary 1 0, 1 891.
1 68Branch, 3 52.
#46
c lauses
in
t he
a nd
s trikes
C harter
P arty
s toppages,
i ncluded
an
b rokerage,
i ce
c lause,
p enalties
f or
n on-performance a nd e ven a w ar c lause.l69
V ariations
When
t he
of
t he
m erchants,
C harter
N orton
& S on
H erbert F uller t o g o t o C ape T own,
of
1 892
to
p urchase
s taves,
h eavy
W est I ndies
c harterer
f reight
T wenty
w ould
f urther
t he
a greed
s hillings
F or
c ount
p ieces
w ishes.
as
83
on
p ounds
t he
r ound
c argo
S terling
W est
s towage.
A frica
It
in
t he
A pril
s tated
p er
v oyage
1 /3
F ive
( barrels
t hat
i tem.
T he
as
f ollows:
c ubic f eet.
p ounds
a nd
c asks)
p er t on m easurement o f
s quare).
L umber,
if
a ny,
F or s taves s hipped
B ritish
S terling
p er
a ll r ough w est I ndia s taves t hat c ould b e
u sed f or s towage a nd F our P ounds
d ressed
h ire
S terling n et p er t on m easurement
m easured
u nder d eck t he f ee w as
1 ,200
to
p ay t he a gent f or c harter o f
d uring
B ritish
4 0 c ubic f eet ( goods
to
S outh
f ive
to
B ritish
o f 4 0 c ubic f eet.
w as
be
v essel
S hillings
T wenty
w ished
n umerous.
p ipe s taves w ould b e t en p ounds e ach a nd r ough
w ood
of
w ere
t heir a greement w ith Swan &
S on w as a ltered t o r eflect t heir
e xtra
P arty
B ritish
S terling
on
a ll
I ndian h ogshead s taves t han c ould b e u sed f or
T he c harterers
w ere
to
h ave
t he
p rivilege
s hipping t o t he e xtent o f 1 5 e xtra h eavy p ipe s taves u nder
1 69Branch, 3 52.
of
#47
d eck a t f ifteen p ounds e ach.
T he
B ills
of
f ees
M aster,
L ading
w as
in
t his
C aptain
a t t he C harterer's o ffice.
e xplicitly
S terling.l70
c ase,
When
d etailed
d ealing
to
N ash,
T he a mount o f
in
be
s igned
B ritish
w ith f oreign p owers q uotes f or
c osts w ere f requently m ade i n t heir c urrency.l71
B ills o f L ading w ere t he r eceipts f or
on
b oard.l72
T he
f unction
of
a
b ill
g oods
o f l ading w as t o
e vidence a r eceipt o f g oods, g ive t itle t o
p roof
t hat
t here
w ere
of
l ading
s tated
t he
t hough a b ill
T his
p aper
d efinite
is
c ubic
a nd
m arks,
p orts
f reight
of
a nd
d ischarge
i ncluded
w hen
a nd
s how
a ctual
an
c ontract. 1 73
n ame o f t he s hipper a nd t he s hip's
i ndividual
m easurements
c argo
t erms o f a c ontract e ven
n ot
n ame, g ave a f ull d escription o f
s hipping
s hipped
c argo
p ackaging
g ross
w ere
a nd
t he
n umbers,
w eight.
a lso
w here
i ncluding
a ny
c ontents,
P orts o f s hipment
n amed.
p ayment
D etails
w as
d ue.
of
T he
M aster o r h is a gent w as r equired t o s ign a nd d ate t he
1 70Folder # 13, L oading c argo f ees, J une 1 , 1 892.
1 7lpaul
V alentine
H orn,
P rinciple
a nd
P ractices,
P rentice-Hall, 1 966), 5 8.
1 72william M oore,
E d.,
N autical
K nowledge,
( London:
L imited, 1 948), 5 44.
1 73Branch, 2 62.
I nternational
( Englewood
R eed's
T homas
T rade:
C liffs:
S eamanship
a nd
R eed & C ompany,
#48
s pecific n umber o f b ills o f l ading
s tated
in
t he
C harter
P arty.l74
A dditionally,
Swan
& S on
a greed t o h ire, a t t heir
own r isk a nd e xpense, t he s tevedore f rom D. S mith &
New
Y ork.l75
H owever,
t he
w as
to
be
p aid
a nd
s ubject
a gents,
w anting
to
w ork
on
t he
M aster
d ocks,
a lways
C aptain
a cted
a ctions w ere b ased o n t he
p ersonal
r epresentative
n avigation,
c argo.
a nd
e fficient
t he
p ower
f act
f or
a rrest.
a ctions w ere c onsidered t o b e i n
N ash
t he
t hat
a nd
l oading
of
S mith,
a nd
down
h ad
to
a bsolute
H is w ord w as l aw.l76
he
o wner.
w as
s towage
a nd
d octor,
In
c ase
A ll
t he
r esponsible
He a cted a s a l awyer a nd/or
h ad
w ith
o rders.
N orton &
H owever, w hen i t c ame
c ontrol o f h is v essel a nd c rew.
A
h is
s weeten t he p ot t o s eal t he d eal,
a greed t o t his a rrangement.
a ctual
to
a t t he r ate o f 4 5# p er t on.
S on o bviously h ad a b usiness r elationship
t he
of
s tevedore w as t o b e u nder t he
e ntire c ontrol o f t he M aster
He
S on
h is
o wner's
f or
s afe
d ischarge
b uried
of
s elf-defense.l77
of
p eople
m utiny h is
In
t he
c ase o f t he H erbert F uller, C aptain N ash, a lthough a m ajor
1 74Branch, 2 56.
1 75Folder # 13, S tevedores, A pril 2 7, 1 892.
1 76Branch, 7 1.
1 77Ibid., 7 1-2.
#49
s hareholder
t o t he
t he
in
v essel, a lso h ad f iduciary o bligations
i nvestors
o ther
a nd
h ad
to
a ct
in
t heir
b est
i nterests.l78
S towage
M aster.
G oods
s hape.
in
of
c argo
h ad
w as
to
be
of
to
a
m inimum
If
t he
e nds
an
m ost
p ortion.
s towed
of
S agging
e ven
of
t he
i mpaired
t he
c ompensate
g rain,
s hifting o f
a nd
t he
c argo
v essel,
of
w as
w as
w ere
c argo
s towed
h ogging
w hen
m ost
of
t he
c ase
t he
e nds
of
t his
m idship.
a dverse
g eneral
t hese
s mall
c oal,
t he
c argo.
on
o ccur
on
e ffects
s tability
e mpty
s tone
A llowances
h ogging
h ull
c argo,
or
w ere
or
as i t
v essel.
B ulk
s hip.
w as
t he v essel
t he
t he
of
p roblems,
f lint
e ither
In
c argo
u sed
i tems
To
as
s uch
i ron o res c aused
m ade
f or
p roblem b y p roviding d unnage i n w hich i nflated b ags a nd
1 78oana, 1 51.
It
i n t he
m ight
o ccurred
w ere
f or
he
p ackages
d istribution
b allast, f illed o pen a reas o f t he
as
l oading
s tevedore
s hip d ropped l ower t han t he m idship
t ended t o b e h igher t han
t here
t he
In
m idship.
s agging
a nd
to
I rregular s haped
f orward a nd a fter h olds o f a
a nd
t he
b ecause t hey w ere p rone t o d amage.
w as i mportant t o h ave
s hips.
of
s tored s o t hey a rrived i n g ood
d ischarging
r esponsible t o t he M aster.
s ail
r esponsibility
U sually s towage p lans w ere g iven
c harge
k ept
t he
t his
#50
m ats
w ere
d uring
p laced
t he
a mong
v oyage.
t he
C argo
c argo
g oods
q uickly
d estination.l79
c harge
he
of
w as
s hip.
to
be
a nd
When
m ovement
s eparated
i n o rder t o p revent s poilage.
s egregated i n s uch a w ay t hat t he
u nloaded
p revent
t hat w as d elicate, m ight l eak,
w as o dorous o r l iable t o s weat, h ad
o ther
to
v arious
e fficiently
C aptain
N ash
f rom
G oods h ad t o b e
i tems
at
c ould
be
p ort
of
e ach
i nsisted
on
c omplete
t he s tevedores o n t he d ocks, i t w as o nly b ecause
u ltimately
r esponsible
f or
t he
f reight
He h ad t o d o e verything i n h is p ower t o
on
i nsure
h is
s afe
p assage f or h is m en, c argo a nd s hip.
T he
d ays,
c harterers,
n ot
i ncluding
N orton
S undays
& S on, w ere a llowed 2 7 l ay
or
h olidays.
T his
b egan t wenty-four h ours a fter t he v essel w as h auled
b erth
d esignated
by
be
d unnaged
c argo.
r eady
to
r eceive
b alasted,
w orking d ay w as a llowed t he c harterer f or
c learance
of
t he
to
t he c harterers o r t heir a gents.
& S on, a greed t hat t he s hip w as t o
a nd
p eriod
s hip.
O ne
a ny
t he
S wan
l evelled,
a dditional
h andling
or
T he c rew w as t o w ork o vertime i n
t his c ase i f r equired b y t he c harterers.
A dditional c harges f or N orton & S on w ere
p ilotage.
B oth
S wan
&
S on
t owing
a nd t he c harterer s hared t he
c ost o f e mploying a d ock c lerk t o m easure c argo a nd p aid
1 79Branch, 2 80-2.
a nd
#51
at
t he
r ate
c learance o f
of
t en
t he
c ents
s hip
a t on.
New Y ork C ustom H ouse
w as
to
be
in
t he
n ame
of
t he
a cted
as
M aster
a nd
A gent f or t he
c harterer.l80
W henever
N ash
H erbert F uller, t he
m odified.
F or
C harter
on
S eptember
c ontract
1 9,
m anner:
& S on, Co o f New Y ork
go
f rom
New
1 893.181
Y ork
n ine
a nd
at
H ardwood
w as
d ollars
e ight
g old
a nd
o ne-half
p aid
at
p er
o ne-half
t he
r ate
t housand f eet.
u nder t he d eck w as p aid f or a t t he
U nited
S tates
g old
w ithout p rimage ( a
c aptain)
e arned
p er
s mall
a nd
p ayable
on
p ackages
c ents
of
e ight
r ate
of
be
to
c ubic
f oot.
o ne-half
s even
d ollars
T he f oregoing w as
u sually
d elivery
f reight,
t he
g iven
of
d emurrage.
a nd
U nited
w ere
a nd
t he
W hite p ine l umber s tored
a ll
f reight
in
in
p er
s hipowner h ad a n a bsolute l ien o n
d ead
B uenos
v essel
c ents
t housand f eet.
g ratuity
to
T he g oods w ere g eneral
S tates g old p er c ubic f oot a nd r ound
m easured
s lightly
D unn
m erchandise a nd t he c harterers p aid f or t he
f ollowing
w as
J ohn
e xample,
w ished t o l ease t he s hip t o
A ires
P arty
t he
c argo. T he
c argo
c harterer's r esponsibility f or f ees c eased w hen
to
f or
S ince
t he
a ll
t he
v essel
w as l oaded a nd b ills o f l ading w ere s igned b y t he c aptain,
1 80Folder # 13, L oading c argo f ees, J une 1 , 1 892.
1 81Folder # 18, C harter P arty, S eptember 1 9, 1 893.
#52
s tevedores m oved g oods o n b oard a s r apidly a s p ossible.
N ash
C aptain
a greed
to
s tevedores a t t he c urrent r ates.
o pen
t he
c harterer's
s ea,
he
w as
to
be
At
t he
s hip's
e xpense,
it
h auled
o nce
t o t he c harterer's l oading b erth.
T he c harterer c ould
t hen
m ove
p lace
to
O nce a t
t he
h atches w henever p racticable d uring t he v oyage i n
o rder t o v entilate t he c argo.
w as
h ire
by
p aying
a ny
a dditional
d ays i nclusive w ere a llowed.
g iven
o ff
f or
t he
S undays
v essel
t owing
to
a ny
f ees.
I n t his d ocument n o
a nd
h olidays
a nd
a fter
s igning
d etained
t his
p ast
c harterers.
a greement.
t he
T his
l ay
d ays
F ifty l ay
t ime
w as
l ay
d ay
t he
c ommencement w as s pecific f or S eptember 2 5, 1 893,
o ther
s ix
d ays
E ach d ay t hat t he b oat w as
b rought
a
f ine
to
t he
C harter P arty s pecified " 62. 5 8/100 G old
D ollars" f or e ach d etained d ay.l82
A t t he p ort o f d ischarge, t he s hip w as
t he
c harterer's
o ne-half
p ercent
a gents.
on
t he
T heir
c ommission
a mount
I ncluded i n t his c harter w as t he
c onsigned
of
s ame
a ll
w as
t wo
to
a nd
c argo o n b oard.
c lause
of
" dangers
t o t he s ea."
A ll
t hese
c lauses
w ere t o p rotect v essels l ike t he
H erbert F uller a nd i ts o wners.
T he
C harter
P arty
w as
e xact d ocument w hich d id n ot a llow f or h uman e rror.
1 82Folder # 18, C harter P arty, S eptember 1 9, 1 893.
an
#53
P ayments
w ere
T ime
e xplicit.
v essel m ade m oney w as f or i t t o
f ast
as
w as
r each
i ts
it
d estination
as
p ossible, l oad i ts g oods o nto i ts d ecks a nd r eturn
t o i ts o riginal p ort s o t hat t he c argo
T hen
T he w ay a
d etailed.
w as
r eady
c ould
be
f or i ts n ext a ssignment.
u nloaded.
Y et, o nce a t
s ea, s hips w ere a t t he m ercy o f t he e lements.
T he s ame w ind t hat c ould
t he
s hip
w ith
s peed
a nd
p ower
t he
b oth
c lause
m erchant
i ncluded
" dangers
of
a nd
s quall,
c ollisions.l83
t he
a gent
m ove
of
i ts
c rew.
t o t he s ea" m ade a n e xception f or
a gent.
Some
" dangers
m an-overboard,
to
t he
of
c hange
T his c lause h eld n either
r esponsible
to
e fficiency c ould a lso s mash t he
v essel, d estroy a ll c argo a nd t ake t he l ives
T he
s ails
t he
of
s ea"
a nd
m erchant
t he
w ind
n or
o ther f or t hese t ragedies.
A t t he s ame t ime t here w as a r ecognized f act
t hat
f ortunes
c ould b e m ade o r l ost a t s ea.
M erchants
v entures m ight b e
a ssociated
a ssets.
w ith
U sually,
r elatively
s afe.
s hipowners
a nd
r isky
t his
a nd
It
i nsurance
b usiness
s hips
w as
r ecognized
o ut
w as
on
o nly
t he
w hen
a gainst
n ecessary
h igh
t hat
a ny
t heir
l oss
t o p rotect
s eas
w ere
t hey a pproached t he
c oast t hat d angers i ncreased,l84 s uch a s c ollision d uring
1 83oana, 7 9-84.
1 84Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 2 71.
#54
f og
i ce,
u nderwritten
H erbert
w inds.l85
a nd
by
F uller
t he
T he
B oston
I nsurance
s hip,
p rospective
S hippers w ere l iable f or
i ts
a rrival
c argo,
w as
C ompany.l86
in
c laims
p ort.l88
t he
B asic
f reight
i nsurance o n i ts f reight.
t he
F uller
M r.
w as v ice p resident o f t he c ompany a nd h ad a
f ew s hares i n t he H erbert F uller.
t he
H erbert
i nsurance
e arnings
f or
a nd
d amaged
c overed
c argo.l87
c argo
a fter
T he H erbert F uller c arried e xtra
T he p remium l isted t he
o wner,
t he
n ame
of
t he
v alue
of
v essel,
i ts
d estination a nd t he p remium a mount.l89
I nsurance s pread t he r isks o f
a ny
s ea
v enture
a nd
m inimized
l oss
in
a
a nd
b ought
s hip.
If
d estination,
s hares
t he
G enoa
p ooled
t heir
( commonly k nown a s " sea l oans")
s hip
a ccomplished
w ith
t he p erils o f t he s ea.l90
D uring t he t welfth c entury f amilies i n
m onies
a ssociated
s ucceeded
i ts
in
r eaching
i ts
m ission a nd r eturned s afely
t o t he home p ort, i ts i nvestors w ere n ot o nly r epaid b ut
1 85Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 3 4.
1 86Folder
1 3, 1 909.
# 66,
B oston
I nsurance
C ompany,
O ctober
1 87Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 2 70.
1 88Horn, 5 7.
1 89Folder # 70, B oston I nsurance
C o.,
i nsurance
p remium o f f reight o f c oal a nd l umber, A pril 7 , 1 910.
1 90Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 2 70.
#55
r eaped
h igh
r eturns
o n t heir i nvestments.
a lso h elped m erchants r aise
t rade.
to
i nsurance
H ouse i n L ondon.
of
t heir
h ad
S hipowners a nd m erchants w anted
r isk a t s ea t o o thers.
of
p aper
a nd
c irculated
S peculators w ishing t o j oin i n
n ames
g oods
f or
i ts o rigins i n L loyd's C offee
t hey w rote t he n ame o f t he s hip a nd
s heet
p urchase
Many f amilies m ade v ast f ortunes i n t his m anner.l91
M arine
p art
m oney
T he " sea l oan"
a nd
t he
a mount
t hey
p remium b ased o n t he s hares
t erm
" underwriting"
L loyds o f L ondon w as
b ecame
an
to
r isk.
o utgrowth
of
s tated
r isk
T his
a ssociated
on
a
t hose p resent.
v enture
w ished
of
d estination
a mong
t his
s hift
A t t he c offee h ouse
i ts
it
to
a nd
w as
w ith
t his
t heir
p aid a
how
t he
i nsurance.
p ractice
a nd
i nsured s hips a gainst t he h azards o f t he s ea.l92
In
1 792,
a g roup o f i nvestors f ormed " The I nsurance
C ompany o f N orth A merica."
l imited
to
m arine
T heir
i nsurance
a ctivity.l93
p olicies
S imilar
v entures
w ere
in
n autical u nderwriting h ad f ailed i n New Y ork a nd
1 91Byrne, 1 4-5.
1 92Horn, 7 8.
1 93Thomas H arrison M ontgomery, A H istory o f t he
T he
I nsurance C ompany o f N orth A merica o f P hiladelphia:
O ldest
F ire a nd M arine I nsurance C ompany i n A merica,
( Philad elphia: P ress o f r eview P ublishing a nd P rinting
C ompany, 1 885), 1 3.
#56
B oston.l94
It
w as i mportant t o i nsure o cean g oing v essels
a nd m erchandise i n o rder t o e ncourage t rade.l95
U ntil t he
i nsurance
p olicy
f or
p aid
W ar
of
1 812
t hemselves
t he
a mount
s eamen
c ompanies
b eing
t he
r ansom.l96
of
o ffered
a gainst c oastal b ombardment.
r ates
w ere
o ne
q uarter
a bove f orty-second
d owntown.
F or
w as o ne p ercent.
c ompanies.
No
F or
c aptured.
f leets
p olicies
T he
D uring
w ere
on
at
t he
s ea.
s hipping
a nd
b ombardment
c oastal
a nd
o ne
h alf
t he
of
o ne
p ercent
m oored a long t he New J ersey c oast i t
P remiums w ere " velvet" f or
c laim
p ersonal
o f o ne p ercent o f a ny s hip d ocked
s treet
s hips
o ut
a gainst
S panish A merican War o f 1 898 S panish
I nsurance
t ook
w as
e ver
m ade
t he
i nsurance
f or p ayment f or t he
e nemy w as n ever n ear t he s hore t o s ink a ny s hip
or
b ombard
t he c oast.l97
P erils
of
t he
s ea
w ithout h uman i ntervention.
by
w ind
a nd
w ave,
w ere
T hey
a lso
i ncluded
v iolence
t hunder o r l ightening, d riving a gainst
r ocks a nd s tranding o f t he s hip.
1 94Montgomery, 1 0.
1 95Ibid., 2 8.
1 96Albion, S ea L anes, 1 37.
1 97Ibid., 1 86.
c onsidered a s a cts o f God
A ll t hese d angers w ere
#57
i nsurable.l98
t he
p ort
A v essel h ad t o b e s eaworthy
to
q ualify
H erbert F uller w as
C ompany.200
In
f or i nsurance.l99
u nderwritten
a ddition
by
On
f reight.
A pril
it
l eft
I nsurance f or t he
t he
B oston
I nsurance
t o i nsuring t he s hip, t here w ere
o ccasions w hen t he S wan & S on p urchased
on
w hen
7,
1 910
i nsurance
p remiums
t he B oston I nsurance C o.
i nsured c oal a nd l umber o n b oard t he H erbert F uller.201
T he C harter P arty f or t he H erbert F uller
on
F ebruary
1 0,
1 891.
C aptain
f rom t he t imer i t w as c ommissioned
t wo
d ollars
p er n ight.202
w ere h ired f or " ship
f rom
s tealing
c argo
b oard d uring t he d ay, e ither
a nd
t herefore,
d id n ot
s eaport
s hips.
s tay
w atched
on
d uring
b oard
t he
to
h ired s hip k eepers
w atch
s top
t he
g roups
f rom s hips.
l oading
t he
s hip.
at
n ight,
d ark
to
s igned
b oat
at
D uring t he 1 850's m arine p olice
w atching"
v aluable
N ash
w as
h ours
or
of
t hugs
S eamen w ere o n
u nloading
c argo,
W hile i n p ort t he c rew
so
g angs
l ooking
r oamed
f or
t he
u nguarded
S hip k eepers a lso h ad t o b e o n t he a lert f or
1 98Blunt, 2 06-7.
1 99Ibid., 2 20.
2 00Folder # 19, I nsurance, D ecember 2 9, 1 893.
2 01Folder # 70, B oston I nsurance
C o.,
i nsurance
p remium o f f reight o f c oal a nd l umber, A pril 7 , 1 910.
2 02Folder # 2,
F ebruary 1 5, 1 891.
R eceipt
f or
k eeping
s hip o n b oard,
#58
" loafers"
who
T hey
h ogsheads.
f or
l ooked
w ere
w ooden
c askets
O nce
as
u sually f illed w ith r um a nd l oafers
s neaked a board s hips a nd h id b etween
e yesight.
k nown
t he
b arrels,
o ut
of
i n a s ecure s pot t hey p ut a s traw i nto t he
h ogshead a nd d rank t hemselves i nto i nsensibility.203
B efore e mbarking
p aid
$ 2.90
f or
on
d uties
a nd
t he
h igh
f ees
s eas,
men
i n t he a mount o f $ 3.00.204
a c ertificate, p roperly
t he
s hip
p revailed.
c ame
f rom
f or
t he
h ealth
of
T he B ill o f H ealth w as
a uthenticated,
a
N ash
t o t he C ustom H ouse a nd
g ave t hem a B ill o f H ealth c ertificate
h is
C aptain
w hich
s tated
t hat
p lace w here n o c ontagious d iseases
T he M aster s wore t hat n one o f h is c rew,
at
t he
t ime o f d eparture, w as i nfected w ith a ny d isease.205
When
a
v essel
r eturned t o t he U nited S tates f rom a
f oreign p ort, p ayment w as r equired
of
a
v essel"
a nd
f or
" foreign
c learance
a B ill o f H ealth f or t he c rew h ad t o b e
p resented t o c ustoms r egardless o f t he f act t hat i t
A merican s hip.206
w as
an
T he H ealth O fficer's D epartment o f
2 03Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 2 24.
2 04Folder 2 , D uties
P ort, F ebruary 1 1, 1 891.,
a nd
F ees
f rom
C ustoms H ouse
2 05Blunt, 2 7.
2 06Fo1der # 27, C ustom H ouse, P ort o f W ashington,
DC, F oreign e ntry o f v essels, N ovember 2 5, 1 895.
#59
C ustom
h ad
t he
r ight
t o o rder a ny b oat f umigated.207
t he b ottleneck o f t he N arrows t he
t he
C ustom
p apers.
f rom
H ouse
r owed
o ut
" boarding
o fficer"
e xamined
t he
c rew.
h is
s outh
of
G eorgia
t hat
s topped.
w as
h ad
d ays.208
c ould
On
May
Of
be
8,
p ort
d etained
w here
f or
a nd
a fter
a ny
y ellow
to
f ever
t hirty
1 894 t he H ealth O fficer's D epartment
c harged
$ 5.00
a dditional $ 5.00 f ee w as a dded
p lace
c ourse
t wenty
o f Q uarantine i n S taten I sland, o rdered t he
f umigated
f rom
a s udden d eath o n b oard w as a utomatically
A ny s hip c oming f rom a
p revalent
or
o r who h ad f orty p assengers o r
m ore c oming f rom a broad c ould b e d etained.
v essel
d eputy
V essels t hat a rrived
f rom A sia, A frica t he M editerranean, t he C aribbean
A merican
f rom
t o i nspect v essels a nd t heir
A t t he s ame t ime t he H ealth O fficer o r
q uarantine
At
f or
b ecause
H erbert
t his
t he
F uller
s ervice.
b oarding
An
t ook
s unset s ince n o m edical i nspection o f s teerage
p assengers w as d one.209
I n S taten
I sland
t he
M arine
H ospital
o pened
i ts
d oors i n 1 831 t o t reat s eamen w ith i nfectious d iseases
2 07Folder
# 21,
H ealth
O fficer's
D epartment
D isinfecting B ark H erbert F uller, D ecember 1 2, 1 895.
2 08Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 2 18.
2 09Folder # 20, F umigation f rom H ealth
O fficer's
D epartment, B oarding a fter s unset, a dditional f ees, May 8 ,
1 894.
#60
l ike y ellow f ever,
Among
t he
s mallpox,
m ost
t yphus
p revalent
a nd
o ther
w ere
a ilments
d iseases.
s yphillis,
r heumatism, i ntermittent f ever a nd f rostbite.210
I n a ddition t o
t he
H erbert
h ealth
F uller,
w hen
i nspections,
r eturning
d eal w ith c ustoms i nspection.
t he
S ecretary
of
t he p ort c arne
e verything
f raud
A
a nd
C ustoms
A merican
r esponsibility.
a nd
u nder
w hich
e ncompassed
of
s hips
a ppraised
in
a nd
h ad a d uty t o p revent
i ncluded
e xcluding f oreign s hips
C ollection
S tatistics
is
r esponsibilities
v essels
u nder
H ouse
e xamined,
He
H is
as
New Y ork, h ad t o
r elief
i mports.
t raffic.
a ccruing
to
s uch
V essels t hat e ntered
j urisdiction,
O fficer
s muggling.
c oastal
p enalties
T reasury.2ll
i ts
on
to
T he C ustoms
s muggling
r evenue
d ocumenting
f rom
u nder
f rom
d istress.212
c ollected
t he
s hips
of
a ll
f ees
a nd
N avigation
Law
w ere
h is
on
U nited
S tates
c ommerce,
n avigation a nd i mmigration w ere b ased o n h is c ompilation.
T he C ustoms O fficer a lso h ad
s eizure
f lag
a nd
a rrest.
e ntering
A merican
U nder
t he
p ower
of
s earch,
h is o rders, s hips u nder e very
w aters
s eizure a nd a rrest w hen w arranted.
w ere
l iable
to
s earch,
H is o ffice w as a llowed
2 10Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 2 19.
2 11Horn, 1 39.
2 12Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 2 13.
#61
to
u se
f orce,
n ight, h e h ad
e nter
a ny
if
At
n ecessary.
t he
r ight
b usiness.
to
a ny t ime o f t he d ay o r
r equest
s earch
w arrants
to
T his r ight e xtended t o r esidences b ut
o nly d uring t he d ay.213
C ustoms e ntries p rovided
i mports
e nabling
b alance
of
t he
t rade
a
r ecord
a nd
c ollect
d uty
by
b rought
a ccount."
f ees
i mports
p rovided
a
e xports
a nd
g overnment t o a ssess a nd c ontrol t he
P erfected e ntries p repared
a ll
of
" to
v aluable
on
i mporters
f orm
i mported
or
g oods.
t heir
a gents
T he e ntries a nd t heir
of
r evenue
f or
t he
g overnment.214
When
c ommercial
d estination
t hey
E ach
t ugboat.
h ad
to
v essels
be
on
t he d ock.216
t he
to
t he
at
d ock
t heir
by
t ugboat h ad i ts own n ame a nd p ilot.215
t ugboat c ompanies w ho s upplied
c harges
t owed
a rrived
d istance
t hese
v essels
b ased
a
T he
t heir
f rom t he b eginning o f t he t ow t o
T he p ilot c harged f ees
b ased
on
t he
a mount
o f w ater, m easured i n f eet ( specific d epth), f or t he v essel
2 13Horn, 1 39.
2 14Branch, 9 1.
2 15Folder # 18, T owing, J une 6 , 8 a nd 2 9, J uly 9 ,
1 0, 1 3, 1 6 a nd 2 8, S eptember 2 7 a nd O ctober 2 8, 1 893.
2 16Folder # 4, T owing, A pril 2 8, 1 891, May
1 891.
2
a nd
6,
#62
to
f loat,
k nown a s a d raw.217
P ilots p ulled s hips a s w ell
a s s teered t hem i nto t he s lips.
T his w as
a
a nd
f ee
p ilotage w as m uch
h ighly
h igher
t han
c harges
f rom
s pecialized.
to
t he
$ 5.00
b etween
s imple
t owing.
H erbert
to
$ 37.00
T he
$ 11.00,
a nd
In
f or
A pril
F uller,
w hereas
$ 89.00.
in
of
1 891
p ilotage
H erbert
a dditional
d rawing
F uller.
$ 8.00.
A pril
of
1 892,
w ere
t owing
$ 40.00
f or
F rom t here t o t he U nion S tores w as a n
T he
s ixteen
t owing
f ees
c harges f rom t he S ea t o t he A tlantic D ocks w ere
t he
t ask
P hiladelphia, r anged
t he
In
d elicate
f eet
p ilotage
a nd
f ees
$ 74.34
w ere
f or
$ 37.28
d rawing
f or
e ighteen
f eet.218
P ilotage w as a m onopoly o riginally g uarded b y s tate
l aw.
T he
g overnor
i ncoming
of
v essels
to
New
t he
Y ork
p ort
a ppointed
r equired
p ilots.
A ll
p ilots.
S mall
s chooners t owed t he v essels c lose t o s hore.
When
a
c ame
s hip
f rom t he
on
b oard,
c aptain u ntil t he
h arbor
a nd
he
t ook
c raft
c ontrol
c rossed
of
t he
t he
b ar,
p ilot
t raversed
c ame s afely t o t he w harf o r m ooring.
t he
I t w as a n
u nwritten r ule t hat t he p ilot who t ook t he v essel i nto
2 17Folder # 4, T owing r eceipts, A pril
a nd 6 , 1 891.
28
a nd
May
2
2 18Folder # 18, T owing, J une 6 , 8 a nd 2 9, J uly 9 ,
1 0, 1 3, 1 6 a nd 2 8, S eptember 27 a nd O ctober 2 8, 1 893.
#63
p ort w as e ntitled t o t ake h er o ut t o s ea
T his
a gain.
w as
a n e asier t ask.219
P iloting,
p roblems.
p ilots
New Y ork
w ere
w ere
a nd
t he
m erchants,
i ncompetent.
t wo s hipwrecks
t hey
on
b ased
d id
n ot
l essen
F ederal
t he
1 825,
b lamed
m onopoly o n p ilotage a nd o pened
T his
b uoys
of
t he
t here
w as
p ilots i n e ach p ort.
t hat
it
p ilots
l egislation
up
to
s tating
b roke
t he
c ompetition.220
n umber o f p ilots i n p ort.
b ids
to
When
m aintain
L ighthouse S ervice, h e a dded, " none b ut
p ilots n eed a pply."221
c entury
c reated
c omplained
t he
t he C ollector o f t he P ort a dvertised f or
t he
s ystem,
B etween 1 836 a nd 1 837 t here w ere
m erchants
n egligent.
in
s poils
T oward t he
e nd
of
t he
n ineteenth
a n a bundance o f e fficient a nd q ualified
T he H erbert
F uller
h ad
no
p roblems
d ocking o r g oing o ut t o s ea.
T owing
s hips
i nto
v essels i n t he p rocess.
a ppeared
to
t he
p iers s ometimes d amaged t he
A lthough t he H erbert
F uller
n ever
h ave t his p roblem, n evertheless, t he c ompanies
t hey u sed f or t owing h ad a d isclaimer n otice o n t heir
2 19Robert C arse, L ifeline,
M orrow a nd C ompany, 1 943), 1 87.
(New
Y ork:
2 20Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 2 13-5.
2 21Ibid., 2 17.
W illiam
#64
T he
s tationery.
B oston
i ts r eceipts t hat i t w as
v essels
w hile
C ommercial
p assing
T owboat
of
t he
at
a ccountable
t hrough
on
d raws"
u sed
J uly
f or
in
to
1 893.222
i dentical
1 1,
d amage
T he
l anguage
1 891.223
T he
in
P ort
S tate a cted a s a n a rbiter i n c ase o f d amage
t o a v essel o r c argo a nd
g oods
B oat C ompany p ut a n otice o n
" Not
C ompany
t heir d isclaimer n otice
W arden
Tow
a uction.224
a uthorized
T hese
t he
p roblems
s ale
of
d amaged
d id n ot a ffect t he
H erbert F uller d uring i ts y ears o f s ervice.
T owing a nd p ilotage w as
t he
s hipping
i ndustry
t hat
s uch
c ompany
o wners, u sually i ncluded r esidential
a ddresses
on
an
t heir s tationery.225
i ntegral
p art
of
m anagers, a s w ell a s
as
w ell
as
b usiness
T here w ere m any t ugboat
c ompanies a t e ach d ock r eady t o r ender s ervices.
As s oon a s a b oat w as i n i ts s lip,
t he
c aptain
h ad
t o p ay t he t onnage t ax t o t he C ustom H ouse o fficer,226
2 22Folder # 18, T owing, J une 6 ,8 a nd 2 9, J uly 9 , 1 0,
1 3, 1 6 a nd 2 8, S eptember 2 7 a nd O ctober 2 8, 1 893.
2 23Folder
# 6,
C ommercial
d isclaimer n otice, J uly 1 1, 1 891.
T owboat
C ompany,
2 24Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 2 21.
2 25Folder # 18, T owing, J une 6 , 8 a nd 2 9, J uly
1 0, 1 3, 1 6 a nd 2 8, S eptember 2 7 a nd O ctober 2 8, 1 893.
2 26Folder # 20, T onnage
H ouse, P ort o f NY, May 8 , 1 894.
a nd
d uty
t ax,
US
9,
C ustom
#65
p resent h im w ith a C ertificate o f H ealth227 a nd
O rder
f or
s howed
P ayment
t he
w ages
o f W ages Due C rew.228
d ue
to
e ach
p roduce
an
T he p ortage b ill
m ember
of
t he
c rew.229
P ayments t o t he c rew o f t he H erbert F uller o n
May
5,
1 891
w ere:
1 st M ate
2 nd M ate
3 0.00
6 S eamen
T he
$ 20.00
1 2.00 e ach230
F irst
a nd
b i-monthly.
u nloaded
S econd
M ates
When a n u nusual
f rom
t he
w ere
a mount
a nd
p aid
$ 2.00
e ach
m ight
f or
to
C ustoms
g oods
t hat
t hey
be
h ad
e ngaged
t he
d ay.231
w hich
s igned r eceipts f or t heir w ages,
p rove
of
m onthly; S eamen,
to
be
s hip, a dditional F irst a nd S econd M ates
a nd a s m any a s s ix e xtra S eamen
d ock
p aid
w ere
w ere
at
t he
A ll s eamen
n otarized
p aid.232
to
Some s eamen
e lected t o h ave p art o r a ll o f t heir a llotment s ent h ome
2 27Folder # 20, T onnage
H ouse, P ort o f NY, May 8 , 1 894.
a nd
d uty
t ax,
US
C ustom
2 28Folder # 4, P ayment t o c rew, A pril 1 , 1 891.
2 29Moore, 5 44.
2 30Folder # 4, C rew a llotment, May 5 , 1 891.
2 3lrbid.
2 32Folder # 13,
c rew, J une 7 , 1 892.
N otarized
r eceipts
f or
p ayment
to
#66
to
a
r elative.233
T he M aster h ad t o g ive t o t he C ollector
o f C ustoms ( bound f or f oreign p orts) a
t heir
n ames,
p laces
l ist
of
t he
c rew,
o f b irthl r esidence a nd a d escription
o f e ach o ne.234
F reight f ees w ere a lso p aid a t t he
to
t he
C ustom
H ouse.235
U ntil
p roof o f p ayment t o t he c rew
O fficer,
n ot
be
no
o ne
l oaded
c learance
t he
a ll
w ere
t ime
f ees
of
d ocking
w ere p aid a nd
s atisfied
to
t he
P ort
c ould l eave t he s hip a nd t he v essel c ould
or
u nloaded.
B efore
o btaining
p ort
C ustoms H ouse i ssued a p ermit v erifying p aid
f ees.236
D ocking
c harges,
by
d ay.
c harged
t he
k nown
On
as
t he
w harfage
b ack
of
t he
H erbert F uller o n O ctober 2 7, 1 893, t here w as
s tatement
f rom
t he
C ity
r ates
w ere
b ill t o t he
a
p reprinted
o f New Y ork c iting t hat t he c ity
h ad t he l awful r ight t o c harge w harfage f ees
t he
f ees,
a nd
s pecified
w ithin t he C ities o f New Y ork, B rooklyn a nd L ong
I sland C ity, b ased o n t he t onnage o f t he v essel.237
2 33Folder
# 22,
S eamen's
R elatives), F ebruary 1 , 1 895.
A llotment
N ote
( To
2 34nana, 1 79.
2 35Folder # 4, I ntrafreighter f ees, A pril 1 1, 1 891.
2 36Moore, 5 44.
2 37Folder # 18, W harfage, L egality o f w harfage f ees
p rinted o n b ack o f r eceipt, O ctober 2 7, 1 893.
#67
a long
D uring t he p re-revolutionary e ra, w harves
Y ork's
s even
m iles
c onstruction.
T hey
of
w aterfront
w ere
a
w ere
c entury,
t he
w harves
e nough t o a dmit t hirty o r
i rregular
d ocks
o f a b uilding.
i ngress
a nd
k nown
w as a lso t rapped.
w aterfront,
f orty
of
By
Y ork w ere l arge
T here
w ere
to
w ith
t he w ater.
l ogs
a nd
u nderwent
a lso
p rovided
H ere, t he c ity's f ilth
E ventually, t he s lips, l ike m uch
b ecame
t he
a s s lips w hich w ent i nto t he c enter
f illed i n l and.
c hange.
of
t he
T he E ast R iver w harves
c ame t o b e m ore i mportant t han t hose
W harves
e arth.
New
s ails.
T hey w ere c overed
e gress
s imple
f ramework o f h ewn l ogs f illed
w ith l oose s tones a nd c overed w ith t rodden
n ineteenth
of
m ade
New
on
P ine
t he
p lanking
N orth
R iver.
c overed
o pen
p ilings a nd h ad t o b e r eplaced e very f our o r f ive y ears.238
Many o f t he w harves b uilt b y
to
p rivate
i ndividuals
who
t he
o perated
c ity
t hem.
1 870's t here w as n o s erious a ttempt t o k eep t he
g ood
c ondition.239
t hat
u sed
C harleston,
t hem
T he
w as
M obile
l egal
l ower
a nd
New
t han
r ate
t he
O rleans.
k eep New Y ork a s a p ort o f c hoice.240
w ere
l eased
U ntil
w harves
t he
in
o f c harge t o v essels
f ees
in
B oston,
T his a lso h elped t o
I n t he f irst C harter
2 38Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 2 20-1.
2 39carmody, 1 55.
2 40A1bion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 2 20-3.
#68
P arty o f t he H erbert F uller o n F ebruary
1 0,
1 891,
S wan
S on d emanded e xtra f ees f or d ocking i n P hiladelphia.241
2 41Folder # 2, C harter P arty, F ebruary 1 0, 1 891.
&
#69
CHAPTER 5
MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF S HIPS AND CREWS
O nce
C harter
a
P arty
w as
s igned
t he
of
u tmost
r epresentatives,
t he
i mportance
w as
s hip t hat w as " tight, s taunch,
h ave
a
t hing
d uly
a uthorized
to
n ext
by
w ell f itted, t ackled a nd p rovided w ith e very
w ith
men
a nd
p rovisions
E very C harter P arty h ad
r equisite
a nd
n ecessary f or s uch a v oyage."242
l anguage
to
t his
e ffect
in
i ts
a greement.
As
s oon
as
a
s hip
w as
i n p ort, t he s urveyors o f
d amages t o v essels, c argo, e tc., c ame
t he
h atches
c argo
a nd
on
a board
b oard.243
a nd
In
B arbados, C aptain N ash a sked K .I. K etchni,
a
e xamine
2 0,
t he
H erbert
F uller.
e xamining t he s hip, h e s igned a
t he
v essel
w as
w ell
c argo, a s f ar a s h e
On
M arch
s tatement
e xamined
B ridgetown,
s urveyor,
1 893, a fter
i ndicating
c aulked, p aulined a nd b attened.
c ould
s ee,
w as
q uite
to
d ry.244
t hat
T he
T his
s tatement w as t he p roof n eeded t o d emonstrate t hat t he
2 42Folder # 2, C harter P arty, F ebruary 1 0, 1 891.
2 43Folder
# 4,
" Surveyors
C argoes, e tc." A pril 2 8, 1 891.
of
D amage,
V essels,
2 44Folder # 17, P roof o f c aulking, M arch 2 0, 1 893.
#70
b ill f rom E leazar J . C heir f or
d one.245
It
C harter
P arty
w as
a lso
t hat
p roof
t he
c aulking,
to
w as
t he
a
j ob
c harterer
of
s hip w as k ept t ight.246
f illed t he s eams a nd t he d ecks
of
a
s hip
w ell
t he
C aulkers
w ith
o akum
to
m ake t he h ull w atertight.247
B esides
k eeping
a
s hip
c aulked
a nd
c aptain, u pon e ntering a p ort, s urveyed a ny
s hip
so
it
c ould
1 891, C aptain N ash
C argoes,
b oard.248
to
h ired
" Surveyors
of
c heck
N ash
p aid
On A pril 2 8,
D amaged
V essels,
W alnut
S treet,
f ee
a nd
of
c argo
T hen h e b rought t he s hip t o P ugh, B ishop
to
t he
b ottom
in
& M oore
o f t he v essel s craped o f b arnacles, a
t ype o f m arine g rowth, a ttached t o t he s hip a s a
b eing
w ater f or a p eriod o f t ime.
r esult
of
A fter t his p rocedure
w as c ompleted, w orkers a pplied 2 6 g allons o f p aint
a rea.249
on
$ 10.00 f or t his
s ervice.
h ave
t he
of
h atches
a
to
t he
1 /2
2 16
t he
C aptain
d amage
r epaired i mmediately.
( sic}
E tc.
P hiladelphia,"
be
t ight,
to
t his
T he H erbert F uller w as i n d ry d ock d uring t hese
2 45Folder # 17, B ill f or c aulking, A pril 4 , 1 893.
2 46Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 2 94.
2 47Reisenberg, 9 23-4.
2 48Folder
# 4,
" Surveyors
C argoes, e tc.," A pril 2 8, 1 891.
of
2 49Folder # 4,
b ottom, May 1 , 1 891.
p ainting
s craping
a nd
D amage,
of
V essels,
s hip's
#71
U ntil
r epairs.
1 824
s hips h ad t o b e " careened," t hat i s,
t ipped o ver, a nd o nly d uring l ow
c ould
be
e xposed
t ide,
f or r epairs.250
so
t hat
d ry
t he
H erbert
F uller
w as
b ought 1 52 p ounds o f s upporters,
a nd
f or
r epairs
d ock, s hips s uch a s t he H erbert F uller d id n ot r isk
a ny n ew d amages i n t he p rocess o f m oving
W hile
h ull
W ith t he d evelopment o f
n ew t echnology t o d raw t he v essel o ut o f w ater
in
t he
3 81
p ounds
F ithian.251
b uilders,
of
T hat
d id
a ngle
s ame
s ome
d ay
f urther
in
a
i ron
S .W.
to
i ts
s ide.
d ry d ock, C aptain N ash
l eaver,
in
a
k ey
w rench
b eams f rom S heppard &
T ilton
r epairs
S on,
&
s hip
w ith r ed l ead p aint,
o akum a nd m ore c opper
p aint
t hree
w ere a ll l ocated a t C ooper's P oint i n
e stablishments
C amden, New J ersey.
it
h ad
to
be
to
c opper
n ails.252
E ach t ime a s hip h ad
to
be
T hese
s erviced,
t owed a nd p iloted t o a s pecific d ock.
m eant a dded e xpenses
i mportant
a nd
it
u tilize
to
t he
v essel.
T herefore,
T his
it
w as
a s m any s ervices a s p ossible i n e ach
d ock t o a void t he a dded c osts o f t owing a nd p ilotage.
A t B onapart S hoe, t he m anufacturer o f
m arine
p aints
i n P hiladelphia, C aptain N ash p urchased 2 5 g allons o f
2 50Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 2 99.
2 51Folder # 4, S hipsmiths, May 1 , 1 891.
2 52Folder
1 891.
# 4,
S hip
s upplies
f or
r epairs,
May 1 ,
#72
c opper p aint t o h ave o n h and.253
p urchased
o ars,
at
J ames
h and-spikes,
v ariety
of
M cCusker.
m ast
o ther
s hip's
f ore
a nd
a ft
r ope
s teering
s upplies.254
( holes)
s ails.
t himbles
w ere
T his e stablishment d ealt i n
h oops,
t o b e f itted i nto t he c lews
t he
W ire
a nd
a
M etal t himbles h ad
of
T hey
w heels
s quare
a nd
o utlived
u sually
s ails
t he
s ails.255
F or t he n ext f ew m onths t he
g ood
c ondition.
H erbert
F uller
w as
e venly
w eighted.256
s topped a t W illadsen & J ohnson,
a nd
c aulkers.
F uller.
T hey
s ure
t he
T he n ext d ay C aptain N ash
who
w ere
s hip
c arpenters
a lso o wned s ome s hares i n t he H erbert
T he v essel w as c aulked w ith o akum.257
W hile t he s hip w as i n C ardiff,
v isited
in
On S eptember 2 5, 1 891, W illiam Gammons, a
b allast m aster o f 3 2 S outh S treet, New Y ork, m ade
v essel
w as
P ile
W ales,
C aptain
N ash
& B ass, s hipwrights a nd b oat b uilders t o p ick
u p m ore s upplies f or t he s hip i ncluding s crew e yebolts, a
2 53Folder # 4, C opper p ain, May 2 , 1 891.
2 54Folder $ 4, S hip s upplies, May 5 , 1 891.
2 55George F rederick C ampbell, C hina T ea C lippers,
(New Y ork: D avid McKay C ompany, I nc., 1 974), 1 08-9.
2 56Folder
# 8,
S eptember 2 5, 1 891.
Wm.
2 57Folder # 8, W illadsen
d ock, S eptember 2 6, 1 891.
Gammons,
B allast
& J ohnson,
M aster,
S ectional
d ry
#73
r ing
b olt
t himble
w ith c ollar a nd f orelock, w inch h andles, a l arge
f ish
s ervicing
h ook
s hips
a nd
h ad
a
to
f unnel.
g allon
b e v ersatile.
E nterprises
T his e stablishment
a dvertised i ts s pecialties a s m ast, b lock a nd
s hip
s miths
w ere h ard
a nd
a nd
p lumbers.
s oft
w ood
Some
of
l umber
a nd
s par
m akers,
t he i tems t hey s old
v entilators,
o ars,
h andspikes, p itch, n ails, t ar a nd o akum.258
S ix
r epairs
m onths
a nd
l ater
t he
s upplies.
H erbert
F ifteen
F uller
h undred
f rom
W ater
T heir f oundry
S treet,
J ohnson t ook
t acks
w ere
S ullivan B rothers, l ocated a t 2 54 S outh a nd
5 01 W ater S treets.
4 98
n ew
s heets o f y ellow
m etal f or s heathing, n ails, s heet f elt a nd f elt
p urchased
n eeded
c are
New
of
w as
Y ork.259
t he
n earby
O nce
s ectional
at
4 96
a nd
a gain W illadsen &
d ry
d ock
w ork
a nd
s eaweed
a nd
c aulking.260
C oppering
r educed
b arnacles o n t he h ull.
b ut
by
1 830
a
t he
g rowth
O riginally
m ixture
r eplaced t he p ure e lement.
2 58Folder # 9, P ile
b uilders, N ovember 3 , 1 891.
of
p ure
h alf
of
c opper
w as
u sed
a nd
h alf
z inc
c opper
M untz m etal, f irst u sed i n
& B ass,
S hipwrights
2 59Folder # 13, S ullivan B ros., S hip's
2 a nd 1 9, 1 892.
2 60Folder # 13,
d ock, May 9 , 1 892.
W illadsen
a nd b oat
s upplies,
May
& J ohnson, S ectional d ry
#74
1 846, c onsisted o f s ixty p ercent c opper
a nd
z inc
a dded
a nd
s ometimes
t he
t his p eriod, L loyd's
t hroughout
t he
m anufacturer
R egisters,
w orld,
a
d escribed
f orty
l isting
s hip's
p ercent
t in.
of
a ll
of
m etals.261
S hips
f ifteen m onths a fter t heir l aunch
t he
c opper
a lloy
w as
i mperfect m anufacturing
a nd
e ach
r epair
t ime
w ork
t he
n ot
s hips
w ere
c ontinued.262
on
t he
h ad t o b e d rydocked a bout
f or
r ecoppering
c onsistent
m ethods.
s hips
b ottoms a s b eing
y ellow m etalled, c oppered o r b rass b ottoms, p ending
v ariation
D uring
b ecause
t hroughout
R epairs
w ere
d ue t o
p iecemeal
i n d ry d ock t he p iecemeal
S hipbuilding
a nd
i ts
r epair
i ndustries c reated e mployment a nd p roduced f ortunes.263
S hip's s upplies a nd t ools w ere
f or
e very
v essel
l eather,
v arnish, b ath
t urpentine,
t ar,
s ail
c himneys,
b rooms,
b ricks,
r aw
e xpenditure
o akum,
c oppertacks,
s tove
p olish,
t wine,
g lass,
n ails, l ime, b rushes,
b lacking,
k erosene,
o il, l amp b lack, r ed a nd w hite l ead, z inc,
n eedles,
l ights
l arge
a nd t he H erbert F uller w as n o e xception.
I tems o n t he c handlery b ill i ncluded
pump
a
h ooks,
g lass,
i nsect
c offee
p owder,
m ill,
w icks,
m ast
c oat
c otton h ooks, s heets o f e mery c loth, r ivets, t allow,
2 6lcampbell, 1 22.
2 62rbid., 1 24.
2 63Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 3 00.
l amp
l ead,
#75
T hese
r ubber h oses.
It
w as
w ere
r eplaced
on
t he
t he
s hip.
H is
c rew
v essel
u sed
t hese
s upplies
h igh s eas s o t hat t he s hip w as n ever a llowed
t o b e i n a s tate o f d eterioration.
a
f requently.264
t he M aster's r esponsibility t o k now how t o c are f or
e very p art o f
w hile
i tems
in
g ood
s hape
at
T he o bject w as
a ll
t imes
k eep
u se
a nd
to
p ort
s hipwrights o nly f or m ajor r epairs.
T he n ature o f t he m anagement o f
m arket
p lan
w hich
i ncluded
l ength o f t ime
f or
a nalyzed
r espect
w ith
f avorable
M aster
t ariffs
l ooked
e ach
t welve
r equired
a
A ll
c argo
h ad
to
m arket a nd t raffic.
p orts
of
be
S ince
d estination,
a
f or n ew i ndustrialized a reas a long t he r oute
m onths.
b est a dvertising a nd
s ubscribed
i ts
d etermined
t o h is f inal d estination.
n ext
s hip
t he n ature o f s ervice a nd t he
v oyage.
to
a
to
To
t he
He h ad t o h ave a b udget
f or
t he
i mprove t rade h e h ad t o k now t he
p roper
j ournals.
C aptain
N ash
t he " American S hipmaster A ssociation."
T his
p ublication k ept r ecords o f A merican
e ndorsements.
On
May
s ubscription w as $ 10.00.265
1 2,
T he
a nd
1 892
f oreign
t he
c aptain
f ee
a lso
s hipping
f or
t his
s ubscribed
t o " The S hipmasters P rotective F und o f t he P hiladelphia
2 64Folder # 16, C handlery b ill, F ebruary 2 5, 1 893.
2 65Folder
May 1 2, 1 892.
# 13,
" American
S hipmaster
A ssociation,"
WESTERN CONNECTICUT STATE UNIV. UB.
181
WH!T~
SIREET
DANBURY, CT 06810
#76
M aritime
E xchange"
at
a
c ost
of
$ 5.00
M aster w as a lways l ooking t o i ncrease t he
c ould
s ell
c argo
a nd
w as
y early.266
m arket
w here
T he
he
r esponsible f or g iving r egular
r eports t o t he s hip's o wners o r a gent.267
T he M aster a lso h ad t o b e
t he
s hip
to
i ts
m aximum.
c oncerned
w ith
o perating
T his i ncluded u sing t he n umber
o f s eamen n ecessary
f or
t he
He
h ad
t o p ay p articular a ttention t o t he
m oving
g oods.
u se o f t ime.
In
t his
o peration
r espect
he
of
h ad
to
t he
be
s hip
a nd
e specially
f rugal.268
When
s ugar
w as
b rought b ack t o New Y ork a board t he
H erbert F uller o n A pril
1 7,
t hat
s ustained
s ome
d amage
w as
W alsh & C o.
of
r epairs
c argo.
of
1 16
W all
1 892,
S treet,
a
d iscovery
to
t he c argo.
New
Y ork
b ags
h ad
r otten & b roken
m ade
J ames A .
d id
g eneral
A fter c oming o n b oard a nd e xamining t he
g oods, t hey c oncluded t hat o ut o f 1 5,000 b ags o f
e mpty
w as
to
be
o nes
s ugar
1 34
s upplied f or r ebagging " to r eplace
t hat
c ould
n ot
be
m ended.
II
T hey
s tayed w ith t he m erchandise w hile i t w as t ransported t o
2 66Folder
# 4,
S ubscription:
P rotective F und o f t he P hiladelphia
A pril 2 5, 1 891.
2 67Branch, 4 35.
2 68rbid., 4 36-7.
" The S hipmasters#
M aritime E xchange,"
#77
t he r efinery.269
W hile
t his
t o W echsler
D rive,
to
w ork
w as
& A braham,
at
i n p rogress C aptain N ash w ent
1 9th
a nd
E ast
R iver
p urchase e ight y ards o f s ilk, a nd e ight y ards o f
f ringe, b rass r ods a nd b racket
c urtains
S treet
a nd
t he C aptain
p aid
l iked
$ 2.34
a nd
f or
r ings
f or
d rapes
t hese g oods.270
h is
q uarters
to
C oenties
S lip,
New
be
a nd
O bviously,
e legantly
f itted
w henever p ossible.
At
35
m anufactured a nd f urnished h ouse a nd
N ash
p urchased
Y ork,
s hip
J ames
g oods.
H embury
C aptain
f rom h im p ipes, a b oiler c over, F rench s tew
p an, t wo r ound r etinned p ans a nd a c offee b oiler.
He
h ad
S uch w as
a
p otato
m asher
r epaired f or t en c ents.271
e ven
t he f rugality t hat C aptain N ash p racticed.
I n t he s hipping i ndustry t hrift
r espect
to
t ime
W illiam
H.
A tkinson
e stablishment
w as
a nd
a
w as
s hip's m ovement.
a ssured
h is
r espected
w ith
T he s hip s mith,
c ustomers
t hat
h is
c onveniently l ocated a t t he f oot o f 1 4th
S treet, H oboken, New J ersey.
To h is a ddress o n t he
2 69Folder # 13, J as. A . W alsh & C o., C ooperage
g eneral r epairing o f s hip's c argo, May 1 2, 1 892.
a nd
2 70Folder # 13, W echsler a nd A braham, May 1 3, 1 892.
2 71Folder
# 13,
J ames H embury, M anufacturer a nd
d ealer i n H ouse a nd S hip f urnishing g oods, t in w are,
s toves, c abooses, s hip's b ells, e tc., J une 2 , 1 892.
#78
l etterhead, h e a dded:
L ang's,
W illadsen
d ocks."272
T he
J ohn
n eeds."
" Adjoining M cCarthy B ros,
m essage
T.
w as
L anghill
o n h is l etterhead, " Pipe
A ll
w ork.
m ade
s top
f or
&
G okey's
d ry
a ll
y our
& S on, s hip s miths, a dvertised
a nd
a ll
k inds
of
i ron
i ron w ork d one a s r easonable a s p ossible a nd a t
w ood
to
F.
" one
f itting
t he v ery s hortest n otice.
e nds,
a nd
J ohnson's
&
T ietjen
s crews,
o rder
T win b uckles, s crew
d ock
c onstantly
s hort
at
s pikes
n otice
a lso
b olts,
b olt
o n h and, a nd
g eneral
f orging."
C aptain N ash b ought o nly b olts a nd l inks f rom t hem.273
W ith a ll t he o ther b oats c oming i nto t he
a nd
r epairs
r eplacements
b usinesses
w ere b usy, w orkers w ere e mployed
One
b usiness
w as
of
He
w as
t hrived,
f ortunes
f actories
w ere
M artin
of
42
S outh
m ade.
S treet,
New
t he o nly o ne C aptain N ash a llowed t o r epair
a nd r eplace t he s ails.274
W ithout
t he
u seless a nd d angerous.
H erbert
f or
p articular i mportance t o t he F uller,
t he S ail M aker, J ohn L .
Y ork.
a nd
h arbor
F uller
w as
g ood
a nd
s turdy
s ails
T his i tem
w as c hecked c arefully a nd f requently.
2 72Folder
# 13,
Wm.
H.
A tkinson,
S hipsmith,
T urnbuckle, r ods, b olts, n uts, e tc., May 9 , 1 892.
2 73Folder # 13, J ohn T . L anghill & S on, S hip S miths,
p ipe f itting a nd a ll k inds o f i ron w ork, May 2 2, 1 892.
2 74Folder # 13, J ohn L .
1 892.
M artin,
S ailmaker,
May
3 1,
#79
A merican
s ails.
u sed
s hips
I t s tood o ut
f lax
s ails
c anvas.
a ppeared
u sed
h eavy
s nowy
c otton
w hite
on
t he
d uck
S ometimes i t h ad a h emp m ixture.
g reyish
or
of
t he
f awn
in
i mportance.
A p oor j ob r uined t he p erformance
p oor
d esign
p ale
a nd
of
w orkmanship
of
t he
s ail
a nd
t ension
v arious
to
t he
t he
h oisted
of
w hich
h eld
s hifted
a nd
r ope
t he
s ails.
a ttention
to
i nventions
w ere
p articular
m asts
T he
g iving
of
a
s hip.
a round t he
t he
b etween
s titchings a nd r ope
i t.276
c aused t rouble o nce t he w inds g ot
m iles
c olor.275
w rinkles
U neven
i ts
T heir
s ails w as o f t he g reatest
i ncluded
b oltropes, s eams o r l inings.
c loth
B ritish
s eas.
W orkmanship
S igns
f or t heir
R iggers
in
p lace a nd
s ailmaker
e ach
s ail
s et
i ts
p aid
p roper
s tiffness.277
New
c entury.
M ost
A t l east t hat
c onvey.
It
of
w as
t ook
a bundant
d ifficult
t he
n ineteenth
t hem w ere s upposed t o m ake l ife e asier.
t he
t ime
m essage
f or
t heir
to
c ompete
c reators
t ried
to
t he o rdinary p erson t o a ccept
t he f act t hat s ome n ew m achines m ight
p rove
in
be
w ithout
u seful
t hem.
a nd
B usinesses
i nvolved w ith c ommercial s hipping w ere n o e xception.
2 75campbell, 1 06.
2 76Ibid., 1 09-11.
2 77Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 2 94.
e ven
No
#80
o ne f elt t he n eed
t heir
t rade
I t w as o nly
i ncrease
to
w hen
w hen
t hat
i ncorporate
e arnings
t he
t elephone
i ndividuals
in
1 876
b usinessmen r ealized t he
c ommerce.278
T his
" What
s kepticism
f or
a mong
b egan
b ut
w as
a nything
in
b egan
to
t o l ook f or h elpful a ids
B ell
p atented
s everal d ecades p assed b efore
u sefulness
h ath
t echnology
b usinesses
A lexander G raham
in
t elegraph, i nvented b y S amuel
s tatement
n ew
a nd p rofits w ere n ot a ffected.
c ompetition
t o e xpand t heir c ompanies.
a ny
of
t he
s trong
M orse
c ontrast
in
1 844.
w rought?"
God
n ew.
Y et,
t elephone
to
T he
c learly
w ithin
a
in
t he
f irst
s howed
d ecade
t elegraph u se h ad s pread t o m ost o f t he c ountry.279
W illadsen
&
J ohnson,
p art
o wners
of
F uller, b egan u sing t he t elephone i n S eptember
t heir
s ectional
d ry
d ock
b usiness.280
t ime J . & F . L ohman o f S outh a nd
W ater
t he H erbert
of
1 893
in
A t a bout t he s ame
S treets,
New
Y ork
a lso b egan u sing t he t elephone i n h is c oal b usiness.281
2 78Robert
L.
B reeden,
E d.,
~T~h~o~s~e~--~I~n~v~e~n~t~l~#v~e~
A mericans, ( Washington, DC:
N ational G eographic S ociety,
1 971), 1 27.
2 79David F reeman H awke, N uts a nd B olts o f t he P ast,
(New Y ork: H arper & Row, P ublishers, 1 988), 1 93.
2 80Folder # 18, D ry d ock r epairs, S eptember 2 7, 1 893.
2 81Folder # 18, C oal s upplies, S eptember 2 8, 1 893.
#81
T he New H aven
a lso
b egan
T owing
C o.282
a nd
W hite
S tar
T owboats283
e mploying t his c ommunications d evice d uring t he
s ame p eriod.
T he p ilot o f t he D avid
T.
L eahy
N o.
5
h ad
t elephones o n h and a s e arly a s May 8 , 1 894.284
U se
of
t his i nstrument w as s till r elatively s low i n
s hipping r elated
T hwaites
b usinesses.
S on
&
m achinists,
s hip
L anghill
S on
a dvertised
on
&
A ugust
1 3,
s miths
a nd
On
t heir
1 895.285
A ll
W ashington,
of
r igger,
of
h im
D istrict
p lumbing
W illiam
t hat
h is l etterhead
he
G eo.
s ervice.
T he
m akers,
t hese
of
C olumbia,
e nterprise.
C ockran,
T.
J ohn
i ndustries
1 895
J ohn
a dded
A
d ecided
o rganization w ith t elephone s ervice.
to
1 895
a dded t he t elephone t o t heir e stablishment
By t he e nd
a nd
2 8,
p hone
b oiler
l ocated i n t he N orth.
t inning
J anuary
It
a
w ere
M oran
of
p hone t o h is
y ear
l ater,
t he
to
u pdate
h is
w as
so
i mportant
d id n ot w ait f or t he p rinter t o p ut i t o n
He s tamped t he p hone n umber o n h is
2 82Folder # 18, T owing, J une 6 , 8 a nd 2 9, J uly
1 0, 1 3, 1 6 a nd 2 8, S eptember 2 7 a nd O ctober 2 8, 1 893.
9,
2 83rbid.
2 84Folder # 20, P ilotage - "David T . L eahy N o. 5 " telephones o n b oard t ug b oats, May 8 a nd J une 1 4, 1 894.
2 85Folder # 26, S hipsmith s upplies, J une 1 5
2 3 a nd 2 7, 1 895.
A ugust
#82
s tationery
by
h and.286
A dditions o f p hone s ervice t o s ea
T here
r elated b usinesses c ontinued a t a s low p ace.
t endency
a void
to
N ash
C aptain
c onducted
e stablishments
u nless
c hange
a nd
b usiness
a bsolutely
w ith
t herefore,
h ad
t echnological c hanges w ere a ffecting
a
n ecessary.
a ll
of
t hese
be
a ware
t hat
m ethod
of
d oing
to
t he
w as
b usiness.
A nother
o f t he
c hange
t ypewriter.
w ritten.
M ost
t aking p lace i n b usiness w as t he u se
A ll
of
b illings
t o r ead.289
s hip's
w as
m erely
W illiam H.
c handlery
a nd
O ccasionally
t he
o nly
h and
t his
t ype
of
a s crawl o r j ust p lain d ifficult
Swan
a lways
g rocery
w rote
b ills
C aptain N ash w rote h is a ccount s heets
a nd
l aboriously
t he t ime t he w riting w as l egible287 a nd
e ven b eautifully e xecuted.288
c ommunication
w ere
in
in
h is
n eat
a
l ists
of
c ollumns,
s loppy
m anner
w ay t o u nderstand h is l ine i tem a ccounts w as
t o c ompare t hem w ith
a
b ill
f rom
s omeone
who
h ad
n eat
R igger,
H and
p enmanship.
2 86Folder
# 28,
W illiam
C ockran,
s tamped p hone n umber, J anuary 2 3, 1 896.
2 87Folder # 29, H andwritten r eceipt f rom
f or r unning r ope o n s hore, F ebruary 2 0, 1 896.
2 88Folder
May 5 , 1 896.
# 29,
H andwritten
r eceipt
2 89Folder # 29, H andwritten r eceipt f rom
f or c argo, M arch 6 , 1 896.
a
s tevedore
f or c ooperage,
t ally
c lerk
#83
Some
R .E.W.
D avison
1 896.290
In
D istrict
l etter
l etters
w rote
to
B oston,
A ttorney's
to
w ere w ritten b y h and, s uch a s t he o nes
Swan
M assachusetts,
o ffice
u sed
L ehigh
u sing
t ypewriters
R ailroad
f or
H erbert
B ros
C o.,
b egan
T ietjen
a nd b ills.294
F uller
a
By 1 904
b illings.
C ompany u sed t his b usiness m achine
to
H .P.
a ppear
at
T ypewritten s tatements a ppeared a t t he
b ill.293
t heir
F uller.291
t heir
b ills
t ypewritten
M cCaldin
in
H erbert
S on,
t he
1 6,
S tates
i n 1 896 w ere s till h andwritten.292
b egan
V alley
t he
A t t he B rooklyn Y ard o f
w hen
U nited
t ypewriter
f or i ts t allying.
1 904.
S eptember
Swan & S on o f F ebruary 2 , 1 897, s tating t hey h ad
t elegrams
c ompanies
on
t he
a
p laced a t wenty-four h our w atch o n
E ven
S on
&
t he
e nd
&
e nd o f
of
1 905
r an a ground a nd h ad t o b e t owed.
t owing
& L ang
K irkham
s ervice,
D ry
t yped
up
t he
D ock C o. t yped t he r epairs
T he S tatement o f G eneral A verage, w hich
2 90Folder # 30, L etter
1 6, 1 896.
f rom
REW
D avison,
S eptember
2 91Folder
# 30,
L etter t o Swan & S on f rom US
A ttorney S herman H oar - re: P ut 2 4 h our w atchmen o n t he
F uller, F ebruary 2 , 1 897.
2 92Folder # 30, T elegrams, J uly 2 1, 2 3 a nd 2 4, 1 896.
2 93Folder # 49, M cCaldin B ros. C o., T owing, S ervices
r endered t ypewritten, O ctober 1 0, 1 905.
2 94Folder # 49, T ietjen & L and D ry D ock
t ypewritten, O ctober 3 0, 1 905.
C o.,
R epairs
#84
s tated
w hat
a ctually
o ccurred
t o t he s hip, i ts c osts a nd
a djustments, w as a lso t yped.295
of
f acts
a nd
A
t ypewritten
s tatement
c heck w as p resented t o t he H erbert F uller b y
i nsurance b rokers, W alker & H ughes.296
T he
t ypewriter
w as
L atham.
C hristopher
f irst
P erfected
k eyboard m achine h ad a s hift
in
1 890
b oth
t he
t hat
m achine
u pper
J ohn
N.
e nabling
a nd
an
t edious
f aster
t han
f ashion
a nd
e veryone
c ould
r ead
i nventory.
In
U se o f t his
h ours
a nd
c reate
l etters
B ut i t w as n ot u ntil
a
m achine
f ront
s troke
e liminated
" writer's
l ettering
u nderstand
o peration s uch a s t he H erbert
d ouble
t he
c ramps"
It
a nd
R ecords c ould b e k ept i n a n
t he
s hipping,
t he
by
o f h and w ritten r ecords.
e liminated
s ince
1 867
t o u se t he t ypewriter w hile
h andwriting.
o rderly
to
d eveloped
o perator
in
1 878,
m echanism
W illiams
w as f airly e asy t o u se,
w as
in
a nd l ower c ases.
s itting a t a d esk.297
l aborious
i nvented
a nd
a ll
w as
d ocuments
e specially
F uller,
w here
s tandard,
in
a
r eports
a nd
s mall
w ere
k ept f or i nvestors, a gents, m erchants a nd g overnment
2 95Folder # 49,
O ctober 1 0, 1 905.
S tatement
o f G eneral A verage t yped,
2 96Folder # 49, W alker & H ughes, A verage A djusters
a nd I nsurance B rokers, T ypewritten s tatement o f f acts a nd
c heck e nclosed t o c over c osts, N ovember 2 9, 1 905.
2 97Anthony F eldman a nd P eter F ord, S cientists a nd
I nventors, (New Y ork: F acts o n F ile, I nc., 1 979), 1 58-9.
#85
it
i nspectors,
e vidence
w as
n eat
t ypewriter
b usinesses
b ecame
a nd
g reatly
i ndividuals
to
m ore
m anner,
t hese
w ork
t his
o rganized
y oung women o f t his e ra,
o rderly
T he
l egible.
f acilitated
w ork
t hat
i mperative
w as
to
t his
d ocumentary
i nvention
w as
r equired
a nd
s killed
r unning
F or t he a verage
a
home
men
d omestic
f or
y oung
s ervice
w ork p lace.
f irst
to
r un
women
a
p reviously
b usiness.
o utside
m odern
Women
r eserved
New
of
a reas
f actories
of
a nd
c reated a n eed f or p rofessionalism i n t he
K athryn G ibbs
b usiness
a nswered
b usinesses
in
t he
H erbert
p orts
e mployees f or o ffice w ork b ecause
e stablishments.
t he
c all
by
s chool f or women i n 1 911.299
n o women s aw e mployment o n t he
m ore
a
t he a bsence o f women a nd t ypewriters.298
n ecessary
e mployment
d ocks,
an
w hen t ypewriters a nd t elephones b ecame p art o f t he
e quipment
t he
in
a rea w as a n atural o utlet.
b egan e ntering t he w ork f orce i n a reas
f or
t he
g eneral,
T he d ifferences b etween t he o ld c ounting r oom a nd
o ffice
of
In
n eed.
n ew m achines.
u sed
in
a ll
W illiam
F uller
p robably
t ypewriters
H.
o pening
A lthough
or
u sed
on
t he
f emale
a ppeared
in
S wan, o wner o f t he S hip
C handler & G rocer l ocated a t 3 2 S outh S treet, New Y ork,
2 98Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 2 61.
2 99Telephone
i nterview
w ith
r epresentative
K athryn G ibbs B usiness S chool, J une 1 1, 1 993.
of
#86
p resented a t ypewritten a ccount, o n
O ctober
i tems
F uller.300
p urchased
f or
t he
H erbert
m onth, t he P ort W arden o f t he H arbor
a
t ypewritten
c ertification
of
1 4,
1 909,
of
L ater t hat
M aster's
O ffice
g ave
t he s urvey o f h atches a nd
c argo o n O ctober 2 9, 1 909.301
F or t hose
d id
_
not
or
b usinesses
h ad
i mportant s ervice.
t he
w ord
a bout
who
w anted
o rganization
n o a ccess t o t ypewriters, p rinting w as a n
B usinesses d epended u pon
t heir
a vailability
it
a nd
of
e veryday
r ecord
i ndustries o f s hipping a s
r ecords
f or
of
to
s pread
s pecialty.
p receded t he u se o f t he t ypewriter a nd h elped
t ask
b ut
to
It
k eep
t he
k eeping e asier i n b oth s atellite
w ell
as
on
b oard
s hips.
T he
t he H erbert F uller c onsisted m ainly o f v ouchers
s ervices
r endered
of
l etterheads
to
b illing
t he
s hip.
s tatements
T he
a llowed
C aptain N ash t he e ase o f f iling t hem i n
a
p reprinted
a
man
s pecific
l ike
m anner
s o h e c ould u se t he s ervices o f t hese v endors r epeatedly.
T ug
b usinesses
t echnology.
b oats
to
t ake
a ppeared
a dvantage
to
be
of
o ne
a ny
of
n ew
t he
f irst
p rinting
I n 1 900 t he E xcelsior L ine o f S team T ugs
3 00Folder # 66, Wm H. S wan, S hip C handler & G rocer,
3 2 S outh S treet, NY, T el. 3 466 B road, T ypewritten a ccount
o f i tems, O ctober 1 4, 1 909.
3 01Folder # 67, H arbor M aster's O ffice, T ypewritten
c ertification o f s urvey o f h atches a nd c argo b y P ort
W arden, O ctober 2 9, 1 909.
#87
a dvertised f ire a nd
Tow
B oat
Co
a fter.303
to
u se
w recking
p umps.302
U nion
p rinted t his s ervice o n t heir l etterhead s oon
I t w as a lways i mportant
t ug
b oats
to
f orms
t he
H erbert
F uller
w ith t he l atest t echnology t o a void a ny
m ishap w hile t owing t he v essel i nto
P rinting
C ommercial
a llowed
p ort
e ntrepreneurs
or
to
o ut
to
s ea.
a dvertise t heir
s pecialties a nd a ttract n ew b usiness.
T he B runswick P ilot's A ssociation o f
in
B runswick,
i ndustry.
s ix
to
b illing
G eorgia
I n 1 905 t hey h ad a ll t heir p ilotage
t wenty-three
h ead.304
w ith
to
t hirty
c osts,
f eet,
T he
p reprinted
P ilot
e liminated
e xpenses.
f eet.305
w elcomed
a ll
S imon
B ar
t ook f ull a dvantage o f t he p rinting
A ssociation
C aptain
t his
t ype
s peculation
N orthern p ilots
d id
of
w ith
N ash,
of
r ates,
f rom
o n o ne s ide o f t he
F lorida f ollowed s uit a f ew m onths l ater,
s ix
S t.
F ernandina,
r ates
f rom
a lways c oncerned
a dvertising
of
p resent
n ot
e mploy
a nd
t his
f or
it
f uture
t ype
of
a dvertisement.
3 02Folder # 37, E xcelsior L ine
a nd w recking p umps, A pril 2 0, 1 900.
o f S team T ugs, F ire
3 03Folder # 38, C ommercial U nion Tow
B oat
C o.,
W recking a nd f ire p umps t esting b oilers, D ecember 2 0, 1 900.
3 04Folder
# 47,
B runswick
P ilots'
P reprinted r ates o f p ilotage, A pril 2 4, 1 905.
3 05Folder # 48, P ilot
p ilotage, S eptember 2 3, 1 905.
A ssociation,
A ssociate, P reprinted r ate o f
#88
G overnment
T he
s ervices.
a gencies
H arbor
P ensacola, F lorida
h arbor
d ues.
t ook
M aster a nd I nspector i n t he P ort o f
b illed
On
t he
H erbert
be
a mount."
p aid
F uller
$ 7.00
f or
t he l etterhead o f t he b ill t he f ollowing
w as p reprinted, " This b ill, u nder t he
m ust
p rinting
of
a dvantage
l aws
of
t he
S tate,
w ithin 48 h ours, u nder p enalty o f d ouble t he
T he W est F lorida P rintery
p laced
t heir
n ame
on
t he f orm a s a dditional a dvertisement.306
S ervice
a nd
g ood
w ill, a t t he t urn o f t he c entury,
w ere p rime c onsiderations
w henever
When
o f 2 4 O ld S lip, New Y ork o perated
h is
B enjamin
d rug
" successor
1 14 W all
c ustomers
M ills
s tore,
to
k now
k new
r egular b asis.
he
D r.
S treet,
a nd R ichmonds
s upplies
P.
m ade
s ure
T homas
n ear
t hat
P harmacy"
w ere
k new
s old.
he
w as
H enry E . B rown o f
S treet,
New
Y ork
l et
h is
w as " successor t o G unning & B rown
in
s atisfied
e veryone
R itter.n307
S outh
he
b usinesses
1 898.308
c ustomers
C aptain N ash u sed
t he
D ealers
in
s hip's
r eturned t o t hem o n a
s ame
s uppliers
f or
h is p harmaceutical n eeds r epeatedly.
3 06Folder
# 67,
H arbor M aster's
p rovides f or p enalties i f p ayment i s n ot
48 h ours, O ctober 2 9, 1 909.
D ues, S tatement
r eceived w ithin
3 07Folder
# 13,
M edicinal s upplies f or s hip, J une 2 ,
3 08Folder
A ugust 2 3, 1 898.
# 34,
H enry
1 892.
E.
B rown,
P harmacy
l ist,
#89
C aptain
N ash
w as v ery p articular a bout who r epaired
t he s ails o f t he H erbert F uller.
t his
r equirement
f or
He
" John
n ame
L.
M artin
l etterhead s ince h e w as
a ware
t hat
h is
n ot
a lone
t he
G eorge
C o,"
&
W.
T aylor
s ailmaker,
p revious
o wner.309
in
v ery
s tationery.
in
l arge
s mall
In
1 904
( sic) W. T aylor,
B ills
c entered
c haracters
h is
n ame
w ere
on
t he
l etterhead
c orner
f inally
p resented
it
to
w as
of
r ead, " Geo
w as
c heck.
in
M anufacturing
H erbert F uller t hat s tated,
be
f or
c ash
R eceipts w ere g iven w hen b ills w ere p aid.
u sed a gain.3ll
h is
c aptain
m ade.
C opper
by
s hip's
p ayment
S ometimes
t he
t imes
w ill
of
l ettering b ut p ut h is
o ther
p ercent
h is
S uccessor t o J ohn L . M artin & C o.n310
g oods a nd s ervices.
T aunton
on
c ustomers n eeded e xtra a ssurance a bout h is
p redecessor
n ame
k ept
S trongly
w ork o n s ails, G eorge W. T aylor c ontinued w ith t he
h is
a bout
a ll c aptains who o perated s ails w ere
c oncerned a bout t his r epair w ork.
t he
w as
a nd
T here w as n o d istinction
C o.
In
1 900,
p resented a b ill t o t he
" Interest
at
a dded a fter 3 0 d ays."
t he
r ate
of
6
T he f irm w as n ever
A lthough M oquin-Offerman-Heissenbuttel
3 09Folder # 43,
3 0, 1 903.
L ouis
M artin,
S ail
M aker,
O ctober
3 10Folder # 44, G eo. W. T aylor, S ail M aker, 1 904.
3 11Folder # 37,
r ates, May 1 6, 1 900.
T aunton
C opper
M fg.
C o., I nterest
#90
C oal
C o.
s tated
q uite
c learly
on
t heir
b ills,
Y et,
c ash,"312 t heir s ervices w ere u sed q uite o ften.
L ouis
Y ork
M artin,
a lso
s tated,
a
" Terms
s ail
" Terms
w hen
m aker o n 4 5 S outh S treet, New
C ash,n313
t he
t heir b usiness t o G eorge W. T aylor,
H erbert
F uller
s uccessor
to
t ook
J ohn
L.
M artin, S ail M aker.
C are
o f t he
of
s hip.
F uller,
M aine
p urchased f or
t he
w ere
C aptain
P.
t he
f irst
v oyage
of
t he
H erbert
t o New Y ork, m edical s upplies w ere n ot
c rew.
A fter
p urchased
N ash
B enjamin
c rew w as j ust a s i mportant a s t he c are
D uring
f rom
s upplies
t he
w ith
p urchased
M ills,
J une
of
r egularity
m edical
s upplies
1 892
m edicinal
f or
t he
in
1 892,
O ld
S lip,
s ulpher,
o ne
b alsam,
New
b ark
f rom
s uccessor t o D r. T homas R itter, D ealer
i n M edicine C hests, P atent M edicines, e tc., l ocated
24
c rew.
Y ork.
s yringe,
{ campher
at
N o.
I tems i ncluded c austic p owdered
g inger,
e psom
t incture),
s alts,
p eppermint
l iniment,
a nd
l iver
3 12Folder # 37, M oquin-Offerman-Heissenbuttel
C o., T erms o f p ayment, May 1 8, 1 900.
C oal
p ills.314
3 13Folder
3 0, 1 903.
# 43,
L ouis
M artin,
S ail
M aker, O ctober
3 14Folder # 13, M edicinal s upplies f or s hip,
1 892.
J une
2,
#91
S pecial
c are
F uller
of
b ecame
p urchased
q uinine,
t he
m ore
w ere
c rew's
e vident
c astor
i nsect
h ealth
in
1 898.
"1
b ottle
P ain K iller.n315
o f t he e stablishment who s old
in
h is
a dvertisements,
c arbolic
a cid
t hese
i tems,
" Physician's
a lso
s tated
Y ork.
d rug
T he
t he
of
in
F lorida
c ompounded"
in
1 906.318
A
G raduate
in
b illing h ead o f M .P. B rown,
78
y ear w as 1 901.317
s tore
i ncluded
P rescriptions
P harmacy''
on
s olution
H enry E . B rown, t he o wner
" Prescriptions C ompounded b y a
P ure D rugs a nd C hemicals
p otash,
i odide
S pecialty.n316
w as
H erbert
q uinine p ills, e psom s alts, w itch
h azel, v aseline, c amphor l iniment,
a nd
t he
Some o f t he i tems
l audanum,
o il,
p owder,
a board
&
80
B road
S treet,
New
D r. B . B. B lount, o wner o f a
s tated
" prescriptions
T his
c arefully
w as o ne m ore i ndication o f
how p rofessionalism a nd o rganization
i nvaded
t he
s hipping
i ndustries.
P harmaceutical
i tems
n eeded,
b efore
a
s hip's
d eparture, w ere s pecifically d etailed f or s eamen.
I n 1 844
R ichard H enry D ana p ublished T he S eaman's F riend.
T his
3 15Folder
A ugust 2 3, 1 898.
# 34,
H enry
E.
B rown,
P harmacy
l ist,
3 16rbid.
3 17Folder
# 38,
F ebruary 2 8, 1 901.
M .P.
B rown,
M edical
s upplies,
3 18Folder # 50, M attair D rug C o., F ebruary 1 3, 1 906.
#92
b ook s tated a ll t he r equirements n ecessary f or t he
a
s hip
a nd
i ts
m edicine c hest
t ons,
c rew.
on
n avigated
p orts.
O nly
c hest.
A ll
of
A merican N avigation Law r equired a
e very
U nited
S tates
v essel
o ver
1 50
b y a c rew o f t en o r m ore b ound f or f oreign
an
e stablished
d rugs
i nstructions
c are
f or
h ad
i ts
a pothecary
to
be
u se.
c ould
a ccompanied
M edicine
f ill
t his
w ith s pecific
c hests
h ad
to
be
e xamined a nd r efitted b y t he p rofessional o nce a y ear.319
C are
t he
On
m edicines.
of
c rew
w as
F ebruary
9,
n ot
m erely
c onfined
to
1 907 t he B ureau o f N avigation
u nder t he D epartment o f C ommerce a nd L abor
i ssued
A rticles
B ," i ts o fficial
a nd
r equested
t hat
" Form
7 05
p rinting, w as t o b e p osted o n s hips i n a n
to
t he
c rew.
T hese
a rticles
s eamen,
f irst
e nacted
a ccessible
p lace
w ere U nited S tates r evised
s tatutes ( Sec. 4 519 S ec.lO(a) S ec. 1 1)
of
S hipping
f or
t he
p rotection
o n J uly 2 6, 1 884 a nd a mended o n
D ecember 2 1, 1 898.
U nder
A llotments,"
t he
t he
h eading
l aw
s eamen w ere f orbidden.
p rocure
s end
e mployment
an
f or
a llotment
of
of
p rovided
" Advanced
t hat
a dvance
No o ne w as t o a ct
s eamen.
h is
w ages
A
as
a nd
p ayments t o
an
a gent
to
s eaman w as a llowed t o
home
to
p arents, w ife, s ister ( or b rother) o r c hildren.
3 19Dana, 1 78.
W ages
g randparents,
T he
#93
S hipping C ommissioner h ad t o s ign f or
r esponsible
f or
t he
of
n umber
r ecipient
of
e nforcing
t imes
t hese
t his
a llotment,
w as
i t a nd h ad t o s tate t he a mount,
s uch
p ayments
w ages.320
w as
T his
m ade
a nd
t he
l aw w as e nacted w hen
r esponsible c itizens t ried t o p rotect t he s eamen.
M ost s eamen, i n t he
in
s qualor,
a bsolute
h all, w hile a shore. 3 21
s ide
of
M anhattan
s ailors. 3 22
r ate
t he
f or
l odgings
h ad
to
h alls o ffered
f rom
t he
S treet
o ver
a ny
e xtra
f unds
w ith
it
a lcohol
( often
p iano
p layers,
e stablishments.
When
l andlord
h is
b ecame
l ived
c ellars o f a d ance
on
a
h ad
l ower
e ast
h ouses
f or
t he
h undred
t imes
t he
g oing
a nd t ook t heir m oney i n a dvance. 3 23
p rostitutes
l odgings.
C herry
h ad
d epart
d ancers,
h alls
in
u sually
c entury,
L andlords c harged t hem t hree
s eaman
e ncouraged
n ineteenth
b anker
d rugged)
a nd
a nd
s eamen's
to
m oney
g ave
w as
D ance
e ntertainment
s ingers.
m en
a nd
he
a n e arly s tage.
at
e ncouraged
t he
a vailable,
If
O utside t he
e nter
w as
t hese
g one
h is
h im c redit f or h is
T his l asted o nly a f ew d ays f or s ailors w ere
3 20Folder # 55, D epartment o f
S hipping A rticles, J uly 1 1, 1 907.
C ommerce
a nd
L abor
3 21McKay, 4 14.
3 22rbid., 4 13.
3 23J. G rey J ewell, Among
H arper & B rothers, 1 874), 6 7.
O ur
S ailors, (New Y ork:
#94
t hen h eavily d rugged a nd c arried o ff t o
of
s hips
p aid
w ages o f t he
h imself
on
When
s trange
s hip
w ithout c lothes o r m oney.
in
d ebt.
t he
s eaman
at
s ea,
t heir
a greement
w hen
to
s ea
w ere
t old
c ircle.
T hey
w ere
t hey
S eamen
s hipped
s ea w ithout f unds, r eturned t o t heir home p ort w ith
w ere
d rugged
p ut o ut t o s ea.
l andlords
w hen
t hey
When some c aptains
u nder
s uch
f ound
a nd
c aptains
r efused
c onditions,
h ad
g iving t hem m ore p ower t han
on
c redit.
T hen
w ere d rinking a nd o nce m ore
f ind a ble b odied s eamen f or t hemselves.
be
w ent
t hey w ere d runk.
l ittle, i f a ny, m oney, a nd r an u p a b ill
t he
f ound
w ithout f riends a nd
I n e ffect, s ailors
f ound t hemselves i n a v icious
t hey
he
When t hey r eturned home a nd t ried t o o btain s ome
c ontracted
to
C aptains
a woke,
s ort o f r edress f rom t he l and s harks, t hey
o ut
s hip.
l andlords, k nown a s " land s harks," a dvanced
s eaman.
a
a
to
t hey
d eal
to
w ith
w ere t old t o
S ailors
y ield
e ver.
to
c ould
n ot
t he l andlords,
U nscrupulous
l andlords
g rew r ich o ff t he s ufferings o f t he s ailor.324
C ommunity
l eaders
s eafaring c ommunity a nd
S avings
o pened
in
New
w ished
in
to
1 829,
Y ork
T he
C ity.
do
s omething f or t he
S eamen's
B ank
S hipping
m erchants
e stablished t he i nstitution f or t he w orking m embers
s eaport.
of
f or
t he
T he i nstitution e xtended i ts s ervices i n 1 833 t o
3 24McKay, 4 13-7.
#95
t he
g eneral
p ublic.
T hroughout t he 1 950's i t k ept a ccount
s ervices f or t he s hips i n
U nfortunately,
p ort.
t he
b ank
f ailed i n A pril, 1 99o.325
T he
c oncern
b enefits
c rew
of
t hemselves
w ith
t he
w ith
H erbert
p oor
F uller
d id
t reatment
a nd
r espect t o t heir w ages.
n ot h ave t o
h ad
As a foresaid, p roof
h ad t o b e d isplayed t o t he C ustoms H ouse o f p ayment
s eamen.
T hey
t o a r elative.
m any
to
t he
c ould s end a ll o r a p art o f t heir w ages home
T heir
e arning
p ower
i ncreased
g radually,
a s s hown i n t he f ollowing t able, i ndicating m onthly w ages:
DATE
F IRST MATE
SECOND MATE
SEAMAN
May 5 , 1 891
May 3 , 1 892
M arch 1 0, 1 896
$ 30.00
4 0.00
5 0.00
$ 20.00
3 0.00
3 0.00
$ 12.oo326
2 o.oo327
2 o.oo328
T he
S hipping
A rticles
s lop-chest.
A s lop-chest i s a r oom
c rew
b uy
c ould
a ny
a nd
a ll
a lso
on
a
a ddressed
t he
s hip
w here
t he
n ecessities.329
T his
l aw
s pecifically s tated t hat c aptains h ad t o p rovide c lothing
3 25Plaque o f S eamen's B ank f or S avings C ollection
l ocated a t S outh S treet M useum, 1 71 J ohn S treet, New Y ork,
1 993.
3 26Folder # 4, C rew a llotment, May 5 , 1 891.
3 27Folder
# 13,
S eamen's
a llotment
n ote, May 3 1,
1 892.
3 28Folder # 29, P ortage b ill, M arch 1 0, 1 896.
I
3 29carse, 1 89.
#96
t o a ll s eamen, w hile a t s ea, i ncluding
u nderwear,
a gainst
a dded
o uterwear
i nclement
to
t he
o nly
s ell
l ist.
p rices.
it
When
T obacco
a nd
b lankets
t hem
s eamen
at
w ere
u se
t en
b ut
t he
p ercent
c aptain
a bove
If
it
C lothing
& G eneral
S treet, New Y ork, s old
H erbert
F uller.
s eamen
t otalled
w holesale
of
w oolen
w as c old, t he c aptain h ad t o s et a side a
w arm r oom f or t he s eaman's c omfort.
in
c ould
i n p ort f or m ore t han f ourteen
d ays, t he c aptain h ad t o p rovide f or t hem a s uit
c lothing.
w ere
S eamen w ere a llowed t o p urchase t hese
p ersonal
to
h eadwear,
a s w ell a s c lothes f or t he p rotection
w eather.
i tems f or t heir own
f ootgear,
G oods
F .A.
C olcord,
" Dealer
O utfitting f or S eamen" o f 42 S outh
m erchandise
p urchased
$ 85.48.330
f or
t he
on
J une
Among
c rew
8,
of
t he
1 900
f or
t he i tems p rovided f or
s ailors o n O ctober 1 3, 1 909, f rom t his
s ame
e stablishment,
w ere:
$ 8 .25
1 3.00
5 .25
4 .50
2 .00
6 .3o331
2 p airs l ong b oots
4 s horts
3 s uits
1 2 s hirts
2 d ozen s ocks
1 5 p ounds t obacco
P revious
to
t he e nactment o f t his l aw, m any M asters
d educted w ages f or a ll i tems n eeded f rom t he s hip's
3 30Folder # 37,
J une 8 , 1 900.
F .A.
C olcord,
S eamen's
c lothing,
3 31Folder # 66, F .A. C olcord, D ealer i n C lothing &
G eneral O utfitting f or S eamen, O ctober 1 3, 1 909.
#97
S ailors
s lop-chest.
p ort
r eached
f or
at
h ad
F uller
i mproved
a nd
d ifficult
w as
a ll
to
in
in
s ervice,
c orporal
u nderstand
E ngland,
a lleged
B etween
t he
p unishment
h ow
t he
e bb.
m ariners
By
t he
t ime
of
t he
v oyage.
c eased.
It
is
s eaman's
l ife
h ad
D uring
t he
t hat
t he
he
f ifteenth
n ot o nly w ere p aid i n w ages
at
t he
B ritish A dmiralty C ourts e nforced a ll
d ebts o f t he o wner o f a s hip t o
m eant
t he
t reatment o f s eamen
b ut w ere a llowed a p ercentage o f t he s hip's f reight
e nd
t heir
s ea a nd s elfish g reedy l andlords i n
p reviously c ome t o s uch a l ow
c entury
m oney w hen t hey
i tems.
p ort, t he s ailor's l ife w as u nhappy.332
H erbert
no
M asters
n ecessary
t hese
M asters
t hey
t heir
b ecause
i ndebtedness
a varicious
f ound
h is
s eamen
e ven
if
t his
h ad t o s ell h is s hip " down t o t he l ast
n ail.n333
D uring t his s ame e ra, i f a s eaman
h urt,
t he
M aster
h ad
to
f ood, c andle a nd l odgings a nd
h im.334
S ince
c ooking
on
f ell
i ll
or
w as
p ay h is w ages, p rovide h im w ith
f ind
b oard
a
woman
to
c are
f or
w as l imited, s taples a t
s ea c onsisted o f s alted m eat, s alted o r s moked f ish, b read
3 32Jewell, 7 0-3.
3 33Dorothy B urwash,
1 460
1 540,
( Toronto:
1 947), 4 2-57.
3 34rbid.,
s s.
E nglish
M erchant
S hipping:
U niversity o f T oronto P ress,
#98
a nd b eer.335
One o f t he m ore i mportant
A rticles
w as
t hat
it
a spects
of
be
p osted.
E very
p ounds,
d aily.
w as
S aturday.
S alted
to
One
be
He w as a llowed a h alf
b eef,
s erved
on
a lso
s pecific
H erbert
l isted
t he s upplies
l aw's
d emand
h ad
p ound
of
a t l east o ne a nd a q uarter
T uesday,
F riday.
in
d aily
w ere
a mounts
F uller
d iet
T hursday
a nd
p ound o f s alted p ork w as t o b e g iven t o t he
men o n M onday, W ednesday a nd
w ere
T his
s eaman k new h e w as e ntitled t o f our
q uarts o f w ater e very d ay.
b iscuits
S hipping
s pecified t he e xact a mounts o f f ood
t o b e p rovided t o t he c rew d uring a v oyage.
to
t he
a lso
a mounts.
F ruits
a nd
l egumes
F ood s ubstitutes i n
l isted.336
W henever
t he
c ame t o p ort, C aptain N ash r efurbished s ome
u sed
d uring
a
v oyage,
in
c ompliance
f or f resh f oods, w henever p ossible.
w ith
Da C osta
& C o., i n C uba, s old f resh b eef a nd e ggs t o C aptain N ash
3 35Burwash, 7 2-4.
3 36carbohydrates s uch a s r ice, p otatoes, a nd b reads
a s w ell a s l egumes, h ad a d esignated v alue s o t hat t hese
i tems c ould b e s ubstituted f or o ne a nother i n s pecified
a mounts.
F or
e xample, o ne p ound o f f lour c ould b e
s ubstituted f or a h alf p ound o f b uscuits o r o ne a nd a h alf
p ounds
of
b read
o n a d aily b asis.
Two o unces o f
d ehydrated v egetables c ould b e s ubstituted f or o ne p ound
o f p otatoes o r y ams.
S ix o unces o f r ice c ould b e u sed
i nstead o f c racked w heat o f t wo o nces o f t apioca.
Two
o unces o f p ickled o nions r eplaced f our o unces o f f resh
o nions. Some c aptains, i ncluding N ash, t ried t o u se t he
c heapest i tems w hich r esulted i n a m onotonous d iet.
#99
f or h is c rew o n F ebruary
M arch
a nd
3
he
p urchased
s everal
d ays
2 4,
1 895.
T he
n ext
m onth,
on
f resh v egetables, e ggs a nd p otatoes
l ater
on
M arch
6,
he
b ought
m ore
p otatoes.337
B efore
t he
H erbert
Y ork, C aptain N ash
i tem
w as
in
o f f ood f or
h erring,
F uller's
p urchased
f ood
f or
t he
c rew.
p runes
m onotonous.
a nd
T hey
B eef,
c anned
h am,
c rew.
s alted
b lueberries
E very
f ish,
w ere
s alted
a mong
h is
w ere a lso c heap f oods a nd t he d iet w as
m ust
h ave
b een
c omplaints
a board t he H erbert F uller f or a fter
Y ork
e mployed.339
s hipping
h is
No o ne c ould s ay h e w as n ot c ost c onscious.
T here
New
v oyage t o New
c ompliance w ith t he S hipping A rticles s ection
p urchases.338
in
m aiden
q uite
In
a gents,
1 892
f requently
F ebruary
p resented
of
t he
1 895,
t he
s hip
a
a nd
f ood
d ocked
s teward
W ile
&
w as
T errill,
a b ill t o t he C aptain N ash f or
e xtra h elp a t t he d ock a nd e mployed a
t he m onth.340
a bout
c ook
at
$ 25.00
f or
A lthough n o o ther r eceipts s howed a ny o ther
3 37Folder
# 23,
G rocery b ills, F ebruary 24 - March
6 , 1 895.
3 38Folder # 2, A ccount a nd
s upplies
3 39Folder
a llotment
l ist,
J anuary
2 3, 1 891.
# 13,
S eamen's
n ote, May 3 1,
1 892.
3 40Folder # 22, W ild & T errill,
P ayment t o c rew, F ebruary 2 , 1 895.
S hipping
a gents,
#1 00
c ulinary h elp b efore 1 896, i t i s o bvious t hat
a
p rofessional
i ncluded:
S ugar,
v ermicelli,
w as
at
w ork
t ripe,
c odfish,
w hen
b utter,
m ackerel,
p eas,
r ed
p eas,
y ellow
a pples,
p eas,
o ysters,
c lams,
l obsters,
w orchester
s auce,
v egetables,
l ima
f oods
b arley,
b read,
c offee,
a pricots,
s plit
m olasses,
ox
t ongues,
o lives,
r adishes,
v inegar,
of
of
c loves, c innamon,
f lour,
t ea,
t omatoes,
b eans,
l ist
h and
r ice,
n utmeg,
b eans,
r aisins,
t he
m eal,
p epper, g inger, m ustard, b acon, l ard,
t he
c atsup,
c ranberries,
b lueberries,
o nions,
p eaches,
e ggs,
v anilla e xtract, l emon e xtract a nd a lspice.341
T he
s hip's
w ell s tocked a nd
B ecause
of
h is
s teward
n eat
w as
r esponsible
k itchen.
l imited
He
d uties
c onsidered h im t o b e a n " idler."342
f or k eeping a
p repared
on
a ll
m eals.
b oard,
m any
s eamen
He
n ever
s tood
w atch
o r l ent a h and w ith a ny o f t he d uties o f a s eaman.343
To
p rotect
a
s eaman
f rom
a busive
t reatment, t he
S hipping A rticles s tated t hat t he c rew h ad
to
M aster
T he
a nd
o bey
h is
o rders
p romptly.
r espect
o nly
t he
a ct a
M aster w as a llowed t o i nflict o n h is c rew f or n egligence
3 41Folder # 16, C handlery b ill, F ebruary 2 5, 1 893.
3 42waivertree.
3 43nana, 7 9-84.
#1 01
o r e mbezzlement w as t he r eduction o f w ages.
T he r eason t he B ureau o f N avigation i nsisted
p osting
of
on
t he
H erbert
A side
c omplained.
f rom
F uller
d ietary
S ailors
h ad
O bviously
b ecause
p rotests,
A rticles w ere a imed a t p rotecting
M aster.
t he
c rew
a s hort l ife s pan.
p ast,
s ome
c aptains
k nuckles, a bused t hem
t hreatened
t hem
w ith
w ith
a nd
t heir
f oul
f rom
p hysically
w hen
t hem
w ith
j obs s o t hat t he men w ould
s ight.
T he
w as a c rime.
C aptain
a
c rew
w ith
a nd
t hey
w ere
T hen
3 46rbid., 4 4.
3 47rbid.
b rass
s tarved,
t here
h ard
w ere s ome
t heir
m en,
t reatment a nd u nusually d ifficult
d esert
p ocketed
at
t he
f irst
p ort
in
t heir w ages s ince d esertion
y ears a t s ea b ecause o f t his p ractice.347
3 45rbid., 3 2.
In
c onstantly
Many M asters w ere a ble t o r etire a fter
3 44Jewell, 1 4.
h arsh
Many c aptains b elieved
a bused.346
r ough
S hipping
s ea.344
M asters who r educed t he a mount o f f ood g iven t o
a bused
c rew
On a verage, t hey
l anguage
v iolence.345
s eamen o nly r espected t hem
w orked
b eat
f ood
t he
t he
l ived f or a bout t welve y ears d uring s ervice a t
t he
t he
t he S hipping A rticles w as t o a pprise t he s eaman
o f h is r ight t o p rotest a ny w rongful a cts.
i mproved
on
a
f ew
#1 02
On
m any
s hips,
b efore
t he
S hipping A rticles w ere
e nacted, t he r ule w as c ruel a nd u nusual p unishment
i nfraction
of
t he
r ules.
d eck
a ny
T his c onsisted o f b eatings w ith
a b elaying p in o r m arline ( spikes); c haining t heir
t he
f or
a nd c haining t heir w rists t ogether.
f eet
to
T hen, w ith a
b lock a nd t ackle, t hey s tretched t he
p oor
p ulling
A nother p unishment p ut
h im
f rom
l imb
to
l imb.
s eaman
s eamen i nto c offins, c alled a " sweat-box," f or
s eamen
s uffocated
u pwards,
d ays.
Some
w hen a d eck mop w as f orcibly p ushed i nto
t heir m ouths.348
T hese c ases w ere d ifficult t o p rove
l aw
b ecause
p unishment
t he
t hat
r evenge."349
o ccurring
s eaman
w as
h ad
i nflicted
P unishments
as
l ate
to
do
s omething
w hen
c ruel
s ort
D r.
p rotect
c ourt
J.
of
a nd u nusual
h atred
or
w ere
s till
G rey
J ewell
p leaded
T he a uthor
to
a
" malice,
t his
1 874
as
s how
w ith
of
p ublished Among O ur S ailors.
p ublic
to
in
s eamen
w ith
f rom
t he
h arsh
t reatment.
B y t he t ime t he H erbert F uller
h ad
e very
e xpectation
g iven a c lothing
f ood.
w as
e ngaged,
o f b eing t reated f airly.
a llotment
a nd
f ed
a dequate
T hey w ere
a mounts
Warm q uarters w ere p rovided f or t hem i n w inter
3 48Jewell, 5 4.
3 49rbid., 5 8.
s eamen
of
#1 03
B eatings
w eather.
u sually
T he
g ood.
it
w as
w holesome.
A lthough
F resh
v egetables w ere r equired w hen i n p ort.
b rought
on
b oard
w hile a t s ea.350
w ere
M aster a nd h is f irst m ate l ooked a fter
t he w elfare o f y oung c rew m embers.
m onotonous,
c onditions
W orking
s topped.
so
t hey
t he
f ish,
L ive
f ood
w as
m eats
a nd
a nimals
w ere
c ould b e a ssured o f f resh f ood
S eamen w ashed t heir own
d ishes
a nd
k ept
t heir a rea c lean.351
P ositive
s ailors.
t ake
a ctions
a long
w ives
a nd
n ot
c ould b e r elied
w ives
L aura,
of
f rom h umane t reatment o f
As v oyages b ecame l onger, i t b ecame
t heir o fficers. 3 52
q uiet
r esulted
a nd
i nterfere
f or
u pon
w ife
of
t he
w ere
of
h usband o n m any t rips.
w ith
t he
t reated
C aptain
e xpected
c rew.
b aby-sitting
to
c aptain a nd e ven
T he c aptain's w ife w as
o fficers
t he
f amilies
n ecessary
to
be
Y et, t he c rew
s ervices
a nd
t he
w ith
g reat
r espect.353
C harles
N ash,
j oined
T he c aptain, j ust
b efore
h er
e mbarking
o n t he H erbert F uller's m aiden v oyage, p urchased a b all
3 50waivertree.
3 5lparker, 5 9.
3 52naniel
M acintyre
H enderson, Y ankee S hips i n
C hina S eas:
A dventures o f P ioneer Ame -~i-c_a_n s
r
~----~-~~t~h~ein
Troubled F ar E ast,
(New Y ork:
H astings H ouse, 1 946),
8 6-101.
3 53parker, 9 4-5.
#1 04
r ocker
f or
$ 8.00
p laced a board
O ctober
2,
s hip
1 891,
e specially
f or
l ess
f or
h er.354
e ntertainment
t han
s eamen
t he
c rew.
On
a y ear l ater, t he i nstrument
h ad t o r epaired a t a c ost o f $ 9.00.355
a board,
of
o rgan w as
An
W ith
i mproved
l ife
l ooked a t c ommercial s hipping a s a l ifelong
c areer w ith o pportunities f or a dvancement.
3 54Folder # 2, A ccount a nd s upply
l ist,
J anuary
1 891.
3 55Folder # 8, O rgan r epair, O ctober 2 , 1 891.
2 3,
#1 05
CHAPTER 6
DISASTERS AND CONCLUSIONS
a board
L ife
T he
u neventful.
a nother,
of
p rofit f or
v essel
s hip
e mployed
s ervices
t ransported
s atellite
t he
a nd
s hipping
N ash
a nd
o rdinary
to
f ew
h ave
w orries
T hen o ne f ateful d ay S wan
s hipping
a gents
in
S on
&
o ther
a nd
F uller
a h atchet.
whom
t he
w ith
w ith
o utsiders.
t he
m ade
i nvestors.
t ear
a
T he
a nd r epairs b ut
C aptain
N ash
r espect t o h is s hip.
r eceived
a
t elegram
f rom
H alifax, N ova S cotia o n J uly 2 1, 1 896.
s econd
m ate
of
t he
w ere a ll m urdered b y t he f irst o fficer w ith
T he v essel w as b rought t o
p olice
p laced
u nder
s hore
a rrest.
by
i nstructions
to
a llow
t he
c rew,
A t t he r equest#of
t he A merican c onsul t he C hief o f P olice p laced
b oard
f airly
u sed
a nd
s ervice.
C aptain N ash, h is w ife, L aura a nd t he
H erbert
w orkers,
i ndustries
t he
w ear
w as
c argo f rom o ne p ort t o
d ock
n othing m ajor d eveloped d uring i ts
a ppeared
F uller
H erbert
s eamen
C aptain
h ad
t he
a
g uard
on
n o c ommunications w ith
T he b odies r emained o n b oard u ntil
t he
c ame a nd h eld a n i nquest.356
T homas B ram, t he f irst o fficer, a ccused o f t he
3 56Folder # 30, T elegrams, J uly 2 1, 1 896.
c oroner
#1 06
m urder,
l ived
in
New Y ork, b ut a n i nvestigation s howed h e
h ad a m other a nd w ife
S tates
D istrict
A ttorney
b rought t o B oston.
f or
l iving
M urder
a n E nglish M aster,
H alifax.357
o rdered
d id
W ithin
e mployment.
in
o ffered
U nited
t hat t he b ark s hould b e
n ot
d ays
T he
d eter
a nyone
l ooking
o f t he t ragedy, F . S ellica,
h is
s ervices
on
t he
H erbert
F uller.358
W ord
of
t his
h orror
c aptains u p a nd d own t he
w rote
a
l etter
to
t raveled
A tlantic
f ast
C oast.
w as
d ischarged
at
t he
U nited
S tates
R .E.W.
w ith
C aptain
be
i nsufficient.
c onversations
t hreatening
B altimore
t he
b etween
h im
b ut
s ubject.
h is
s hip
D avison
w ent
V ice C onsul t o h ave h im s ent t o t he
U nited S tates f or t rial b ut t he c onsul d eemed
to
D avison
R io d e J aneiro o n F ebruary 3 , 1 896
f or t rying t o k ill h im w hile a t s ea.
to
o ther s ea
& S on o n S eptember 1 6, 1 896 a nd
S wan
s tated t hat T homas B ram w as t he s econd m ate
a nd
to
D avison
B ram
( Davison).
a nd
h is
t he
c abin
e vidence
b oy
h eard
a nd a nother m ate, M r. N icklas,
N icklas
w as
d ischarged
in
D avison b elieved h e c ould s hed m ore l ight o n
D avison
b elieved
B ram
w ould
h ave
a lso
m urdered h im e xcept " he c ould n ever k etch ( sic) t he o ld
3 57Folder # 30, T elegram, J Uly 2 1, 1 896.
3 58Folder # 30, L etter f rom F . S ellica o ffering h is
s ervices a s M aster, J uly 2 4, 1 896.
#1 07
m an a sleep."359.
T he
t hese
U nited
S tates
T here
a llegations.
H owever,
J ohn
D istrict
R.
w as
A ttorney
a
B ram
B ram.360
F uller.361
T wenty-four
T he
on
t he
s hip.
K elley, a w itness, w ho k new B ram o n t hat
s hip, d enied i t w as t he s ame m an w hen
T homas
i nvestigated
n ewspapers
s hown
a
p icture
w atchmen g uarded t he H erbert
w anted
to
m ake
a
p re-trial
e xperiment w ith r espect t o t he b linds o n t he w indow
it
c ould
of
b e s een b y a ny t hird p arty.
a nd
if
S eaman C harles B rown
s aid h e s aw t he m urders.362
T he f ollowing
C aptain
N ash
B oston.
be
h is
w ere
w ife,
e licited
L aura
s ervices.
w ith
B ram h ad
C harles
t he
t he
at
w ere
T homas B ram w as t he f irst m ate.
i nvolved
m urder.
a nd
f acts
He
t he
t rial.
s ailing
w as
f rom
k nown
to
s ailor's m issions a nd l ed r eligious
m idnight
w atch
p revious
to
B rown, a s eaman, w as a t t he w heel.
o ne
h eard a c ommotion.
He l oaded h is r evolver a nd w ent t o t he
L etter
on
b oard,
f rom
L .H.
E arly
i n t he m orning t he
3 59Folder
# 30,
S eptember 1 6, 1 896.
p assenger
t he
R .E.W.
M onks,
D avison,
3 60Folder # 30, L etter t o S wan & S on
f rom
A ttorney's o ffice i n M assachusetts, S eptember 4 , 1 896.
US
3 61Folder
# 30,
L etter t o S wan
A ttorney, S herman H oar, F ebruary 2 , 1 897.
US
3 62rbid.
&
S on
f rom
#1 08
c aptain's c abin t o i nvestigate.
c aptain
in
a
p ool
of
He w as s hocked t o
b lood.
d awn
a nd
w ondered
k eep
f ound
t he
t hat
men
t he
t wo
men
a nd
h eaved
f rom u sing i t o n t hem.
s econd
k ept
who w as t he m urderer.
f ound t he b loody a xe o n t he d eck
to
m ate
t he
He f ound B ram a t t he w atch
a nd t old h im w hat h e h ad s een a nd t he
u ntil
s ee
a nd
it
w atch
T hen t hey
o verboard
S oon a fter, t hey
L aura
h ad
a lso
b een
b ludgeoned.
B ram
b ecame
m aster a nd h ad B rown p ut i n i rons.
s eaman w as a ccused o f t he m urder s ince h e w as a t
a nd
c ould
h ave
e ntered
w ithout b eing s een.
c aptors
t hat
t he
c aptain's
O nce i n i rons,
t he
T he
w heel
c abin a t a ny t ime
B rown
t old
h is
o ther
h e h ad p eeked t hrough t he c abin p ort a nd s een
B ram w ith a n a xe.
A t t his p oint t he c rew j umped
t heir
n ew
m aster, p ut h im i n i rons a nd h eaded t owards H alifax.
At
t he
c onflicting
s entenced
b ut
h ang.
He
to
h is
R inehart,
t his
t he
h im.
f ateful d ay o n
p leased.
t ime
s entence
H oward T aft t o
p ardoned
in
s tories
n ew t rial a nd
s erved
t rial
in
w riter,
B oston
B ram
w as
w ere
f ound
s everal
g uilty
a nd
m anaged t o a ppeal t he c ase, g ot a
d rew
a
l ife
i mprisonment.
A tlanta u ntil 1 913.
p revailed
p arole
h im
T he
f amilies
t he
t here
H erbert
a nd
u pon
of
F uller
M ary R oberts
P resident
P resident
t hose
c ould
He
W illiam
Woodrow
W ilson
who p erished t hat
n ot
h ave
When B ram l eft p rison h e o pened u p a b ar i n
b een
#1 09
A tlanta a nd w as s o s uccessful t hat h e p urchased s everal
s chooners.363
No
o ne
e ver
t hinks i n t erms o f m urder w hen t alking
a bout " Dangers o f t he
a re
o ccurrences
As
S ea."
b eyond
m an's
d iscussed
c ontrol.
e arlier
t hese
Y et, n o o ne w ould
h ave a rgued t hat t his w as a lso o ne o f t he p erils
of
m arine
v oyages.
A lonzo
N ash,
m aster o f t he
F uller
w as
C harles
H erbert
f airly
N ash's
F uller.
L ife
u neventful
d ecks
b locks.364
w ere
t housand
T he
b urned.
d ollars.
f easibility
of
r igging
R epair
T here
s pending
w as
t his
a board
f ire,
w as
l ost
b adly
" as
t he
e stimates
a
s pars,
w ere
q uestion
a mount
W hile
s ails
a bout
s even
a bout
t he
o f m oney a nd t aking
s imply
s ell
i s," a nd s plit t he p rofits a mong t he o wners.
Swan
& S on p oled e ach i nvestor t o s ee i f
t hey
or
w ere
p ut u p t heir s hare o f t he v essel f or r epairs.365
MA:
H erbert
s corched a nd t he
t he r isk t hat t he v essel w ould p ay i ts w ay
i t,
t ook o ver a s
u ntil J une 1 5, 1 910.
i n a l umber y ard t he s hip c aught
a nd
b rother
w illing
to
M ost o f
3 63Giles M .S. T od, T he L ast S ail Down E ast, ( Barre,
B arre P ublishers, 1 965), 1 16-7.
3 64Folder # 73, L etter f rom Swan & S on t o a ll o wners
s tating t he s hip c aught f ire w hile i n G rass A ustin &
I slands L umber Y ard o n J une 1 5, 1 910, J une 2 4, 1 910.
3 65Folder # 73, L etter f rom Swan & S on t o
s tating t he s hip c aught f ire, J une 2 4, 1 910.
a ll
o wners
#1 10
t hem
s aid
no
to
t his a nd s aid t o s ell t he H erbert F uller
F rederick
w ould
o ne
who o wned a d ry d ock c ompany, w rote
of
t he
i nvestors
t o S wan & S on
s aying
H erbert
F uller
b ecause
s he
if
o utright,
b ring.366
L ang,
f or w hatever t he m arket
he
a nd
t hey
h is
b rother
w ould
r epair
o wned
h er
t he
s imply
w as d oing v ery w ell l ately a nd " was w orth m ore
t han $ 7,000. - before t he f ire a nd w hen
r epaired,
w ill
be
w orth m ore t han t hat."367
Some
m embers
w ould g o a long w ith
C offin,
a nother
H erbert
F uller
m arket b rought.
o f t he f amily, l ike F .S. N ash, s aid h e
t he
w ishes
o wner,
a nd
of
o bjected
w anted
t he
to
v .s.
f amily.368
a ny
r epair
of
t he
t he s hip sold f or w hatever t he
He s aid, " she w ould
n ever
p ay
t he
b ill.
H as b een a b ad e gg f rom t he w ord g o."369
A ccording
to
t he
l etter
o f t he L ang b rothers, t he
H erbert F uller w as s till v aluable a nd c ould
b ut
v .s.
C offin d id n ot c oncur.
m ake
a
p rofit
T here w as t he n agging
3 66Folder # 73, A s eries o f l etters t o S wan & S on
s tating t heir o pinions, J une 2 7 - July 1 8, 1 910.
3 67Folder # 73, L etter f rom
F rederick
L ang
of
T ietjen & L and D ry D ock C o. t o S wan & S on, J uly 1 5, 1 910.
3 68Folder # 73, L etter f rom F .S. N ash, W ater B oat
S treet,
B runswick,
a nd S team H oisters o f 2 319 U nion
G eorgia t o S wan & S on, J une 3 0, 1 910.
3 69Folder # 73,
S on, J uly 2 , 1 910.
L etter
f rom
V .S.
C offin t o S wan &
#1 11
t hought t hat t his w as
H erbert
F uller
a nd
g et t heir m oney.
It
f eelings.
f inally,
in
t he
t he
T he
t ook
s econd
to
b efall
t he
o wners j ust w anted t o s ell i t a nd
m urder
a
t ragedy
l ong
h ad
l eft
t ime
t hem
to
f ind
w ith
a
b itter
b uyer
a nd
1 916, t he H erbert F uller w as s old f or $ 32,000.
a nd r enamed " Rousse."370
T he f inal e pisode o f t he H erbert F uller
May
2 7,
1 917.
A
R ousse o ff t he
S tates
h ad
on
G erman s ubmarine s unk a nd d estroyed t he
c oast
b een
o ccurred
of
M onaco,
i nvolved
in
F rance.371
T he
U nited
W orld War I f or l ess t han a
m onth a nd a h alf.372
I t w as i ronic t hat t he
s een
o ne
t he
e nd
e nded.
s ail
T hose
p owered
s ails
s ervice a s m erchant v essels.
War
t hrust
a ctivities
p olitics, s ocial
l ife.
F uller
s hould
h ave
o f i ts d ays d uring t he w ar b ecause a lmost n o
c ommissioned
c onflict
H erbert
m ores
w ooden
t hat
I t w as
f orward
a nd
e very
b oats
w hen
r emained
t he
in
e nd
s aw l imited
of
b usiness,
o ther
t he
f acet
an
e ra.
s cience,
of
d aily
E ven i f W orld War I h ad n ot # occurred, t he H erbert
3 70Folder # 74, H erbert
$ 32,000. a nd r enamed " Rousse."
F uller
3 71The M ariners
D ecember, 1 993.
L ibrary,
Museum
s old
in
1 916
f or
N ewport N ews, VA,
3 72R. R . P almer a nd J oel C olton, A H istory o f t he
M odern W orld S ince 1 815, (New Y ork:
A lfred A . K napf,
I nc., 1 984), 6 79.
#1 12
F uller's d ays w ere n umbered a s a c ommercial
s hips
h ad
v essel,
to
j ustify
w ith
i ts
t heir
l imited
l arger,
f aster
t ime.
New
p ractices
a nd
a nd
m oved
d emanded
c apacity,
s team
g oods
t echnological
a nd
e xistence e conomically, t his
c arrying
c ompete w ith t he n ewer s teel
c hanged
t echnicians
p lace.
T he H erbert F uller w as s till u sing
o ther
s hips
a ccounts
t he
f rom
e nergies.
A ll
c aptain
w ork
H erbert F uller.
t he
w hich
n ot
w ere
t o o ther p orts i n r ecord
s killed
u sing
c ould
s hips
d evelopments
w ere
S ince
v essel.
in
t he w ork
t elegraphs
t elephone.
t ook
b usiness
H and
t ime,
w hen
w ritten
s apping
h is
w as d elegated f rom t he c aptain o n t he
T he s hip
d id
n ot
a ttract
m any
o fficers
w ho c ould h ave t aken o ver s ome o f t he c aptain's d uties.
As
t he
n ew
c entury
b egan,
New Y ork w ere t aking p lace r apidly.
w ere
in
w ages.
w ere
t he
w ork
p lace,
I mmigrants
A t t he s ame t ime, p rofessionalism
p art
of
a ccommodated
b usiness
g rowth.
F uller
n ot
d evelopment.
t he
e scalated,
women
a nd
o rganization
t he b usiness w orld, d emanding m ore s kill a nd
New Y ork, a s
d id
a nd
r eplacing m any w orkers a t l ower
e ducation i n i ndustry.
a nd
c hanges i n t he P ort o f
m easure
W ages
c ost
y et
of
t he
k eeping
H erbert
a
m ercantile
c enter,
A s hip s uch a s t he H erbert
up
i ncreased
a
to
p otential
e conomic
f or s eamen a nd d uties, f ees
s hip
in
g ood
F uller
h ad
n o w ay o f m aking
~~~~--~~~~
c ondition
m ore p rofits s o i t c ould p ay i ts own w ay a nd e arn e nough
#1 13
d ividends f or i ts o wners.
When
s hippers
t ried t o u se f our, f ive a nd s ix m asts
f or l arger s hips w ith g reater s torage s pace f or
r esults
w ere
d isastrous.
i ron
p eriod
a nd
g ave
s teel
b etter
t he
As a r esult s ail s hips m ade l ess
p rofits o n e ach h aul b ecause t hey c arried
p owered
g oods,
v essels.
r ates
to
l ess
M odern
t he
t han
s hips
m erchants
s team
of
t he
a nd
t hus
of
t he
g radually e ased o ut s ails a s c ompetitors.
A nother
w ooden
s ail
f actor
s hip
t hat
w as
Y ork
t ravelled
a round
to
t he
i nterior.
T he
t he
C anal.373
E rie
t raffic,
a nd
r ailroad
i ndustry
by
g oods
s imply t ook o ver t he t raffic w hich h ad
c ommerce
g oods
g rowth
r ailroads
w ater
T he r esult
t he
t hat t he r ailroad i ndustry w as u sed
m ore f requently t o t ransfer
New
l imited
w as
s hip
t rade
w hich
g rew
t hat
f ound
m ove t hem b y r ail.
b ut
P reviously,
r ailroads
h ad
t heir
m erchants
b een
c ities
o pened
u p a reas t o
b arren.374
r ates
b ecame
who
g rew
f ormerly
As
c ompetitive.
s ent
t heir
i t m ore e conomical a nd c onvenient t o
E ven t he H erbert F uller
t ook
a dvantage
o f r ailroads, w hen, i n 1 904, t hey p icked u p g oods f rom
3 73Albion, R ise o f New Y ork P ort, 3 85.
3 74Haites, 5 .
t he
#1 14
L ehigh
V alley
1 907, t he
V alley
R ailroad
H erbert
i n P erth Amboy, New J ersey.375
F uller
R ailroad376
a nd
p icked
c ement
up
l umber
f rom
f rom
By
L ehigh
t he C entral R ailroad
C ompany o f New J ersey.377
D uring
i ts
t erm
r eflected
c hanging
B uilt
a
at
t ime
of
s ervice,
m aritime
t he
e conomics
H erbert
t he
of
t hem,
t his
v essel
f irst d ecade o f i ts
v iable
t echnology
R evolution.
p eriod.
w hen m erchant s ailing v essels w ere s till
e conomically f easible a nd t rained s eamen w ere
s ail
F uller
t he
e xemplifying
p eriod
of
t he
p rior t o t he I ndustrial
of
i ts
e xistence c hanges i n t echnology, s uch a s t he g rowth
of
t he
i ndustry,
t he
t hat
s ome
y ears
r ailroad
d uring
to
a c ommercial s uccess f or t he
e xistence,
of
Y et,
w as
a vailable
d evelopment
e ngine, t he s hip
to
m odern
p ractices,
t ime
b usiness
e arly
s ailing
in
v essel
t he
c ould
f irst
s hore
o f t he m aritime s team
t elephone,
a ll
t wentieth
no
t en
t he
b urgeoning
of
w ere w orking t owards t hat
c entury
l onger
w hen
t he
w ooden
p ay a h andsome p rofit t o
i ts o wners.
3 75Folder
M arch 2 4, 1 904.
# 44,
L ehigh
V alley
3 76Folder
2 0, 1 907.
# 55,
L ehigh V alley R ailroad C ompany, J une
R ailroad
3 77Folder $ 57, T he C entral R ailroad
J ersey, O ctober 7 , 1 907.
C ompany
C ompany,
of
New
#1 15
When
t he
l ast m erchant s ailing s hip c ame t o t he New
Y ork p ort i n 1 941, n one o f t he s hipping
i ts
p assing
i n t erms o f e conomics.
i ndustries
m ourned
Y et, f or a w hile, w hen
t hese t all s hips l ined t he w harfs o f New Y ork, t here
w as
r omance a bout t he s ea t hat m odern s hips f ailed t o s upplant.
a
#1 16
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I.
PRIMARY SOURCES:
A.
ARCHIVAL SOURCES
New Y ork C ity, S outh S treet S eaport M useum,
M elville L ibrary. B arkentine H erbert
F uller.
F older # 1. A ccounts D uring B uilding, J anuary,
1 890 - 1891.
F older # 2, R eceipts f rom M achias, M illbridge,
M aine, J anuary 2 3 - February 2 1, 1 891.
1 . C ertificate o f E nrollment, J anuary 2 3, 1 891.
2 . A ccount a nd s upplies l ist, J anuary 2 3, 1 891.
3 . C harter P arty, F ebruary 1 0, 1 891.
4 . D uties a nd F ees f rom C ustoms H ouse P ort,
F ebruary 1 1, 1 891.
5 . N otice f or P rotest a nd A ppeal { of f ees),
F ebruary 1 1, 1 891.
6 . R eceipt f or k eeping s hip o n b oard, F ebruary 1 5,
1 891.
7 . C ertifying B ill o f H ealth, F ebruary 1 9, 1 891.
F older # 3. R eceipts f rom C arbarien, C uba, A pril 1 1,
1 891.
1 . F reight c harge b ill.
2 . B oarding a nd d ocking c harges.
3 . S towing o f g oods.
4 . I ntrafreighters f ees.
F older # 4. R eceipts f rom P hiladelphia, A pril 2 1 May 7 , 1 891.
1 . C aptain's a ccount s heet, A pril 1 , 1 891.
2 . P ayment t o c rew, A pril 1 , 1 891.
3 . T owing r eceipts, A pril 2 8, 1 891, May 2 a nd 6 ,
1 891.
4 . P ilotage, A pril 2 2 a nd May 7 , 1 891.
5 . C ustom H ouse d uties a nd f ees.
P hiladelphia,April 2 2, 1 891.
6 . B oard o f m en, A pril 2 1, 1 891.
7 . O rder f or p ayment o f w ages d ue c rew, A pril 2 2,
1 891.
#1 17
8 . US C ustoms H ouse t onnage t ax, A pril 2 2, 1 891.
9 . C ertificate o f H ealth, A pril 2 2, 1 891.
1 0. S ubscription: " The S hipmasters' P rotective
F und o f t he P hiladelphia M aritime E xchange," A pril
2 5, 1 891.
1 1. W harfage f ees, A pril 2 8, 1 891.
1 2. D ischarge o f C argo, A pril 2 8, 1 891.
1 3. S uit f or C aptain N ash, A pril 2 8, 1 891.
1 4. " Surveyors o f D amage, V essels, C argoes, e tc.,"
A pril 2 8, 1 891.
1 5. M erchant's R esponsible N ight W atch, A pril 2 9,
1 891.
1 6. W ages d ue c rew, A pril 2 9, 1 891.
1 7. A ccount o f f ood s upplies, A pril 2 9, 1 891.
1 8. S craping a nd p ainting o f s hip's b ottom, May 1 ,
1 891.
1 9. S hipsmiths, May 1 , 1 891.
2 0. S hip s upplies f or r epairs, May 1 , 1 891.
2 1. C opper p aint, May 2 , 1 891.
2 2. S hip's t ool, May 4 , 1 891.
2 3. F ood a nd p ersonal s upplies, May 4 , 1 891.
2 4. C oal, May 4 , 1 891.
2 5. C ustoms a nd d uties f ees. F oreign c learance o f
v essels a nd B ill o f H ealth, May 5 , 1 891.
2 6. S hip s upplies, May 5 , 1 891.
2 7. C rew a llotment, May 5 , 1 891.
2 8. S urveyors o f D amaged V essels, C argoes, e tc.,
A pril 2 8, 1 891.
2 9. P ugh, B ishop & M oore. S hip S crapers a nd
P ainters, May 1 , 1 891
3 0. S heppard & F ithian. S hipsmiths, May 1 , 1 891.
3 1. S .W. T ilton & S on. S hip B uilders, May 1 , 1 891.
3 2. B onapart S hoe. M anufacturer o f M arine P aints,
May 1 , 1 891.
3 3. J .P. F ernald. C oopering, May 4 , 1 891.
3 4. J ames M cCusker. B lock, Pump a nd S par M aker,
May 5 , 1 891.
F older # 5. R eceipts f rom C ardinas, C uba, May 22 June 1 7, 1 891.
1 . S urveyors o f D amaged V essels, C argoes, e tc.,
A pril 2 8, 1 891.
2 . P ugh, B ishop & M oore. S hip S crapers a nd
P ainters, May 1 , 1 891.
3 . S heppard & F ithian. S hipsmiths, May 1 , 1 891.
4 . s.w. T ilton & S on. S hip B uilders, May 1 , 1 891.
5 . B onapart S hoe. M anufacturer o f M arine P aints,
May 2 , 1 891.
6 . J .P. F ernald. C oopering & F elling, May 4 , 1 891.
#1 18
7 . J ames M cCusker. B lock, Pump a nd S par m aker,
May 5 , 1 891.
8 . D isbursement a ccount, J une 1 7, 1 891.
F older # 6. R eceipts a nd A ccounts f rom B oston, MA,
J uly 6 - August 3 , 1 891.
1 . C ommercial T owboat C ompany. D isclaimer n otice,
J uly 1 1, 1 891.
2 . B oston Tow B oat C ompany, J uly 2 8, 1 891.
F older # 8. R eceipts f rom New H aven, C onnecticut
a nd New Y ork. S eptember 9 - October 3 , 1 891.
1 . Wm. G ammons. B allast M aster, S eptember 2 5,
1 891.
2 . W illadsen & J ohnson. S ectional d ry d ock,
S eptember 2 6, 1 891.
3 . R .E. P etten. C oal, w ood a nd l umber, O ctober 1 ,
1 891.
4 . C oal, w ood a nd l umber, S eptember 2 8 a nd O ctober
1 , 1 891.
5 . O rgan r epair, O ctober 2 , 1 891.
6 . B oston M arine I nsurance C o., O ctober 2 , 1 891.
F older # 9. R eceipts f rom C ardiff, W ales, O ctober 2 7
t o N ovember 2 7, 1 891.
1 . G uthrie, H eywood & C o. T owing. D isclaimer
n otice, O ctober, 1 891.
2 . D .H. G uy. T owing. D isclaimer n otice, O ctober
2 7, 1 891.
3 . P ile & B ass, s hipwrights a nd b oat b uilders,
N ovember 3 , 1 891.
F older # 13. R eceipts f rom New Y ork, A pril 1 7 t o
J une 7 , 1 892.
1 . T owing, A pril 1 7, 1 8 a nd 2 0, May 9 a nd J une 1
a nd 6 , 1 892.
2 . C hronometer u sage, A pril 1 9, 1 892.
3 . New Y ork C ustoms H ouse E ntrance o f V essels f ee
t icket, A pril 1 9, 1 892.
4 . H ealth O fficer, A pril 1 9, 1 892.
5 . W harfage, A pril 2 0, 1 892.
6 . P ort W arden's o ffice, A pril 2 0, 1 892.
7 . P ort o f New Y ork S hipping C ommissioner, A pril
2 1, 1 892.
8 . C harter P arty, A pril 2 6, 1 892.
9 . S tevedores, A pril 2 7, 1 892.
1 0. S eamen's r eceipts, A pril 2 2, 1 892.
1 1. W harfage, A pril 3 0, 1 892.
#1 19
1 2. C ustom a nd d uties f ees f or f oreign c learance
o f v essels, May 5 , 1 891.
1 3. ~American S hipmaster A ssociation," May 1 2,
1 892.
1 4. D .S. J ones & C o. C oal s upplies d elivered o n
b oard, May 1 2, 1 892.
1 5. S ullivan B ros. S hip's s upplies, May 2 a nd 1 9,
1 892.
1 6. T homas C ashore. S heathing c opper, y ellow
m etal a nd z inc p uncher, May 4 , 1 892.
1 7. W illadsen & J ohnson. S ectional d ry d ock, May
9 , 1 892.
1 8. J as. A . W alsh & C o. C ooperage a nd g eneral
r epairing o f s hip's c argo, May 1 2, 1 892.
1 9. W echsler a nd A braham, May 1 3, 1 892.
2 0. B egg & M angel. H eating s upplies, May 1 9, 1 892.
2 1. S hip k eeping, May 3 0, 1 892.
2 2. S eamen's a llotment n ote, May 3 1, 1 892.
2 3. S hip w atchman, May 7 , 1 892.
2 4. B allast, May 7 , 1 892.
2 5. M etal s heeting s upplies, May 7 , 1 892.
2 6. W harfage f ees, May 9 t o 1 1, May 1 1 t o 2 5 a nd
May 2 5 t o J une 1 , 1 892.
2 7. Wm. H. A tkinson. S hipsmith, T urnbuckle, r ods,
b olts, n uts, e tc., May 9 , 1 892.
2 8. J ohn T . L anghill & S on. S hip S miths, p ipe
f itting a nd a ll k inds o f i ron w ork, May 2 2, 1 892.
2 9. Wood s upplies, May 1 2 a nd J une 2 , 1 892.
3 0. S ails r eplacement a nd r epairs, May 1 3, 1 892.
3 1. L oading c argo f ees, J une 1 , 1 892.
3 2. J ames H embury. M anufacturer a nd d ealer i n
H ouse a nd S hip f urnishing g oods, t in w are, s toves,
c abooses, s hip's b ells, e tc., J une 2 , 1 892.
3 3. C oal s upplies. J une 2 , 1 892.
3 4. C aptain's a ccounting f or s eamen, J une 2 , 1 892.
3 5. S hipsmiths' s upplies, May 2 2, 1 892.
3 6. J ohn L . M artin. S ailmaker, May 3 1, 1 892.
3 7. D .S. J ones & C o. C oal, w ood a nd l umber
s upplies, J une 2 , 1 892.
3 8. P ilotage, J une 6 , 1 892.
3 9. C argo r eceipt, J une 6 , 1 892.
4 0. M edicinal s upplies f or s hip, J une 2 , 1 892.
4 1. S hip's g roceries a nd s upplies, J une 3 , 1 892.
4 2. C aptain's a ccount s heet, J une 3 , 1 892.
4 3. N otarized r eceipts f or p ayment t o c rew, J une
7 , 1 892.
F older # 15. R eceipts f rom P ernambuco, B arbados a nd
B runswick, G eorgia. O ctober 2 2 - December 2 3, 1 892.
#1 20
1 . US C ustom H ouse. C ertificate o f p ayment o f
t onnage d uty a t B runswick, G eorgia. A rriving f rom
B arbados, D ecember 1 2, 1 892.
2.
D uties a nd f ees o f f oreign e ntry
o f v essel, D ecember 1 2, 1 892.
F oreign c learance o f v essel,
D ecember 1 2, 1 892.
3 . B ills o f L ading, D ecember 2 2, 1 892.
4 . S hip's s upplies, D ecember 2 3, 1 992.
~--~----~~~~~
F older # 16. R eceipts f rom New Y ork, J anuary 3 March 1 , 1 893.
1 . T owing, J anuary 1 a nd F ebruary 2 8, 1 893.
2 . C hronometer u sage, J anuary 4 , 1 893.
3 . S ailmaker, F ebruary 1 , 1 893.
4 . Wood s upplies, F ebruary 2 0, 1 893.
5 . W ater s upplies, F ebruary 2 3, 1 893.
6 . S hip's s upplies, F ebruary 2 3, 1 893.
7 . M edicinal s upplies, F ebruary 2 3, 1 893.
8 . C handlery b ill, F ebruary 2 5, 1 893.
9 . C aptain's a ccount s heet, F ebruary 2 8, 1 893.
1 0. P ilotage, M arch 1 , 1 893.
F older # 17. R eceipts f rom B arbados, T rinidad a nd
P hiladelphia, M arch 6 - June 2 , 1 893.
1 . A sphalt C harter, M arch 6 , 1 893.
2 . P roof o f c aulking, M arch 2 0, 1 893.
3 . B ill f or c aulking, A pril 4 , 1 893.
4 . L oading o f c argo, A pril 4 , 1 893.
5 . C handler a nd g rocery b ills, J une 3 , 1 893.
F older # 18. R eceipts f rom B oston, P hiladelphia a nd
New Y ork, J une 8 - October 2 9, 1 893.
1 . T owing. J une 6 , 8 a nd 2 9, J uly 9 , 1 0, 1 3, 1 6
a nd 2 8, S eptember 2 7 a nd O ctober 2 8, 1 893.
2 . C aptain N ash' a ccount s heets, J une 1 6 a nd J uly
1 - 10 a nd 1 5, 1 893.
3 . S eamen's a llotment, f are a nd s hipping a gent
c ommissions, J une 1 5, 1 893.
4 . T ransportation f ees f or b ringing m en t o t he
v essel, J une 1 5, 1 893.
5 . D ry d ock c harges, J une 2 0, 1 893.
6 . B lacksmith's c harges, J une 2 0, 1 893.
7 . W ater b ills, J une 2 0, 1 893.
8 . T owing a nd d isclaimer n otice, J une 2 9, 1 893.
9 . S tevedores, J uly 1 0, 1 893.
1 0. S hipbroker's f ees, J uly 1 0, 1 893.
#1 21
1 1. T owing a dvertising t elephone o rders, J uly 2 8,
1 893.
1 2. C hronometer u sage, A ugust 1 , 1 893.
1 3. S hipwrite a nd c aulker's b ills, J uly 8 a nd
A ugust 3 , 1 893.
1 4. C harter P arty, S eptember 1 9, 1 893.
1 5. S upplies, S eptember 2 5, 1 893.
1 6. D ry d ock r epairs, S eptember 2 7, 1 893.
1 7. T ugboats e mploying t elephones i n b usiness,
S eptember 2 7, 1 893.
1 8. C oal s upplies, S eptember 2 8, 1 893.
1 9. H emlock b oards, S eptember 2 8, 1 893.
2 0. Men f or e xtra l abor, S eptember 2 9, 1 893.
2 1. B allast, S eptember 2 9, 1 893.
2 2. R epairs a nd r eplacement o f s ails, O ctober 1 9
a nd 2 3, 1 893.
2 3. W harfage, O ctober 2 1, 1 893.
2 4. S tevedores, O ctober 2 5, 1 893.
2 5. S hipping a gents t o p rocure c rew, O ctober 2 7,
1 893.
2 6. W harfage - Legality o f w harfage f ees p rinted
o n b ack o f r eceipt, O ctober 2 7, 1 893.
2 7. C handler a nd g rocer b ills, O ctober 2 7, 1 893.
2 8. E xamination o f v essels, J uly 8 a nd A ugust 3 ,
1 893.
2 9. S tevedores, J uly 1 0, 1 893.
3 0. S hipbrokers, J uly 1 0, 1 893.
3 1. W harfage, J uly 1 5, 1 893.
3 2. C hronometer u sage, A ugust 1 , 1 893.
3 3. T owing, S eptember 1 3, 1 893.
3 4. S upplies f rom s hipsmiths, S eptember 2 5, 1 893.
3 5. D ry d ock b ill, S eptember 2 7, 1 893.
3 6. C oal s upplies, S eptember 2 8, 1 893.
3 7. H emlock b oards, S eptember 2 8, 1 893.
3 8. E xtra l abor, S eptember 2 9, 1 893.
3 9. B allast, S eptember 2 9, 1 893.
4 0. S ailmaker - repairs a nd r eplacements, O ctober
1 9, 1 893.
4 1. W harfage, O ctober 2 1, 1 893.
4 2. S tevedores, O ctober 2 5, 1 893.
4 3. S hipping a gents - procuring c rew, O ctober 2 7,
1 893.
4 4. L egality o f w harfage f ees, O ctober 2 7, 1 893.
4 5. C handler a nd g rocer b ills, O ctober 2 7, 1 893.
4 6. C aptain N ash' a ccount s heet, O ctober 2 8, 1 893.
F older # 19. R eceipts f rom B uenos A ires a nd
R osario, D ecember 2 4, 1 893 - March 1 0, 1 894.
#1 22
1 . U nofficial s ervices o f U nited S tates
C onsulate, D ecember 2 7, 1 893.
2 . I nsurance, D ecember 2 9, 1 893.
3 . L icensed r ubbage b oats, J anuary 1 , 1 894.
4 . S tevedores a nd c ontractors i n B uenes A ires
u sing t elephone, J anuary 1 8 a nd M arch 2 , 1 894.
5 . B ills o f L ading, J anuary 3 1, F ebruary 8 , 1 5,
2 0, 2 1 a nd 2 8,1894.
F older # 20. R eceipts f rom New Y ork, May 8 - June
1 4, 1 894.
1 . F umigation f rom H ealth O fficer's D epartment.
B oarding a fter s unset, a dditional f ees, May 8 ,
1 894.
2 . T onnage a nd d uty t ax. US C ustom H ouse, P ort o f
NY, May 8 , 1 894.
3 . T owing. C .P. R aymond & C o. - two t elephones f or
b usiness a nd o ne t elephone f or t he h ome, May 8 ,
1 894.
4 . C oal. J&F L ohman - new t elephone n umber, May
2 5, 1 894.
5 . D elivery o f c argo, May 2 6, 1 894.
6 . S ail M aker, J une 1 1, 1 894.
7 . P ilotage "David T . L eahy N o. 5 " - telephones
o n b oard t ug b oats, May 8 a nd J une 1 4, 1 894.
F older # 21. R eceipts f rom B uenos A ires a nd R osario,
A ugust 2 5 - November 1 7, 1 894.
1 . P ayment i n g old t o s hipping m asters f or t wo
s eamen a nd t heir e xpenses, N ovember 9 , 1 894.
2 . H ealth O fficer's D epartment - Disinfecting B ark
H erbert F uller, D ecember 1 2, 1 895.
F older # 22. R eceipts f rom New Y ork, D ecember 8 ,
1 894 - February 5 , 1 895.
1 . D isinfecting B ark H erbert F uller. H ealth
O fficer's D epartment, D ecember 1 2, 1 895
2 . C hronometer u sage, J anuary 1 2, 1 895.
3 . T onnage f ees a nd H ealth O fficer. C ustom H ouse,
New Y ork, J anuary 4 , 1 895.
4 . W harfage, J anuary 1 5, 1 895.
5 . W harfage, J anuary 2 3, 1 895.
6 . D eliverer a nd m easurer o f c argo, J anuary 2 3,
1 895.
7 . D ry d ock l abor a nd s upplies, J anuary 2 4, 1 895.
8 . H ides, J anuary 2 5, 1 895.
9 . M etal s upplies. G eo. T hwaites & S on,
M anufacturers o f a ll k inds o f G alvanized S heet I ron
#1 23
G oods. U sing t elephones, J anuary 2 8, 1 895.
1 0. M edicine s upplies, J anuary 3 0, 1 895.
1 1. W ater s upplies, J anuary 3 1, 1 895.
1 2. O .H. J ensen. S hipwright, C aulker, S parmaker,
e tc., F ebruary 1 , 1 895
1 3. S eamen's A llotment N ote ( To R elatives),
F ebruary 1 , 1 895.
1 4. S eamen's A llotment N ote t o O riginal C reditor,
F ebruary 1 , 1 895.
1 5. W ild & T errill. S hipping a gents. P ayment t o
c rew, F ebruary 2 , 1 895.
1 6. W illiam H. S wan. C handlery a nd s tore b ill,
F ebruary 2 , 1 895.
F older # 23. R eceipts f rom B arbados, G uantanamo,
C uba a nd L ewes, D el., F ebruary 2 3- May 8 , 1 895.
1 . P ilotage, F ebruary 2 3, 1 895.
2 . C aptain's a ccount s heet, F ebruary 2 4, 1 895.
3 . C harter P arty, F ebruary 2 8, 1 895.
4 . W ater d elivery, F ebruary 2 8, 1 895.
5 . G rocery b ills, F ebruary 2 4 - March 6 , 1 895.
6 . W ater d elivery, M arch 7 , 1 895.
7 . B ills o f L ading f or s ugar, A pril 4 , 1 895.
8 . C aptain's a ccount s heet, A pril 4 , 1 895.
9 . D.W. B urgage & C o. " Agents f or S hip & S teamship
B rokers, V essel O wners & C onsignees," " Money
a dvanced t o C aptain a nd d isbursements p aid." A pril
2 3, May 4 a nd 8 , 1 895.
F older # 24. R eceipts f rom New Y ork, May 9 - June
1 9, 1 895.
1 . E dward R idley & S ons. M illinery, S traw a nd
F ancy G oods. D ry G oods.
( Oil c loth a nd c hina),
May 1 5, 1 895.
2 . F riction w heel a nd b arrel, May 1 7, 1 895.
3 . M erchants' P olice, N ightwatch. " Money, J ewelry,
C lothing, e tc. i n C abins o f V essels e xcepted"
( references), May 2 2, 1 895.
4 . C ustom H ouse, P ort o f New Y ork. B ill f or
o vertime o f d ischarging o fficer o n v essel, J une 6 ,
1 895.
5 . D ischarging c argo a nd w harfage. J une 8 , 1 895.
6 . C harter P arty. J une 1 3, 1 895.
7 . S ail M aker. J une 1 4, 1 895.
8 . B allast M aster. J une 1 5, 1 895.
9 . C handler a nd S tore b ills. J une 1 5, 1 895.
1 0. C aptain's a ccount s heet. J une 1 5, 1 895.
#1 24
F older # 25. R eceipts f rom S t. S imon, GA, J uly 2 5 26, 1 895.
B ills o f L ading f or l umber, J uly 2 5, 1 895.
F older # 26. R eceipts f rom New Y ork, A ugust 5 September 6 , 1 895.
1 . C aptain's a ccount s heet, A ugust 4 , 1 895.
2 . C hronometer u sage, A ugust 6 , 1 895.
3 . C handlery a nd s tore b ills, S eptember 5 , 1 895.
4 . M achinists S hip S miths. L abor a nd s upplies,
A ugust 1 3, 1 895.
5 . N ight w atchman, A ugust 2 2, 1 895.
6 . Owen S ullivan & B ro. L umber, T imber a nd
S tevedores, A ugust 2 6, 1 895.
7 . S hipsmith s upplies, J une 1 5 - August 2 3 a nd 2 7,
1 895.
8 . D ry d ock r epairs, A ugust 2 8, 1 895.
9 . H ilton & D odge L umber C o. R eceipt f or l umber
i n New Y ork, A ugust 2 9, 1 895.
1 0. S ail M aker, A ugust 3 1, 1 895.
1 1. M edicinal s upplies, S eptember 3 , 1 895.
1 2. R igger - bending s ails, S eptember 3 , 1 895.
1 3. W ild & T errill. S hipping A gents. A dvance t o
c rew, S eptember 5 , 1 895.
F older # 27. R eceipts f rom P ort o f S pain, T rinidad,
W ashington, DC a nd B altimore, S eptember 2 9 December 1 1, 1 895.
1 . P ilotage. H and w ritten r eceipt f rom T rinidad,
S eptember 2 9, 1 895.
2 . L uke B oyde, S tevedor. H and w ritten r eceipt f rom
T rinidad, O ctober 1 8, 1 895.
3 . C argo o f b read s tuffs a nd l umber. P oor h and
w ritten r eceipt f rom T rinidad, O ctober 1 8, 1 895.
4 . T he T rinidad A sphalt C ompany. D ispatched m oney
f or a sphalt, O ctober 2 8, 1 895.
5 . E dgar T ripp & C o. S hipping a nd C ommission
M erchants. F ood a nd s upplies, O ctober 3 0, 1 895.
6 . C ustom H ouse, P ort o f W ashington, DC. F oreign
e ntry o f v essels. N ovember 2 5, 1 895.
7 . J ohn M oran. T inning a nd p lumbing, D ecember 3 ,
1 895.
8 . B oston M arine I nsurance C ompany, D ecember 7 ,
1 895.
9 . J .A. L brou C ompany. S hip C handlers a nd G rocers.
W ater d elivery, D ecember 9 , 1 895.
1 0. J oseph B renner & C o. S hipping A gents, D ecember
9 , 1 895.
#1 25
F older # 28. R eceipts f rom New Y ork, D ecember 1 9,
1 895 - January 2 6, 1 896.
1 . C aptain's a ccount s heet, D ecember 2 1, 1 895.
2 . C hronometer u sage, D ecember 2 1, 1 895.
3 . G eo. T hwaites & S on. S hips' C abooses a nd C abin
S toves, M anufacturers o f M arine L anterns,
C oppersmiths a nd P lumbers. T in a nd S heet I ron
W orkers. G alvanizing o f a ll k inds, J anuary 1 2,
1 896.
4 . D ry d ock c harges, J anuary 1 5, 1 896.
5 . M edical s upplies, J anuary 1 7, 1 896.
6 . B rooklyn I ron & B lock C o. M anufacturers o f T ack
B locks, c hain c ables, m ast h oop, m etaline h oisting
b locks, a nchors, o ars, b elaying p ins, h and s pikes,
h eavy f orgings, y acht b lock ( advertising a ll o n
l etterhead), J anuary 1 7, 1 896.
7 . E mery & P rice. S tevedores. L abor h auling
v essel, J anuary 2 2, 1 896.
8 . C aptain's a ccount s heet, J anuary 2 3, 1 896.
9 . W illiam C ockran, R igger. H and s tamped p hone
n umber, J anuary 2 3, 1 896.
F older # 29. R eceipts f rom S t. P ierre, M artinique,
A palachicola, FL a nd New Y ork. F ebruary 1 2 September 6 , 1 896.
1 . W est I ndia a nd P anama T elegraph. M artinique t o
New Y ork, F ebruary 1 2, 1 896.
2 . H andwritten r eceipt f rom a s tevedore f or
r unning r ope o n s hore, F ebruary 2 0, 1 896.
3 . H andwritten r eceipt f or c ooperage, May 5 , 1 896.
4 . H andwritten r eceipt f rom t ally c lerk f or c argo,
M arch 6 , 1 896.
5 . P ortage b ill, M arch 1 0, 1 896.
6 . S ail M akers, J une 1 8, 1 896.
F older # 30. C orrespondence a nd T elegrams - re:
M urder, J uly 1 896 - February 1 897.
1 . T elegrams, J uly 2 1, 2 3 a nd 2 4, 1 896.
2 . L etter t o J ohn S wan f rom C .S. L idden & C o. o f
B oston, J uly 3 1, 1 896.
3 . L etter f rom R .E.W. D avison, S eptember 1 6, 1 896.
4 . L etter f rom US A ttorney, D istrict o f
M assachusetts. B oston, S eptember 4 , 1 896.
5 . L etter t o S wan & S on f rom US A ttorney S herman
H oar - re: P ut 2 4 h our w atchmen o n t he H erbert
F uller, F ebruary 2 ,1897.
F older # 34. R eceipts f rom B runswick, GA a nd New
Y ork, J uly 6 t o D ecember 2 9, 1 898.
#1 26
1 . S tandard O il C o. o f NY, D evoe W orks. W harfage
p ayments, A ugust 2 3, 1 898.
2 . H enry E . B rown. P harmacy l ist, A ugust 2 3, 1 898.
F older # 37. R eceipts f rom S t. S imons, GA a nd New
Y ork a nd B uenos A ires, A pril 1 3 - October 1 0, 1 900
1 . E xcelsior L ine o f S team T ugs. F ire a nd
w recking p umps, A pril 2 0, 1 900.
2 . T aunton C opper M fg. C o. I nterest r ates, May
1 6, 1 900.
3 . M oquin-Offerman-Heissenbuttel C oal C o. T erms o f
p ayment, May 1 8, 1 900.
4 . F .A. C olcord. S eamen's c lothing, J une 8 , 1 900.
F older # 38. R eceipts f rom New Y ork. D ecember 2 0,
1 900 - March 7 , 1 901.
1 . C ommercial U nion Tow B oat C o. W recking a nd
f ire p umps t esting b oilers, D ecember 2 0, 1 900.
2 . M .P. B rown. M edical s upplies, F ebruary 2 8,
1 901.
3 . A rnold, C heney & C o. S hipping & C ommission
M erchants, M arch 5 , 1 901.
F older # 43. R eceipts f rom F ernandina, F L, NY a nd
B runswick, GA, J uly 1 7 - November 4 , 1 903.
1 . W eber & Q uinn. W holesale a nd r etail d ealers i n
c oal a nd w ood, O ctober 2 9, 1 903.
2 . L ouis M artin. S ail M aker, O ctober 3 0, 1 903.
F older # 44. R eceipts f rom S t. S imons, NY a nd
F ernancina, F L, D ecember 4 , 1 903 - June 1 8, 1 904.
1 . G eo. W. T aylor. S ail M aker, 1 904.
2 . L ehigh V alley R ailroad C ompany, M arch 2 4, 1 904.
F older # 45. R eceipts f rom New Y ork. J uly 2 1 December 7 , 1 904.
1 . H ugh B ond G owanus T owing C o, A ugust 2 9, 1 904.
2 . B oston I nsurance C o., A ugust 2 8, 1 904.
3 . T he W estern U nion T elegraph C o. A ugust 3 0,
1 904.
4 . H .P. K irkham & S on, N ovember 2 5, 1 904.
F older # 46. C aptain's L etters, 1 904.
1 . T he W estern U nion T elegraph C ompany, M arch 2 6,
1 904.
F older # 47. R eceipts f rom New Y ork a nd B runswick,
GA, F ebruary 1 1 - July 2 6, 1 905.
#1 27
1 . A merican D ock & T rust C o. W harfage b ill,
F ebruary 1 7, 1 905.
2 . B runswick P ilots' A ssociation. P reprinted
r ates o f p ilotage, A prilt 2 4, 1 905.
3 . P ortage B ills, A pril 5 , 1 905.
4 . H andwritten a ccount f rom C aptain A lonzo P . N ash.
C aptain's w ages, J une 1 2, 1 905.
F older # 48. R eceipts f rom New Y ork a nd F ernandina,
F L, A ugust 1 0 - November 4 , 1 905.
1 . P ilot A ssociation. P reprinted r ate o f p ilotage,
S eptember 2 3, 1 905.
F older # 49. R eceipts a nd P apers - re: I nsurance
C laim, O ctober - November, 1 905.
1 . M cCaldin B ros. C o. T owing. S ervices r endered
t ypewritten, O ctober 1 0, 1 905.
2 . N otarized S tatement, O ctober 1 4, 1 905.
3 . T ietjen & L and D ry D ock C o. R epairs typewritten, O ctober 3 0, 1 905.
4 . S tatement o f G eneral A verage. T yped, O ctober
1 0, 1 905.
5 . W alker & H ughes. A verage A djusters a nd
I nsurance B rokers. T ypewritten s tatement o f f acts
a nd c heck e nclosed t o c over c osts, N ovember 2 9,
1 905.
F older # 50. R eceipts f rom P hiladelphia, NY, H avana
a nd C arrabelle, F L, N ovember 7 , 1 905 - February 1 5,
1 906.
1 . C .L. W alker. T owing. T yped b ill, N ovember 7 ,
1 905.
2 . L ouis V . P lace. S hipbroker. T yped, D ecember
1 4, 1 905.
3 . M attair D rug C o, F ebruary 1 3, 1 906.
F older # 51. R eceipts f rom New Y ork. M arch 8 April 2 6, 1 906.
1 . W ing, P utnam & B urlingham. L egal f ees f or
d emurrage, A pril 1 1, 1 906.
F older # 52. R eceipts f rom T ampa a nd P ensacola,
F lorida a nd New Y ork, M arch 1 7 - August 2 8, 1 906.
1 . H arbor M aster a nd I nspector i n P ort o f
P ensacola, F lorida. H arbor d ues a nd p rinted
s tatement o f t erms o f p ayment, J une 7 , 1 906.
2 . P ostal T elegraph C ommercial C ables. P rinted
t erms a nd c onditions o f t elegraph m essages a nd
i ncluded d isclaimer n otice, J une 2 8, 1 906.
#1 28
3 . T he F irst N ational B ank, P ensacola, F lorida.
U sing t ype p rinting t o e nter d eposit;
r econcilliation o f a ccounts s till d one b y h and,
J une 2 9, 1 906.
4 . P ortage B ill, J uly 1 8, 1 906.
5 . B ills o f L ading - typewritten, J une 2 8, 1 906.
6 . F .L. & A . H eidritter L umber a nd T imber. P ayment
r eceipts h and s tamped i nstead o f h andwritten,
A ugust 3 , 1 906.
F older # 53. R eceipts f rom S t. S imons a nd New Y ork,
S eptember 1 0 t o N ovember 8 , 1 906.
1 . T urttle R . D ock o f S outhern R ailway C ompany.
C ement c arried b y r ail a nd t hen m oved t o d ocks,
S eptember 1 2, 1 906.
2 . E .H. M ason o f B runswick, G eorgia. N otice o f
P rotest f iled f or r eturned ( insufficient f unds)
c heck o f $ 3.00, S eptember 6 , 1 906.
3 . E .H. M ason & C o. o f B runswick, GA. R eceipt o f
c heck f rom Alonzo P . N ash, M aster f or $ 470.43 - for
a ll p ayments f or t he s hip. V essel, f reight a nd
o wners w ere p ledged a s s ecurity u ntil c heck
c leared, S eptember 2 9, 1 905
4 . E .H. M ason & C o. S teamship A gents, S hip
B rokers a nd C handlers - No t elephone. O ne i tem
s hows c ash h anded t o c aptain i n a mounts o f $ 10.,
$ 40., $ 10., a nd $ 200, S eptember 3 0, 1 906.
5 . P ortage B ill, O ctober 1 2, 1 906.
6 . L ouis M artin, S ail M aker, 4 5 S outh S treet, New
Y ork- terms: c ash a nd 15% o ff b ulk. N ovember 7 ,
1 906.
7 . C has. E . K enner & S ons, S hip R iggers - "Steam
D erricks f or H oisting S hip M asts," N ovember 8 ,
1 906.
F older # 55 - Receipts f rom M obile, A labama, P once,
P eurto R ico B ruswick, G eorgia a nd New Y ork,
F ebruary 1 1 - July 1 1, 1 907.
1 . D epartment o f C ommerce a nd L abor - Shipping
A rticles, N ovember 9 , 1 907.
2 . E mployers' L iability A ssurance C orporation,
L imited, o f L ondon - Premiums ( stamps u sed t o
d enote p ayment), M arch 6 , 1 907.
3 . P erth A mboy, N J. F rom L ehigh V alley R ailroad.
D elivery o f l umber, J une 2 0, 1 907.
4 . P erth Amboy D ry D ock C o. S hipwrights a nd
C aulkers, M achinists a nd B oiler M akers, P erth
A mboy, N J. T erms - cash. C ash d iscount g iven approximately 5 1 /4%. E ntire v oucher t yped a nd
c arbon c opies u sed, J une 2 0, 1 907.
#1 29
5 . H .P. K irkham & S on, 4 08 W est 1 4th S treet, New
Y ork. T yped i nvoice a nd s tamped p ayment. J uly 1 1,
1 907.
F older # 57. R eceipts f rom New Y ork, S eptember 3 October 1 2, 1 907.
1 . L ouis M artin, S ail M aker. T erms - cash: u p t o
10% d iscounted, S eptember 2 4, 1 907.
2 . T he C entral R ailroad C o. o f N J - shipping o f
c ement; s tamps f or p ayment b y f reight a gent,
O ctober 7 , 1907~
3 . T ownsend & M oore, E ngineering W orks, E ngineers,
M achinists a nd B oiler M akers. P ier 2 , E rie B asin,
B rooklyn, NY. T yped i nvoice a nd c arbon c opies,
O ctober 1 0, 1 907.
4 . Q uail's S teamship C rew E xchange S hipping M asterNotary P ublic, " Protests n oted a nd E xtended. C rews
S hipped & P ut o n B oard a t t he S hortest n otice,"
# 37 S outh S treet, NY, O ctober 1 0, 1 907.
F older # 58. R eceipts f rom New Y ork, N ovember 1 4,
1 907 - March 1 7, 1 908.
1 . T he C entral R ailroad Co o f N J - Office A uditor
F reight T raffic R eading T erminal, P hiladelphia,
P A. C laim f or $ 18.00. P reprinted p ost c ards w ith
c laim a mount, n umber o f f ile a nd c laim n umber,
N ovember 1 4, 1 907.
2 . L ouis M artin, S ail M aker, 4 4 S outh S treet, NY.
T erms - cash. 20% c ash d iscount.
F older # 60. R eceipts f rom New Y ork. A pril 2 6 October 4 , 1 908.
1 . S mith & B riggs, T owing, 1 16 B road S treet, Room
7 9, New Y ork. T el: 1 835 B road. P reprinted w ith
r ed p en a nd i nk t ow b oat o n b ill a nd t yped d ates,
n ames, a mounts a nd p laces, S eptember 2 9, 1 908
2 . T ietjen & L ang, D ry D ock C o., 1 7th S treet a nd
P ark A venue, H oboken, N J, T el: 7 00 H oboken. T yped
i nvoices, S eptember 1 2, 1 908.
3 . L ouis M artin, S ail M aker - terms - cash: 30%
d iscounted, S eptember 2 6, 1 908.
F older 6 6. R eceipts f rom New Y ork, O ctober 4 - 19,
1 909.
1 . F .A. C olcord, D ealer i n C lothing & G eneral
O utfitting f or S eamen, 4 2 S outh S treet, NY, T el.
1 033 B road, O ctober 1 3, 1 909.
2 . B oston I nsurance C ompany - Bills f or i nsurance
o n f reight, s tating a mount, n ames, v essel a nd
d estination, O ctober 1 3, 1 909.
#1 30
3 . Wm. H . S wan, S hip C handler & G rocer, 3 2 S outh
S treet, NY. T el. 3 466 B road. T ypewritten a ccount
o f i tems, O ctober 1 4, 1 909.
F older # 67. R eceipts f rom P ensacola, F L, New Y ork
a nd New H aven, O ctober 2 9 - December 2 8, 1 909.
1 . H arbor M aster's O ffice. T ypewritten
c ertification o f s urvey o f h atches a nd c argo b y
P ort W arden, O ctober 2 9, 1 909.
2 . H arbor M aster's D ues - statement p rovides f or
p enalties i f p ayment i s n ot r eceived w ithin 4 8
h ours, O ctober 2 9, 1 909.
F older # 68. R eceipts f or New Y ork, D ecember 2 9,
1 909.
P erth Amboy S tation - Lehigh V alley R ailroad C o. Statements f or l oading c ement a nd c otton, J anuary
1 1, 1 910
F older # 70. R eceipts f rom New Y ork, M arch 2 8 April 2 1, 1 910.
B oston I nsurance C o. - insurance p remium o f f reight
o f c oal a nd l umber. A pril 7 , 1 910.
F older # 73. C orrespondence a nd F inal S ale. J uly August, 1 910.
1 . L etter f rom S wan & S on t o a ll o wners s tating
t he s hip c aught f ire w hile i n G rass A ustin &
I slands L umber Y ard o n J une 1 5, 1 910. L ost s pars,
s ails, b locks, r igging b adly s corched o n s tarboard
s ide. D ecks o n s tarboard s ide a lso p artly b urned.
L owest e stimate f or r epairs - $7,000 a nd c ould o nly
g et $ 1,000. A dvise, J une 2 4, 1 910.
2 . L etter f rom H enry R . N ash, a gent o f t he U nion
C entral L ife I nsurance C ompany i n B oston, MA
t elling S wan & S on h e d oes n ot w ish t o p ut u p a ny
m oney o f h is s hare f or r epair b ecause t he H erbert
F uller i s p retty o ld. He b elieves i t b est t o s ell
i t a nd f eels t he r est o t t he f amily w ould a gree.
A sks w here t he H erbert F uller i s a t p resent t ime,
a ny f reight m oney d ue h er a nd w hat s he c ould b e
s old f or, J une 2 5, 1 910.
2 . L etter f rom H erbert F uller, V ice P resident o f
B oston I nsurance C ompany, 6 6 B eaver S treet, NY t o
S wan & S on s tating h e d oes n ot w ant " to p ut a ny
m ore m oney i nto t he v essel," J une 2 7, 1 910.
3 . W estern U nion T elegraph f rom W .F. N ash t o S wan
& S on t o " sell F uller t o h ighest b idder," J uly 1 5,
1 910.
#1 31
4 . L etter f rom F rederick L ang o f T ietjen & L ang
D ry D ock C o. t o S wan & S on s tating i f t he v essel
b elonged t o t hem o utright, t hey w ould r epair h er
s imply b ecause s he w as d oing v ery w ell l ately a nd
" was w orth m ore t han $ 7,000.
b efore t he f ire a nd w hen r epaired, w ill b e w orth
m ore t han t hat," J uly 1 5, 1 910.
5 . S .M. D risko, F urnishing U ndertaker a nd F uneral
D irector ( Carpenter C arriage M ade a nd R epaired) o f
H arrington, ME w rote t o S wan & S on a sking t he
a mount t o r epair H erbert F uller, J uly 2 5, 1 910.
6 . J .F. C hase w rote t o S wan & S on s tating h e
w ould s tand h is s hare o f r epairs i f C apt. F ogarty
w ould b e h er m aster, J uly 2 6, 1 910.
7 . S .M. D risko r eplied t o S wan & S on h e w ould
r ather s ee H erbert F uller s old, J uly 2 7 1 910.
8 . L etter f rom O .C. C ole t o S wan & S on s tating h e
w ill n ot s tand h is s hare o f t he r epairs, J une 2 7,
1 910.
9 . M rs. C ora H. S tewart o f C herryfield, ME w rote
t o S wan & S on t hat s he d oes n ot w ant t op p ay f or
r epairs - "she i s b y n o m eans a n ew v essel, J une
2 7, 1 910.
1 0. L etter f rom A .L. M itchel t o S wan & S on s tating
i f e veryone e lse a grees t o p ay, h e w ill p ay, i f
n ot, h e d oes n ot w ant t o p ay h is s hare e ither,
J une 2 8, 1 910.
1 1. I .B. a nd T .E. R ay l etter t o S wan & S on
i nstructed t hem t o s ell b ecause s he i s o ld, h as n ot
b een p rofitable a nd h e d oes n ot w ant t o l ay o ut
t hat m uch m oney ( in r epairs), J une 2 8, 1 910.
1 2. L .A. R ay l etter t o S wan & S on s aid d o n ot
r epair t he v essel. S ell i t f or w hat i t w ill
b ring, J une 3 0, 1 910.
1 3. F .S. N ash, W ater B oat a nd S team R oisters o f 2 319
U nion S treet, B runswick, G eorgia w rote t o S wan &
S on t hat h e w ould g o a long w ith t he w ishes o f t he
f amily a nd w anted t o k now h ow m uch c redit w as l eft
i n t he v essel, J une 3 0, 1 910.
1 4. E . L . W allace w rote t o S wan & S on i ndicating h e
w ould n ot p ay h is s hare f or r epairs a nd w anted
H erbert F uller s old, J une, 1 910.
1 5. V .S. C offin w rote t o S wan & S on a nd i nstructed
h im t o s ell t he b ark f or w hatever t he m arket w ould
b ring a dding, " she w ould n ever p ay t he b ill. H as
b een a b ad e gg f rom t he w ord g o," J uly 2 , 1 910.
1 6. M rs. C has. F . B aker w rote t o S wan & S on s tating
s he c ould n ot p ay f or r epairs f or s he w as w idowed,
J uly 5 , 1 910.
#1 32
1 7. A lonzo P . N ash l etter t o S wan & S on s tating h e
w ill d o w hatever h is b rother, W ilbur d oes ( sell),
J uly 6 , 1 910.
1 8. V .L. C offin & S on l etter t o S wan & S on s tating
n ot t o r epair o r r eplace p arts b ut t o s ell, J uly 7 ,
1 910.
1 9. W .F. N ash l etter t o S wan & S on s tating t o s ell
v essel w hich i s 2 0 y ears o ld, J uly 1 2, 1 993
2 0. I .B. R ay o f B oston, MA l etter t o S wan & S on
s tated h e w anted v essel s old b ut b elieved i t w ould
r eceive m ore t han $ 1000. a nd h e m ight h ave a
c ustomer f rom t he B oston a rea, J uly 1 5, 1 910.
2 1. S .M. D risko w rote t o S wan & S on, " Sell f or a ll
y ou c an g et," J uly 1 5, 1 993.
2 2. K nowlton B ros l etter t o S wan & S on w anted t he
v essel s old t o h ighest b idder r ather t han f ixing
i t u p b ecause a ge w as a f actor i n t he s hip's
a bility t o e ver earn e nough, J uly 1 6, 1 993.
2 3. V .L. C offin l etter t o S wan & S on t o s ell
v essel a nd d ivide p rofits, J uly 1 6, 1 993
2 4. H ilton F . E mery, S tevedore a nd C ontractor, o f
4 0 S outh S treet, New Y ork, l etter t o S wan & S on
i nstructing h im t o s ell t o p rivate i ndividual a nd
h ave a n a uction, " whichever i s t he b est," J uly 1 6,
1 910.
2 5. O .C. C ole l etter t o S wan & S on i nstructing h im
t o s ell t he v essel, J uly 1 7, 1 910.
2 6. E .I. W hite, G eneral M erchandise, M anufacturer
o f L ong a nd S hort L umber o f M ahias, M aine, l etter
t o S wan & S on t o s ell a nd n ot r epair. J uly 1 8,
1 910.
2 7. E .L. N ash l etter t o S wan & S on t o s ell v essel
f or w hatever t he m arket w ould b are, J uly 1 8, 1 910.
2 8. E .L. W allace l etter t o S wan & S on t o s ell
v essel, J uly 1 8, 1 910.
2 9. H enry R . N ash, a gent o f T he U nion C entral L ife
I nsurance C ompany, l etter t o S wan & S on t o s ell
H erbert F uller, J uly 1 8, 1 910.
3 0. L etter f rom S wan & S on t o e ach o f t he i nvestors
r equesting a B ill o f S ale f or t heir s hare t o c lear
t itle o f s hip. H erbert F uller w ill t hen b e
a dvertised f or s ale.
( W.F. N ash, l argest o wner o f
s hares, r equested a n a uction), J uly 1 9, 1 910.
F older # 74. C orrespondence - re: M argaret B .
R ouss e x H erbert F uller. A pril 1 8 - June 3 , 1 916.
1 . H erbert F uller s old i n 1 916 f or $ 32,000. a nd
r enamed " Rousse."
#1 34
I I.
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#1 35
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#1 36
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#1 37
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#