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Socialist Economics
P rof. T horstein V eblen s aid n ot v ery l ong a go i n t he Q uarterly J ournal of
Economics: " The S ociali sm t hat i n spires h opes a nd f ears t o-day i s o f t he
school of M arx. N o one is seriously a pprehensive or" a ny o ther so-c alled
s ocialistic m ovement, a nd n o one is s eriously c oncerned t o c riticise or r efu te
t he d octrines s et f orth b y a ny ot:her school o f ' Sociali sts.'"

Marx's CAPITAL
T HE G REATEST O F A LL S OCIALIST
B OOKS, I S N OW F OR T HE F IRST T IME
W ITHIN T HE R EACH O F E NGLISH-SPEAK##
I NG P EOPLE.
I T I S I N T HREE L ARGE
l TOL U MES
A UGUST, 1909

V olume I i s e ntit led T he P rocess o f C apitalist P roduction. I t g ives in
f ull d etail a n expl anatioo a nd a nalysis o f t he p rocess b y w hich t he w ageworker i s compelled t o l abor ##for t he b are c ost o f living, while t he S urplus
V alue which h e p roduces i s t aken f rom h im b y t he c apitalist. Cloth, 869
p ages, $2.00.
Volume I I t re ats o f T he P rocess o f C irculation o f C apital. I t d eals w ith
t he f unction p erformed b y m erchants a nd b ankers, w ith t he t urn-over o f capital, a nd w i t h t he r eproduct ion a nd c irculation o f t he a ggregate s ocial cap i ~al.
Cloth, 618 pag~s, $2.00.
V olume I II, j u st p ublished, t ells o f T he P rocess o f C apitalist P roduction
a s a W hole. I t t akes t he gen er al priuciples e stab lished in t he f irst t wo
v olumes, a nd app li ~s t hem t o t he a ctual f acts o f s ociety a s i t i s t o-day. T his
v olume e xplains b ette r t han a ny o ther b ook t he c au ses of I ndustrial Crises.
I t ilh ows w hy i t i s t hat t he s mall c apitalist is b eing g radually w iped o ut,
a nd f req uentl y g ets a n i ncome s mall er t han t he w ages o f a s killed l aborer.
F inally, i t c ontains a n e xha ustive d iscussion o f s ubjects w hich t hose w ho
k nuw M arx o nl y f rom Vol ume I a ccuse h im of n eglecting-namely, L and,
R ent a nd F arming. Cloth, 1,048 p ages, $2.00.
T he t hree v olumes, i n a s trong box, will b e s ent b y e xpress p repaid o n
r eceipt o f $6.00, t ogether w ith a c redit s lip f or $2.40 w hich will be r eceived
t he s ame a s c ash w ithin o ne y ear t oward t he p urchase o f a $10.00 s hare o f
s tock, o r f or $12.00 .cash w ith o rder we will s end t he t hree v olumes p repaid
a nd a f ully-paid s tock c ertificat e. A ddress
~

CHARLES H. KERR & 'COMPANY
1 53 E AST K INZIE S TREET, C HICAGO

.

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R EVOLUTION,

B Y JACK L oN oor~

#T he I n te r nat iona l S ocialist R e view
A M ONTHLY J OURNAL O F I NTERNATIONAL S OCIALIST T HOUGHT
;.

'##
E DITE D BY CHARL ES H. K E RR
A SSOC IATE E DITO RS: J ohn Spa rgo, Robert Rives La M onte, M ax S . H ayes,

T HE I NTERNATIONAL

S ocialist R eview

W illi am E . Bohn, M t ry E . Marcy.

Vo l. X.

A UGUST 1909

N o.2

C ON TEN (fS
Jack L ondon
Revolution
~VI ay a nd E . f . B eals-H offpauir
T he B aritone's T ale
T he A merican I nferno
A rthur S cales
L ida Parce
W oman a nd t he Socialist Philosophy
~'\n I nterview with M r. Dooley
E dna T obias
V alue, Price and Profit U nder U n ive rsal Monopolies - James W. H ughes
M ary E. Marcy
H unting a n E cho; a S tory o f the Cave P eople
A Conflict A mong L eaders
R obin E rnest D unbar
A W orkingmen's Co llege
G. S ims
W here D o W e S tand on the ##w oman Q uestion?
T heresa M alkiel

R EVOL U TION
B Y } ACK L ONDON.

D EPARTMENT S
E d##itor' s C hair: T he Class-Consciousness o f Capitalists : F red vVarren's
f
S peech; Revolution.
I nternatio nal Notes
L iterature a'1d A rt
r ews a nd V iews
) T he W o rld u L o r
t
P tblishPr ' D epartment
-~~---------------------------------

8"x::nption p rice, $1.
a. y ear, i ncluding p ostage, t o a ny a ddress i n t he U nit ed
S tates, M e "co a nd C uba. O n acc~unt o f t he i ncreased w eight o f t he R eview,
w e s hall b e
I iged i n f uture t o ! fake t he s ubscription p rice t o C anada $1.20
a.nd t o a ll o ther c ountries $1.36.
f
A dvertising R ates: F ull p age, $25.0;:1; h alf p age, $12.50; q uarter page, $6.25;
s maller a dvertisements, 15 c ents p er a gate l ine. No d iscount f or r epeated i nsertions. A n e xtra d iscount o f 5 % i s, however, allowed f or c ash i n a dvance for one
i nsertion, o r 1 0% w hen cash is p aid i n a dvance for t hree o r m ore i nsertions .
T hus a 20-line a dvertisement, p aid f or i n a dvance, w ill cost $2.85 for one i nsertion o r $8.10 f or t hree i nsertions.
A ll c ommunications r egarding a dvertising a s w ell a s s ubscriptions s hould be a d - \
dressed to

C HARLES H . K ERR & C OMPANY , P ublishers ( Co- Operative)
153 K inzie S treet, Chicago, Ill., U . S . A .
C o p yright, 1 909, b y C harles H . K e r r & C ompany .
l l!ntered a t t he P ostoffice a t C hica go. I ll.. a s S e cond C lass M atter J uly 27, 1 900, under
A ct o f M arch 3 , 1 879 .

. ~,. so

,.

R ECEIVED a l etter the o ther Clay. I t w as from a man
in Arizona. I t b egan " Dear C omrade." I t e nded
" Yours f or the R evolution." I replied to t he letter, a nd
my letter began " Dear C omrade." I t e nded " Yours f or
t he R evolution ." I n t he U nited S tates t here a re 400,000 m en, of men a nd w omen nearly 1,000,000, w ho be97

#J ACK L ONDON

R EVOLUTION
g in t heir letters " Dear C omrade," a nd e nd them " Yours for t he R evolution." I n G ermany t here a re 3,000,000 m en w ho begin t heir l etters
" Dear C omrade" a nd e nd them " Yours f or t he R evolution;" i n F rance,
1,000,000 m en; i n A ustria, 800,000 m en; i n Belgium , 300,000 m en; i n
Italy, 250,000 m en; i n E ngland, 100,000 m en; i n Switzerland, 100,000
m en; i n D enmark, 55,000 m en; i n S weden, 50,000 m en; i n Holland,
40 000 m en ## i n S pain 30 000 m en-comrades all, a nd r evolutionists.
' T hese ~re numb~rs ~hich d warf t he g rand a rmies o f N apoleon a nd
X erxes. B ut t hey a re n umbers, n ot of conquest a nd m aintenance o f t he
established order, b ut o f c onquest a nd r evolution . T hey compose, when
the roll is called, a n a rmy o f 7,000,000 men, who, in accordance w ith t he
conditions o f t oday, a re f ighting w ith all t heir m ight f or t he c onquest o f
t he w ealth o f t he world a nd for the complete overthrow o f e xisting
society.
T here h as never been a nything like this revolution i n t he history
c f t he world. T here is n othing a nalogous between i t a nd t he American
Revolution o r t he F rench R evolution . I t is unique, colossal. O ther
r evolutions compare with i t as asteroids con1pare with t he s un. I t i s
alone of its kind, t he first world-revolution in a world whose history is
replete w ith r evolutions. A nd n ot only this, for i t is t he first o rganiz##ed
nJOvement o f m en to become a world-movement, limited only by the
lnnits of the planet.
T his revolution is unlike all other revolutions in many roe##spects. I t
is n ot sporadic. I t is n ot a flame o f p opular discontent, arising i n a d ay
a nd d ying down in a day. I t is older t han t he p resent g eneration. I t
h as a history a nd t raditions, a nd a m artyr-roll only less extensive possibly t han t he martyr-roll of Christnanity. I t has also a literature a
myriad times more imposing, scientific a nd scholarly t han t he literature
o f a ny p r-e vious r evolution.
T hey call themselves " comrades,'' t hese men, comrades in the so cialist revolution. N or is the w ord e mpty a nd m eaningless, coined of
rnere lip service. I t k nits men t ogether as brothers, as m en s hould be
k nit t ogether w ho s tand s houlder to shoulder u nder t he r ed b anner o f
r tvolt. T his r ed b anner, by t he way, symbolizes the brotherhood o f
m an, a nd does n ot symbolize the incendiarism t hat i ns,t antly connects itself with t he r ed b anner in the a fhighted b ourgeois mind. T he comradeship of the revolutionists is alive a nd w arm. I t p asses over geographical lines, t ranscends r ace pr###ejudice, a nd h as even proved itself
m ightier t han ## the F ourth o f J uly, spread-eagle Americanism o f o ur
f orefathers. T he F rench socialist w orkingmen a nd t he G erman socialist w orkingmen f org et Alsace a nd L orraine, a nd, when w ar t hreatens ,
pass resolutions declaring t hat as w orkingmen a nd c omrades they h av e

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n o q uarrel w ith each other. O nly t he o ther day, w hen J apan a nd R ussia s prang a t e ach o ther's t hroats, the revolutionists o f J apan a ddressed
the following message t o the revolutionists o f R ussia: " Dear C omrades
##-Your g ov### rnment a nd o urs h ave recently p lunged i nto w ar to c arry
e
o ut t heir i mperialistic tendencies, b ut f or us socialists t here a re no
boundaries, race, country, o r n ationality. W e a re c omrades, brothers
a nd s isters, a nd h ave no reason t o fight. Y our e nemies a r### n ot t he
e
J apanese people, b ut o ur m ilitarism a nd so-called patriotism. P atriotism a nd m ilitarism a re o ur m utual e nemies."
I n J anuary, 1905, .throughout t he U nited S tates t he socialists held
mass meetings to e xpress t heir s ympathy f or t heir s truggling c omrades,
the revolutionists o f R ussia, and, m ore t o the point, to f urnish t he sinews
o f w ar by collecting money a nd c abling i t t o t he R ussian l eaders.
T he f act o f t his call for money, a nd t he r eady response, a nd t he
v ery w ording o f t he call; m ak##e a s triking a nd p ractical demonstration
of the i nternational s olidarity o f t his world revolution: " Whatever m ay
be t he i mmediate results o f t he p resent r evolt in Russia, t he socialist
p ropaganda in t hat c ountry h as received from i t a n i mpetus unparalleled
i n t he history o f m odern class wars. T he h eroic battle for freedom is
being f ought a lmost exclusively by the R ussian w orking class u nder t he
intellectual leadership o f R ussian socialists, t hus once m ore d emonstrating t he f act t hat t he class-conscious workingmen have become the v anguard o f all l iberating m ovements o f m odern t imes.''
H ere a re 7,000,000 c omrades in a n o rganized, international, worldwide revolutionary movement. H ere is a tremendous h uman force. I t
m ust be reckoned with. H ere is power. A nd h er##e is r omance-romance
so colossal as to be quite beyond the k en o f o rdinary m ortals. T hese
r evolutionists a re s wayed by g reat passion. T hey h ave a keen sense o f
p ersonal right, much o f r everence for h umanity, b ut l ittle reverence, if
a ny a t all, for the rule o f t he dead. T hey r efuse to b e r uled by the dead.
T o t he bourgeois mind, t heir u nbelief i n t he d ominant conventions o f
t he established o rder is startling. T hey l augh to scorn the sweet ideals
a nd d ear m oralities o f b ourgeois society. T hey i ntend t o d estroy bourgeois society with most o f its sweet ideals a nd d ear moralities, a nd c hiefest a mong t hese a re t hose t hat g roup t hemselves u nder s uch heads as
p rivate o wnership o f capital, survival o f t he fittest, a nd p atriotism-even
p atriotism.
S uch a n a rmy o f revolution, 7,000,000 s trong, is a t hing t o make
rulers a nd r uling classes pause a nd c onsider. T he c ry o f t his a rmy is.
! 'No q uarter! W e w ant all t hat y ou possess. W e will be c ontent w ith
n othing less t han all t hat you pos.sess. W e w ant i n o ur h ands t he reins
o f p ower a nd t he d estiny o f m ankind. H ere a re o ur h ands. T hey a re

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R EVOLUTION

s trong h ands. w ,e a re g oing t o t ake y our g overnments, y our p alaces,
a nd all y our p urpled e ase a way f rom y ou, a nd i n t hat d ay you shall
w ork f or y our b read e ven as t he p easant i n t he field o r t he s tarved a nd
r unty c lerk in y our m etropolises. H ere a re o ur h ands. T hey a re s trong
h ands."
W ell m ay r ulers a nd r uling c lasses p ause a nd c onsider. T his i s
revolution. A nd f urther, t hese 7,000,000 m en a re n ot a n a rmy o n p aper.
T heir f ighting s trength i n t he field is 7,000,000. T oday t hey c ast 7,000,000 v otes in t he c ivilized c ountries o f t he w orld .
Y esterday t hey w ere n ot so s trong. T omorrow t hey w ill be## still
s tronger.. A nd t hey a re f ighters. T hey love peace. T hey a re u nafraid
o f w ar. T hey i ntend n othing less t han t o d estroy e xisting s ociety a nd
t o t ake p ossession o f t he w hole w orld. I f t he l aw o f t he l and p ermits,
t hey f ight f or t his e nd p eaceably, a t t he b allot-box. I f t he l aw o f t he
l and d oes n ot p ermit t heir p eaceable d estruction o f society, a nd i f t hey
h ave f orce m eted o ut t o them, t hey r esort t o f orce themselves. T hey
m eet v iolence w ith v iolence. T heir h ands a re s trong a nd t hey a re u naft aid. I n R ussia, f or i nstance, t here is no suffrage. T he g overnment
e xecutes t he r evolutionists. T he r evolutionists kill the officers o f t he
g overnment. T he r evolutionis,t s m eet l egal m urder w ith a ssassination.
N ow h ere a rises a p articularly s ignificant p hase w hich w ould be
well f or the## r ulers t o consider. L et m e m ake i t c oncrete. I a m a r evolutionoist. Y et I a m a f airly s ane a nd n ormal i ndividual. I speak, a nd I
t hink, o f t hese a ssassins i n R ussia a s " my c omrades." S o do all t he
c omrades i n A merica, a nd all t he 7,000,000 c omrades i n t he w orld. O f
v ;hat w orth a n org-anized i nternational r evolutionary m ovement i f o ur
c omrades a re n ot b acked u p t he w orld o ver? T he w orth is s hown b y
the f act t hat w##e do b ack u p t he a ssassinations by o ur c omrades i n R ussia. T hey a re n ot d isciples o f T olstoy, n or a re w e. vVe a re r evolutionists.
O ur c omrades in R ussia h ave f ormed w hat t hey c all " The F ighting
O rganization." T his F ighting O rganization a ccused, tried, f ound g uilty,
a nd c ondemned t o death, one S ipiaguin, M inister o f I nterior. O n A pril
2 h e w as s hot a nd k illed in t he M aryinsky P alace. T wo y ears l ater t he
F ighting O rganization c ondemned t o d eath a nd e x##e cuted a nother M ini~ter o f I nterior, V on P lehv##e. H aving d one so, it issued a document,
d ated J uly 29, 1904, s etting f orth t he c ounts o f its i ndictment o f V on
P lehve a nd its responsibility f or t he assassination. N ow, a nd t o t he
p oint, this d ocument w as s ent o ut t o t he socialis,t s o f t he w orld, a nd by
t hem w as p ublished e verywhere i n t he m agazines a nd n ewspapers. T he
p oint is, n ot t hat t he s ocialists o f t he w orld w ere u nafraid to_ do it: ~ot
t hat t hey d ared t o do it, b ut t hat t hey d id i t as a m atter o f r outme, glVlng

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p ublication to w hat m ay be called a n official d ocument o f t he i nternational r evolutionary m ovement.
T hese a re h igh-lights u pon t he r evolution-granted, b ut t hey a re
a lso facts. A nd t hey a re g iven t o t he r ulers a nd t he r uling classes, n ot
m b ravado, n ot t o f righten t hem, b ut f or t hem t o c onsider m ore deeply
the s pirit a nd n ature o f t his w orld r evolution. T he t ime h as come f or
t he. revolution to d emand c onsideration. I t h as f astened u pon e very
c ivilized c ountry in t he w orld. A s f ast a s a c ountry becomes civiliz##ed,
t he r evolution fastens u pon it. W ith t he i ntroduction o f t he m achine
i nto J apan, s ocialism w as i ntroduced. S ocialism m arched i nto t he
P hilippines s houlder t o s houlder w ith the A merican soldiers. T he e choes
~f t he l ast g un h ad s carcely died a way w hen s ocialist locals w ere f orming
m C uba a nd P orto R ico. Vastly m ore s ignificant is t he f act t hat o f all
t he c ountries t he revolution has fastened u pon, o n n ot o ne h as i t r elaxed its g rip. O n t he c ontrary , o n e very c ountry its g rip closes t ighter
}'_ear b y y ear. A s a n a ctive m ovement it b egan o bscurely o ver a g enerabon a go. I n 1867, its v oting s trength i n t he w orld w as 30,000. B v
1S71, its vote h ad i ncreased to 100,000. N ot till 1884 did i t p ass the h alfmillion point. B y 1889, i t h ad p assed t he m illion point. I t h ad t hen
g ained m omentum. I n 1892 t he s ocialist vote o f t he w orld w as 1 798 :J91; i n 1893, 2,585,898; in 1895, 3,033,718; in 1898, 4,515,591; in '190~, ##
5 ,253,054; in 1903, 6 ,285,374; a nd i n t he y ear o f O ur L ord 1905 it
p assed t he s even m illion m ark.
'
'
N or h as t his flame o f r evolution l eft t he U nited S tates u ntouched.
I n 1888, t here w ere o nly 2,0G8 s ocialist votes. I n 1902, t here w ere
127,713 socialist votes. A nd in 1904, 435,010 s ocialist votes were cast.
W hat f anned t his f lame? N ot h ard t imes. T he f irst f our y ears o f t he
t wentieth c entury weroe c onsidered p rosperous y ears, y et in t hat t ime
more t han 300,000 m en a dded t hemselves to t he r anks o f t he revolu~ionists: f linging t heir defiance in the teeth o f b ourgeois s ociety a nd t akmg t hetr s tand u nder t he blood-red b anner. I n t he S tate o f t he w riter
C alifornia, o ne m an i n ten is a n a vowed a nd r egistered r evolutionist. '
O ne t hing m ust be clearly understood. T his is no s pontaneous a nd
va_gue upr~sin~ of_ a l arge m ass o f d iscontented a nd m iserable p eople-a
~h~d a nd m stmctlve recoil f rom h urt. O n t he c ontrary, t he p ropaganda
ts m tellectual; t he m ovement is based upon economic necessity a nd i s in
l lne w ith social e volution; w hile t he m iserable people have n ot y et revolted. T he r evolutionist is n o s tarved a nd d iseased slave in t he
~hambles a t tl~e b ottom o f t he s-ocial p it, b ut is, in t he m ain, a h earty,
w##ell-fed w orkmgman, w ho sees the shambles waitino- for h im a nd his
children a nd d eclines to descend. T he v ery m iserable people a re too
helpless to help themselves. B ut t hey a re b eing h elped, a nd t he d ay 1::;

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t f ar d istant w hen t heir n umbers will g o t o swell t he r anks o f t he r evo-

lutionists.
A nother thino- must be clearly u nderstood. I n s pite o f t he f act t hat
m iddle-class m en "'and p rofessional m en a re i nterested i n the movemen~,
i t is nevertheless a distinctly w orking-class r evolt. T he w orld o ver, It
is a w orking-class r evolt. T he w orkers o f t he w orld, as a class, ~re
f ighting t he. capitalists o f t he w orld, as a class. T he s o-call:d g rea: n:Iddle c lass is a g rowing a nomaly i n t he social s truggle . . I t ~s a ~e~Ishmg
class (wily statisticians to t he c ontrary)' a nd i ts h is,t ?nc m isswn o f
buffer b etween t he c apitalist a nd w orking classes h as ! ust ab~u~ b een
fnlfilled. L ittle r emains for it b ut to wail a s i t pas,ses m to o~hvwn, a s
;t h as a lready b egun t o w ail i n a ccents P opulistic a nd Jeff~r~oman-Dem~##
cratic. T he f ight is on. T he r evolution is h ere n ow, a nd It IS t he w orlds
w orkers t hat a re i n revolt.
N aturally t he q uestion a rises: vVhy is .t his s o? . N o m ere w him
o f t he s pirit c an g ive rise to a w orld-revolutwn. vVhim d oes n ot conduce t o u nanimity. T here m ust b e a d eep-seated cause to m ake 7,000,00_D
!llen o f t he o ne m ind, to m ake t hem c ast off a llegiance to t he b ourgeois
g ods a nd lose faith in so fine a t hing as _pa~riotis~. Th~re a re man_.v
c ounts o f t he i ndictment w hich t he r evolutwmsts b nng a gamst t he c apitalist class, b ut f or p resent n eed only one m ay be stated, a nd i t is a c ount
to whi~h c apital h as n ever r eplied a nd c an n ever reply.
T he c apitalist class h as m anaged society, a nd i ts man~gement !1as
i ailed. A nd n ot o nly h as i t failed in its m anagement, b ut It h as fail.ed
d eplorably, ignobly, horribly. T he c apitalist class. h ad an_ o pportun1ty
such as w as v ouchsafed n o p revious r uling c lass 111 t he h istory o f t he
w orld. I t b roke a way f rom t he r ule o f t he o ld feudal aristocr~cy a nd
m ade m odern society. I t m astered m atter, o rganiz##e d t he _machmery of
life, a nd m ade p ossiple a w onderful e ra f or m ankind, w herem. n o c reature
s hould c ry a loud because i t h ad n ot e nough t o eat, a nd w her##e m f or eve_ry
c hild t here w ould be o pportunity f or e ducation, for intellectual a nd s plritual uplift. M atter b eing m astered, a nd t he m achinery ~f l ife o rganized, all this w as possible. H ere w as t he c hance, God-given, an~l t he
c apitalist c lass failed. I t w as blind a nd g reedy. I t p rattled swe~t I_de~ls
a nd d ear m oralities , r ubbed its eyes n ot once, n or c eased one w hit 111 Its
a reediness a nd s mashed d own i n a failure as t remendous only as w as t he
b

'

o pportunity i t h ad i gnored.
.
.
.
B ut all t his is like so m uch cobwebs to t he b ourgeois m md. A s It
v.' as b lind in t he p ast, i t is b lind now a nd c an n ot see n or uncrerstancl.
W ell, t hen , let t he i ndictment be s tated m ore definitely, i n t erms s harp
a nd u nmistakable. I n t he first place, consider the cave-man. H e w as a
very simpl,e c reature. H is h ead s lanted b ack like a n o rang-outang's

J ACK L ONDON

103

a nd h e h ad b ut l ittle m ore i ntelligence. H e l ived 111 a h ostile e nvironment, t he p rey o f all m anner o f fierce life. H e h ad n o i nventions n or
artifices. H is n atural efficiency f or f ood-getting w as, s ay 1.. H e d id n ot
e ven till t he soil. W ith his n atural efficiency o f 1, h e f ought off h is
c arnivorous e nemies a nd g ot hims##e lf f ood a nd s helter. H e m ust h ave
d one all this, else he would n ot h ave multiplied a nd s pread o ver t he
e arth a nd s ent h is p rogeny d own, g eneration b y g eneration, t o become
even you a nd m e.
T he c ave-man, w ith h is n atural efficiency o f 1, g ot e nough t o e at
m ost o f t he t ime, a nd n o c ave-man e ver w ent h ungry all t he t ime. Also,
he lived a healthy, o pen-air l ife, loafed a nd r ested h imself, a nd f ound
p lenty o f t ime iri which to exercise his i magination a nd i nvent g ods.
T hat is t o s ay, he did n ot h ave to w ork all his w aking m oments i n o rder
to g et e nough t o eat. T he c hild o f t he c ave-man ( and t his is t rue o f t he
c hildren o f all s avage p eoples) h ad a c hildhood a nd by t hat is m eant a
h appy c hildhood o f p lay a nd d evelopment.
A nd n ow, h ow f ares m odern m an? C onsider t he U nited S tates, t he
nJost p rosperous a nd m ost e nlightened c ountry o f t he world. I n t he
U nited S tates t here a re 10,000,000 p eople l iving i n poverty. B y p ovc!##ty is m eant t hat c ondition in life in which, t hrough l ack o f f ood a nd
a dequate s helter, t he m ere s,t andard o f w orking efficiency can n ot be
maintained. I n t he U nited S tates t here a re 10,000,000 people w ho h ave
n ot e nough t o e at. . In t he U nited S tates, b ecause t hey h ave n ot ##e nough
t o eat, t here a re 10,000,000 p eople w ho c an n ot keep the o rdinary m easure o f s trength i n t heir bodies. T his m eans t hat t hese 10,000,000 p eople
a re p erishing, a re d ying, body a nd soul, slowly, because t hey h ave n ot
e nough t o e at. All o ver t his b road, p rosperous, e nlightened l and, a re
: nen, women a nd c hildren w ho a re l iving m is##erably. I n all t he g reat
cities, w here t hey a re s egregated i n s lum-ghettos b y h undreds o f t housands~ a nd by millions, t heir m isery b ecomes beastliness. N o c ave-man
eYer s tarved a s chronically as t hey s tarve, e ver s lept as vilely a s t hey
sleep, e ver f estered w ith r ottenness a nd d isease as t hey f ester, n or e ver
t oiled as h ard a nd f or a s l ong h ours a s t hey toil.
I n C hicago t here is a w oman w ho t oiled s ixty h ours p er week. S he
w as a g arment w orker. S he s ewed b uttons o n clothes. A mong t he
I talian g arment w orkers o f C hicago, the a verage w eekly w age o f t he
d ressmakers is 90 cents, b ut t hey w ork e very w eek i n t he y ear. T he
a verage w eekly w age o f t he p ants f inishers is $1.31, a nd t he a verage
n umber o f w eeks employed in the y ear is 27.85 .
T he a verage y early
e arnings o f t he d ressmakers is $ 37.00; o f t he p ants f inishers, $42.41.
S uch w ages m eans no childhood f or t he c hildren, beastliness o f l iving,
v ncl s tarvation f or all.

#R EVOLUTION

J ACK L O N DON

U nlike the cave-man, modern m an c an n ot g et food a nd s helter
by w orking f or it. M odern m an h as first to find the work, a nd in this
he is often unsuccessful. T hen m isery becomes acute. T his a cute misery is chronicled daily in the newspapers. L et s everal o f t he countless
instances be cited.
I n N ew Y ork city lived a woman, M ary M ead. S he h ad t hree children: M ary, o ne y ear o ld; J ohanna, t wo years o ld; Alice, four years
old. H er h usband could find no work. T hey s tarved. T hey w ere
evicted from t heir s helter a t 160 S teuben street. M ary M ead s trangled
h er baby, M ary, one year o ld; s trangled Alice, four y ears o ld; failed to
s trangle J ohanna, two years old, a nd t hen h erself took poison. S aid
t he f ather to the police: " Constant p overty h ad d riven m y w ife insane.
Vve l ived a t N o. 160 S teuben s treet u ntil a week ago, w hen we w ere dispossessed. I could g et no work. I could n ot e ven make enough to p ut
food into o ur m ouths. T he b abies g rew ill a nd weak. M y w ife cried
nearly all the t ime."
" So o verwhelmed is the D epartment o f C harities w ith t ens o f t housands o f applications from men o ut of w ork t hat i t finds itself unable to
cope with the s ituation."--New Y ork Commercial, J anuary 11, 1905.
I n a daily paper, because he c an n ot g et w ork i n o rder to g et something t o eat, modern m an a dvertises as follows:
" Young m an, good education, unable to obtain employment, will
sell to physician a nd b acteriologist f or e xperimental purposes all r ight
a nd t itle to his body. A ddress for price, box 3466, E xaminer."
" Frank A. Mallin w ent to the c entral police, s tation ##w ednesday
n ight a nd a sked to be locked up on a c harge o f v agrancy. H e said he
had been conducting a n u nsuccessful search for w##ork f or so long t hat
he w as s ure he m ust be a v agrant. I n a ny e vent, h e w as so h ungry he
m ust b e feel. Police J udge G raham s entenced him to ninety days' imprisonment."-San Francisco Examiner.
I n a r oom a t t he Soto H ouse, 32 F ourth s treet, S an F rancisco, was
found the .body o f 'vV. G. Robbins. H e h ad t urned o n t he gas. Also
"'##as f ound his diary, from which the following e xtracts a re m ade:
" March 3 .-No chance o f g etting a nything here. \iVhat will I d o?
" March 7 .-Can n ot find a nything yet.
" March 8 .-Am l iving o n d oughnuts a t five cents a clay.
" March 9 .-My l ast q uarter g one f or room rent.
" March 1 0.-God help me. H ave o nly five cents left. Can g et
n othing to do. W hat n ext? S tarvation o r - ? I h ave s pent m y last
Hickel tonight. W hat shall I d o? S hall it be steal, b eg, o r d ie? I h ave
never stolen, begged o r s tarved in all m y fifty years o f life, b ut n ow I am
un t he b rink-death seems the only refuge.

" March 1 1.-Sick all d ay-burning f ever t his a fternoon. H ad
n othing t o eat today o r s ince yesterday noon. M y head, my head. Goodby, all."
H ow f ares the child o f m odern m an i n this most prosperous o f
l ands? I n t he c ity o f N ew Y ork 50,000 c hildren g o h ungry t o school
every m orning. F rom t he same city on J anuary 12, a press dispatch
w as s ent o ut o ver the c ountry o f a case reported by Dr. A. E. ### Daniel,
o## t he N ew Y ork I nfirmary for \iVomen a nd C hildren. T he case was
t hat o f a babe, eighteen months d d, w ho e arned by its labor, fifty cents p er
week in a t enement s weat-shop.
" On a pile o f r ags i n a r oom bare o f f urniture a nd f reezing cold,
Mrs. M ary Gallin, dead from starvation, w ith a n e maciated baby f our
m onths old c rying a t h er b reast, was found this m orning a t 51:3 M yrtle
a venue, Brooklyn, by Policeman McConnon o f t he F lu shins- Avenue
S tation. H uddled t ogether f or w armth i n a nother p art o f t he room were
t he f ather, J ames Gallin, a nd t hree children r anging f rom two to e ight
y ears o f age. T he c hildren gazed a t t he p oliceman much as ravenous
animals m ight h ave done. T hey w ere famished, a nd t here w as n ot a
v estige o f ##food in t heir c omfortless h ome."-New Y ork Journal, J anuary 2, 1902.
I n t he U nited S tates 80,000 c hildren a re t oiling o ut t heir lives in
t he textile mills alone. I n t he S outh t hey w ork t welve-hour shifts. T hey
n ever see the day. Those on the n ight-shift a re asleep when the s un
p ours its life a nd w armth o ver the world, while those on the day-shift
a re a t t he machines before dawn a nd r eturn to their miserable dens,
called " homes," a fter d ark. M any receive no more t han t en cents a clay.
T here a re babies who w ork f or five and six cents a day. Those who
w ork o n t he n ight-shift a re o ften kept a wake by h aving cold w ater
d ashed i n t heir faces. T here a re c hildren six years o f a ge who have
already to t heir c redit eleven months' w ork o n the night-shift. W hen
t hey become sick, a nd a re u nable to r ise f rom t heir beds to g o to work,
t here a re m en employed t o g o o n horseback, from bouse to house, a nd
c ajole a nd bully them into a rising a nd g oing to work. T en p er c ent o f
t hem c ontract active consumption. All a re p uny w recks, distorted,
s tunted m ind a nd b ody. E lbert H ubbard says o f t he child-labo1~rs of
t he S outhern c otton-mills:
" I t hought to lift o ne o f t he little toilers to ascertain his weight.
S traight a way t hrough h is thirty-five p ounds o f s kin a nd b ones there
r an a t remor o f fear, a nd he s truggled f orward to tie a broken thread.
l a ttracted his attention by a touch, a nd offered him a silver dime. H e
looked a t m e dumbly from a face t hat m ight h ave belonged t o a m an o f
s ixty, so furrowed, tightly drawn, a nd full o f p ain i t was. H e d id n ot

104

105

###

#\
108

R EVOLUTION

o f t he wealth taken by the capitalist class, b ut f or w ant o f t he wealth
w as never created. T his w ealth was n ever c reated because the capitalist class m anaged too wastefully a nd i rrationally. T he c apitalist class,
blind a nd g reedy, g ra sping m adly, has not only not made t he b est o f its
m anagement, b ut m ade the w or st o f it. I t is a m anagement p rodigiously
wasteful. T his p oint can n ot be emphasized too strongly.
I n face o f t he facts t hat m odern m an lives more wretchedly th~n
~he c ave-man, a nd t hat m odern m an's f ood-and-she lter-getting efficiency
I S a t housand-fold g reater t han t he cave-man's, no o ther s olution is possible t han t hat t he m anagement is p rodigiously wasteful.
W ith t he n atural r esources o f t he world, t he m achinery already mvented, a rational organization o f p roduction a nd d istribution, a nd a n
equally rational elimination o f w aste, the able-bodied workers would n ot
have to labor more t han t wo o r t hree hours p er d ay t o feed everybody,
clothe everybody, house everybody, educate _everybody a nd g ive a f air
m easure o f little luxuries to everybody. T here w ould be no m ore m aterial w ant a nd w retchedness, no m ore c hildren toiling o ut t heir lives,
no## m ore men a nd w omen a nd babes living like beasts a nd d ying like
beasts. N ot o nly would m atter be mastered, b ut t he machine would be
mastered. I n such a clay i ncentive would be finer a nd n obler t han t he
incentive of today, which is the incentive o f t he stomach. N o m an,
woman, o r child would be impelled to action by a n e mpty stomach. O n
t he c ontrary , they would be impelled t o a ction as a child in a spelling
n~atch is impelled to action, as boys a nd g irls a t g ames, as scientists for.uulating law, as inventors applying law, as a rtists a nd s culptors p ainting c anvases a nd s haping clay, as poets a nd s tatesmen s erving h umanity
by s inging a nd by state-craft. T he s piritual, intellectual, a nd a rtistic
u plift c onsequent upon such a condition o f society would be tremendous.
All the h uman w orld would s urge u pward in a m ighty w ave.
T his w as the opportunity vouchsafed t he c apitalist class. Less
blindness on its p art, less greediness a nd a r ational m anagement w ere all
t hat was necessary. A wonderful e ra w as possible ##or the h uman race.
B ut t he capitalist class failed. I t m ade a shambles o f civilization. N or
c an t he capitalist class plead n ot g uilty. I t k new o f t he opportunity.
I ts wise men told it o f t he opportunity, its scholars a nd its scientists
told i t o f t he opportunity. All t hat t hey said is there today in the books,
j ust so much d amning evidence a gainst it. I t w ould not listen. I t was
too g reedy . I t r ose up ( as i t rises up t oday), shamelessly, in o ur legislative halls, a nd d eclared t hat profits were impossible w ithout t he toil
o f c hildren a nd babes. I t lulled its conscience t o sleep with p rattle o f
s weet ideals a nd d ear m oralities, a nd a llowed the suffering and misery
th~t

J ACK L ONDON

109

o f m ankind t o continue a nd to increase. I n s hort, t he c apitalist class
failed to take a dvantage o f t he opportunity.
B ut t he o pportunity is still here. T he c apitalist class has been tried
a nd f ound wanting. R emains t he w orking class to see w hat i t c an do
with t he o pportunity. " But t he w orking class is i ncapable," says the
capitalist class. " What do you know about i t?" t he w orking class replies. " Because you have failed is no reason t hat we shall fail. F urthermore, we a re g oing t o have a t ry a t i t anyway. Seven millions o f
us say so. A nd w hat h ave you to say t o t hat?"
A nd w hat c an the capitalist class s ay? G rant t he incapacity o f t he
w orking class. G rant t hat t he indictment a nd t he a rgument o f t he revolutionists a re all w rong. T he 7,000,000 r evolutionists remain. T heir
e xistence is a fact. T heir belief in t heir capacity, a nd i n t heir i ndictment a nd t heir a rgument, is a fact. T heir c onstant g rowth is a f act,
T heir i ntention to destroy p resent-day society is a fact, as is also their
intention to take possession o f t he world w ith all its wealth a nd m a- ##
c hinery a nd g overnments . Moreover, i t is a fact t hat t he w orking class
is v astly l arger t han t he capitalist class.
T he r evolution is a revolution o f t he w orking class. H ow c an t he
c apitalist class, in the minority, stem t his t ide o f r evolution? VVhat h as
i t t o offer? ##w hat does i t offer? Employers' associations, injunctions,
civil suits for p lundering o f t he treasuries o f t he labor unions, clamor a nd
c ombination for the o pen shop, b itter a nd s hameless opposition to the
e ight-hour d ay, s trong efforts to d efeat all r dorm c hild-labor bills, g raft
i n every municipal council, s trong lobbies a nd b ribery in every legislature !or t he purchase o f c apitalist legislation, bayonets, machine-guns,
policemen's clubs, professional strike-breakers, a nd a rmed P inkertonsthese a re t he t hings t he capitalist class is d umping i n f ront o f t he tide
o f r evolution, as though, forsooth, to hold i t back.
T he c apitalist class is as blind today to t he menace o f t he revolution
as i t w as blind in the p ast to its God-given opportunity. I t c annot see
how precarious is its position, c an n ot c omprehend the p ower a nd t he
p ortent o f t he revolution. I t g oes o n its placid way, p rattling s weet
ideals a nd d ear moralities, a nd s crambling s ordidly f or m aterial benefits.
N o o verthrown r uler o r class in the p ast e ver c onsidered the revolution t hat o verthrew it, a nd so w ith t he c apitalist class o f t oday. I nstead
o f c ompromising, instead o f l engthening its lease o f life by conciliation
a nd by removal o f s ome o f t he h arsher o ppressions o f t he w orking class,
it antagonizes t he w orking class, drives the w orking class into revolution.
E very b roken s trik,e in recent years, every legally p lundered t rade-union
t reasury, e very closed shop m ade into a n o pen shop, has driven the members o f t he w orking class directly h urt o ver to socialism by h undreds

#1 10

R EVOLUTION

a nd t housands. S how a w orkingman t hat h is u nion fails, a nd h e b ecomes a revolutionist. B reak a s trike w ith a n i njunction o r b ankrupt
a . u nion w ith a civil suit, a nd t h e w orkingmen h urt t hereby l isten to t he
s iren s ong o f t he s ocialist a nd a re lost f orever t o t he political capitalist
p arties.
A ntagonism n ever l ulled revolution, a nd a ntagonism i s a bout all the
capitalis,t class offers. I t is t rue, i t offers some few a ntiquated n otions
w hich w ere v ery efficacious in t he p ast, b ut w hich a re n o l onger efficacious. F ourth-of-July l iberty in t erms o f t he D eclaration o f I ndependence a nd o f t he F rench E ncyclopedists is scarcely apposite t oday. I t
does n ot a ppeal to t he w orkingman w ho h as h ad his h ead b roken by a
r oliceman's club, his u nion t reasury b ankrupted b y a c ourt decision, o r
his j ob t aken a way f rom h im by a l abor-saving i nvention. N or does
the C onstitution o f t he U nited S tates a ppear so g lorious a nd c onstitutwnal t o t he w orkingman w ho h as e xperienced a b ull-pen o r b een u ncon:,titutionally d eported f rom C olorado. N or a re t his p articular w orkingman's h urt f###
eelings s oothed by r eading i n the n ewspapers t hat b oth t he
bull-pen a nd t he d eportation w ere p re-eminently j ust, l egal a nd c onstitutional. " To hell, t hen, w ith t h e c onstitution!" s ays he, a nd a nother
r evolutionist h as b een m ade- -by the capitalist class.
I n s hort, so blind is t he c apitalist class t hat i t does n othing t o l engthen i ts lease o f life, while it does e verything t o s horten it. T he c apitalist
class offers n othing t hat is clean, noble a nd alive. T he r evolutionists
o ffer e verything t hat is clean, noble a nd a liv### . T hey offer s ervice,
e
unselfishness, sacrifice, m artyrdom-the t hings t hat s ting a wake t he i magination o f t he people, t ouching t heir h earts w ith t he f ervor t hat a rises o ut
o f t he impulse t oward g ood a nd w hich is essentially r##e ligious in its n ature.
B ut t he r evolutionists blow h ot a nd b low cold. T hey offer f acts a nd
s tatistics, economics a nd scientific a rguments. I f t he w orkingman be
rnerely selfish, t he r evolutionists show him, m athematically d emonstrate
. t o h im t hat h is w elfare w ill be b ettered b y t he r evolution. I f t he
w orkingman be t he h igher t ype, m oved by impulses t oward r ight c onJuct, i f he have soul a nd s pirit, t he r evolutionists o ffer h im t he t hings o f
t he soul a nd t he s pirit, the t remendous t hings t hat c an n ot be m easured
by dollars a nd c ents, n or be h eld d own b y dollars a nd c ents. T he
r evolutionist c ries o ut u pon w rong a nd i njustice, a nd p reaches r ighteousHess. A nd, m ost p ote nt o f all, he s ings t he e ternal s ong o f h uman
f reedom-a s ong o f all l ands a nd all t ongues a nd all time.
F ew m embers o f t he capitalist cla~s s ee t he r evolution. M ost o f
t hem a re t oo i gnorant, a nd m any a re t oo a fraid t o see it. i t is t he
s ame old story o f e very p unishing r uling class in t he w orld's h istory.
F at w ith p ower a nd p ossession, d runk en w ith success, a nd m ade s oft a nd

J ACK L ONDON

111

m ushy b y s urfeit a nd b y cessation o f s truggle, t hey a r### like t he d rones
e
c lustered a bout t he honey-vats w hen t he w orker-bees s pring u pon t hem
t o e nd t heir r otund e xistence.
P resident R oosevelt vaguely sees t he r evolution, is f rightened by it .
a nd recoils f rom s eeing it. A s h e s ays: " Above all, w e n eed t o r emem##
ber t hat a ny k ind o f c lass a nimosity i n t he p olitical w orld is, i f possible ,
e ven m ore w icked, even m ore d estructive t o n ational w elfare, t han sec
t 10 nal, raoe, o r r eligious a nimosity."
.
C lass a nimosity i n t he p olitical world, P resident R oosevelt m am
t ains is wicked. B ut c lass animosity in t he p olitical w orld is t he preacl1
m en{ o f t he r evolutionists. " Let t he c lass w ars i n the i ndustrial worlcl
c ontinue," t hey s ay, " but ext<end t he class w ar t o t he p olitical ' :oriel ####
A s t heir l eader, E ugene V. D ebs, s ays: " So f ar a s t his _struggle 1s con ##
c erned t here is no rrood c apitalist a nd n o b ad w orkmgman. E ver.'
capitalist is y our ene1~y a nd e very w orkingman is y our f riend."
H ere is class a nimosity i n the political w orld w ith a v engeance. A nd
h ere i s revolution. I n 1 888 t here w ere o###1ly 2,000 r evolutionists o f t his
t ype in t he U nited S tates; i n 1900 t here w ere 127,000 r~volutionists; in
1904 435 000 r evolutionists. vVickedness o f t he P res1dent Roosevelt
definition ~viclently f lourishes a nd i ncreases in the U nited S tates. Q uite
so f or i t i s t he r evolution t hat f lourishes a nd i ncreases.
' H ere a nd t here a m ember o f t he c apitalist class catches a cleat
glimpse o f t he r evolution, a nd r aises a warn_ing cry. B ut h is" class
d oes. n ot heed. P resident E liot o f H arvard ra1sed s uch a c ry:
I ## am
f orced t o b elieve t here is a p resent d anger o f s ocialism n ever b efore sc###
i mminent i n A merica in so d angerous a f orm, because n ever b efore imminent i n so well o rganized a f orm. T he d anger l ies i n t he. o b:aining
c ontrol o f t he t rades u nions b y t he s ocialists." A nd t he cap1t_ahst en:ployers, i nstead o f g iving h eed t o t he. ' :arnings, a re p erfectmg the11_
s trike-breaking o rganization a nd c ombmmg m ore s trongly t han _evet
f or a g eneral a ssault u pon t hat d earest o f all t hings t~ t he t rades umon_s .
t he closed shop. I nsofar a s t his a ssault s ucceeds, b y JUSt t hat m uch w11l
t he c~pitalist class s horten i ts lease o f life. I t i~ t he old, old st~ry, o ver
a gain, a nd o ver a gain. T he d runken drones sttll cluster greedtly about

the honey-vats.
.
.
P ossibly o ne o f t he m ost a musing s p:ctacles ~f t oday 1s t he ~ttltude
o f t he A merican p ress t oward t he revolutiOn. I t 1_s ~lso a pathetlc_ s pe:tacle. I t c ompels the onlooker to be a ware o f a d1st_mct loss o f p nde m
his species. D ogmatic u tterance f ro##m t he m outh o f 1gnoranc~ m ay ~ake
. ds laurrh b ut i t should m ake m en weep. A nd t he A mencan ed1tors
go
o,
.
.
b
. ' T h l d "d" "d
,
( in t he g eneral i nstance) a re so 1111press1ve a o ut I t.
eo .
IV! e-up,
" men-are-not-born-free-and-equal" p ropositions a re e nunc1ated g ravely

#l
112

R EVOLUTION

a nd s agely, a s t hings w hite-hot a nd n ew f rom t he f orge o f h uman wisdom. T heir feeble v aporings s how no m ore t han a schoolboy's comprehension o f t he n ature o f t he r evolution. P arasites t hemselves on the capi##talist class, s erving the capitalist class by molding public opinion, they,
too, cluster d runkenly a bout t he h oney-vats.
O f c ourse, t his is t rue o nly o f the l arg e m ajority o f A merican
editors_ T o s ay t hat i t is t rue o f all o f t hem would be to c ast too g reat
o bloquy u pon t he h uman race. Also, i t w ould be u ntrue, f or h ere a nd
t here a n o ccasional e ditor does s,ee c learly-an d in his case, ruled by
stomach-incentive, is usually a fraid t o s ay w hat h e t hinks a bout it.
S o f ar as the science a nd t he sociology o f t he r evolution a re c oncerned,
t he a verage e ditor is .a g e neration o r s o behind the facts. H e is intel- ##
l ectually slothful, accepts n o f acts until t hey a re a ccepted by t he m ajority, a nd p rides h imself u pon h is conservatism. H e is a n i nstinctive
optimist, p rone t o believe t hat w hat o ught t o be, is. T h e revolutionist
g ave t his u p l ong a go, a nd believes n ot t hat w hat o ught to be, is, b ut
w hat is, is, a nd t hat i t m ay n ot be w hat i t o ught to be a t alL
N ow a nd t hen, r ubbing h is eyes vigorously, a n e ditor catches a
sudden glimpse o f t he revolution a nd b reak s o ut in naive volubility, as,
for instance, the o ne w ho w rote t he following in the " C hicago C hronicle ", " American socialists a re r evolution sts . T hey k now t hat t hey a re
r evolutioni st s. I t is h igh t im e t hat o ther p eople should appreciate t he
fact. " -A w hite-hot, b rand-new d iscovery, a nd h e proceeded to s hout it
o ut f rom the h ou se-tops t hat we, forsooth, w ere r evolutionists. W hy,
i t w as j ust w hat we have been d oing all t hese y ears-shouting i t o ut
from t he h ouse-tops t hat we a re r evolutionist s, a nd s top us who can.
T he t ime should be p ast f or the m ental a ttitude: " Revolution is
atrocious. Sir, t h ere is no r evolution." L ikewise s hould t he t ime b ~
p ast f or t hat o ther f amiliar a ttitude: " Socialism is slavery. Sir, i t will
n ever b e." I t is n o l onger a q uestion o f dialectics, theories, a nd d reams.
T here is n o q u es tion about it. T he r evolution is a fact. I t is h ere n ow .
Seven million revolutionists, o rganized, w orking d ay a nd n ight, a re
p r##e aching th e revolu tion-that p assionate gospel, t he B rotherhood o f
M an. N ot o nly is i t a cold-blooded economic p ropaganda, b ut i t is in
e ssence a religious p ropanganda w ith a fervor in it o f P aul a nd C hrist.
T he c apitalist class has been indicted. I t h as failed in its m anagement
a nd its m anag ement is t o be t aken a way f rom it. S even m illion m ut
o f the w orking class say t hat t hey a re g oing to g et t h e r est o f th e
w orking class t o j oin with t hem a nd t ake t he m ana ge me nt away_ 1'he
r evolution is here now. S top i t who can.

T HE B ARITONE'S T ALE
A T RUE S TORY_

B Y M AY A ND

E.

J.

B EALS-HOFFPAUIR_

" Love come th t hrough t he p rol etaire,
Or t h r ough t he d ownmost m an y ou m eet,
Or t hro u gh t he h unted a nd t he b ound,
Or t hrough t he w oman o f t he s treet."

R ANCOIS D 'ALMAINE s tood a t t he door of a cheap
little e ating h ouse a nd l ighted his cigar. I t w as a n
e xce ll ent c igar a nd h e noticed w ith deep r egret t hat
b ut o ne o f its k ind r emained i n the case. J ust t hen
a c han oe acquaintance paused with a friendl_y w ord a nd
D ' Alm aine held o ut t he case a nd w as g en uinely sorry
to le arn t hat th P o t her w as a n on-smoker.
" Yes, ee t ees h ard l ines," h e said, b ut h is voice w as t hat o f a conqueror. " Eet ees h ard lines, b ut you und erstand , M 'si##eu Henclreck, eet
ees n ot f or myself zat I g rieve. A h , n o! E et ees vaire o ften z at I am
w hat you call b rok e. I a m to eet well accustom . W e b oys h av e no g rief
f or ourself_ B ut, m on di,eu! ze y oung demoiselles."
" Too b ad about t he g irls."
" Non, n on," c ried D 'Almaine, m istaking t he o th er's m eaning. " 1
tell you, M'sieu H endreck, z are ees not'i ng b ad abo ut zose girls. L o ok
you, ee t ees zat zey g o in a show . .. F or z at a r##e zey m isjudge."
" O h, yes, o f co ur se. Y ou mi su nd erstood me. J m ean i t's too bad
they' re up a gainst i t like this. T hey're so y oung."
" Mam'zelle F lorabelle ees f ourteen ," s aid D 'Almaine w ith a b reak in
his s oft s outhern voic e. " Mam'zelle Fifi ees sixteen a nd so also ees M am'zelle Inez. S o y oung a re zey a nd so far from zey home. Ze h eart z at
would have for zem n o p eety, e et e es o f s tone."
" I g uess you've found a g ood m any s tony he ar ts i n t his b urg."
" O ui, m on D i eu! A nd I h ave learn mooch , M 'sieu H e ndr eck. I
have lear n m ooch."
T he y w ere s trolling u p t he s unny s treet t ogether-D'Almaine t alking
excite dl y a nd g esticulating w ith hands, shoulders a nd eye brows.
" Eet ees l ast n ight I s ay to you, ' Tell me who ees ze b est m an 111
1 13

#1 14

M AY A ND E. J. B EALS-HOFFPAUIR

T HE B ARITONE'S T ALE

zees town.' E et ees last night, M'sieu H endreck."
H is v ehement voice a nd m anner seemed accusing.
" Yes," a dmitted Hendricks, " it was last n ight."
" And you say to me, ' Reverend M eestair Allison, ze p astor o f z~
C hurch o f ze Immaculate M other; he ees ze best man for good works o f
c harity a nd f or ze saintly life."
" Yes," said Hendricks, " he h as t hat r eputation."
" He ees zen a fake, a h ypocrit,e, M 'sieu Hendreck. H e ees a tombstone whitewashed. S acre! I would not have ze h eart o f zat man. E et
ees o f a s toniness! Diable !"
" You called on him this m orning?"
" Oui, M 'sieu Hendreck. I tell him all. H e h as already heard zat
o ur m anager h ave abducted all o ur fund, a nd z at we are stranded in
zees town. H e k now eet ees not ze f ault o f a ny o ne o f us. I relate
to heem ze so tender age o f ze y oung girls. M on D ieu! You could
not conceive hees a nswer w hat eet was, M'sieu H endreck ?"
" No. I b anked on his d igging u p."
" He s aid t o me, ' I a m a meeneestair o f ze gospel. I cannot soil
my hands o f such creatures.' S acre b lieu! Zose y oung g irls innocent.
H e ees n ot fit for to wipe zaire feet upon. I tell heem so. ' Damn v our
gospel!' I say, for bees scorn g o like wine to my head. ' Eef y our g~spel
m ake zat eets. meeneestair must not help ze p erishing innocents zen was
y our gospel spawned een ze blackest hell.'
" I say more, t##eel ze Reverend Meestair Allison g row white and shake
o f a r age. H e say, ' I am a meeneestair of ze gospel. H ow d are you address m e t hus?'
" ' Eef you pose as a meeneestair o f ze Chris,t who make bees last
command on earth, " Feed m y lambs," zen I d are tell you zat you a re a
l iar a nd a fake, a nd you a re too a thief, for you have stolen ze place o f ze
t rue s hepherd w ho w ould feed ze lambs.'
" I t urn m y back on ze so u nnatural p astor. I slam ze d oor between
us. I shake ze d ust from my feet. I ask ze first tough I meet to tell me
ze n ame of ze w orst w oman een ze town.
" 'Glenda J ackson,' he s~y. ' She ees ze p ropri##e tor o f ze J ackson
House. S he have shot two men. I guess her rep could not be o f a m ore
shadiness.'
" I g o zen to ze J ackson H ouse a nd ask for ze madame. E et ees ?
high-class house. All ze women I saw were vaire well-gowned a nd to
a ppearance o utwardly well-bred a nd modest. Glenda Jackson came to
see me een ze p arlor a nd I told h er my beezness. S he a sk ze age o f ze
g irls and I tell her. Look you, M'sieu Hendreck, eet" ees to her interest
economic z at such girls come upon ze street. S o y oung a re zey, so beau-

,

1 15

tiful, a nd zey dance, zey sing. B ut M adame J ackson have ze h eart
motherly.
" ' I weel myself pay ze fare o f ze y oungest g irl t o her home,' she
said. ' Eef you have deefeeculty to raise ze rest, come to m e a nd I weel
g eev##e m ore.'
" But I h ad no deefeeculty to raise ze rest, for I go no more to
preachers. I go t o s car.let women a nd t o b artenders."
D 'Almaine smiled a nd his rich, baritone voioe g rew cares~ingly
t ender.
" Ah," h e said, " eet ees een ze u nderworld z at we find ze loving
heart. E et ##ees s trange, yes, zat w hat you call, ze respectablees always
ze t ombstone whitewashed.
" You h af a poem een ze A nglais," h e w ent on a fter a moment,
" which tell zat a n a ngel came down to a son o f A dam een in a golden
light like a lily een bloom. ' I a m w riting een a book of gold,' ze a ngel
say, 'ze n ame o f all zose who love ze L ord.' You a nd z at poem are
fameeliar, perhaps, M'sieu H endreck ?"
" No," said Hendricks, wishing to h ear the F renchman's version, " it
d oesn't occur to m e."
" He say to ze a ngel, zat son o f A dam, ' Ees my name a t all w ritten
a mong ze riame of zose who love ze L ord?'
" 'Nay, so .eet ees not,' ze a ngel tell heem.
" So h e say to ze angel, ' Write me zen a t ze last as one who love
bees fellowmen.'
" And ze a ngel write something a nd vanish. B ut n ex' n ight he again
appear a nd s how to ze son o f A dam zat book o f gold. A nd lo! ze n ame
of ze m an who loves bees fellowman ees w ritten h ighest o f all."
D 'Almaine p aused to r elight his cigar.
" Eef ze Reverend Meestair Allison find bees name a t all written
een ze book o f g old," he said, whimsically, " eet weel be een ze r ear
o f ze name o f ze b artenders a nd ze scarlet w omen."

#1.16

C ARTOONS B Y M cCUTCHEON

THEY WILL REMAIN IN THE CITY DURING THE VACATION SEASON .

Mn. Lezinakl, o f 3 92 1 -2 Jefferson street, e xpects to spend the s ummer in the city, a.nd wilt n ot go to the country for
the h ot ~son. T he i llness o f o ne o f her children, together with certain reasons o f a b usiness nature, m ake i t impossible for
her to le.lve t own for a period o f m uch needed recuperation and rest.

T HE H IGHER C RIMINAL C OURTS

Mr. J ames Quinn, conneCted w ith t he g as c ompany, w ill n ot t ake a vacation this s ummer . Imperative business n ecessitates h is presence in the city during the torrid season, and, for this reason, h e Wlil not g o to the c ountry or the s ea shore. His family wiU a lso remain Jn the city.

.Mrs. Joseph Bergman, of West Canal street, wHl remain ln her town bouse through the summer. She had hoped t o
taKe her cbUQrU : o t M c ountry dUring t be i ntense h eat o f J wy and August, but b usiness reasons m ake i t iDeonveni ent
to do s o.

T here a re f ew keener observers of men a nd t hings t han McCutcheon, t he Chicago Tribune's cartoonist, b ut we n aturally e xpect his w ork t o be colored b y t he
m aterial i nterests o f t he c apitalists who p ay h im a s alary p roportioned t o t he
s carcity of first-class a rtists. T he cartoons r epioduced above, which appeared
i n a r ecent issue of t he T ribune, are a p leasant s urprise, a nd we are glad t o
p ass t hem on.

E VERAL y ears a go a c ertain p rominent j udge is reported t o h ave m ade t he s tatement t hat t he p oor
m an h ad n o s how i n t he c ourts. T his m ay s ound l ike
t he w ords o f a n o bscure a gitator, b ut t he m an w ho
s aid t hem is n o l ess a p ersonage t han P resident T aft.
T his r emark is q uoted f rom a n a ddress h e g ave b efore
t he V irginia B ar A ssociation.
I t is b ecoming m ore a nd m ore p atent e very d ay t hat m oney t alks
l ouder i n t he c ourts o f A merica t han a ny o ther c ommodity. " Equal
r ights f or all, s pecial p rivileges f or n one" w as a f amous A m'erican
s logan. Y et a mong t he r ich m en w ho h ave b een t ried i n t he U nited
S tates d uring t he p ast t en y ears, v ery f ew h ave e ver b een c onvicted.
E ven t he c apitalist p apers c onfess t hat C harles L . M orse, r ecently s entenced t o s erve s everal y ears, h as b een a llowed t o l eave t he j ail t o a ttend t o h is b usiness a ffairs.
R ich m en c ome f rom t he e xploiting c lass. W hen t heir p iratical
m ethods s mell t o t he h eavens a nd t hey a re u nable t o c onceal t heir
d eeds-when t he h ue a nd c ry a gainst t hem c an n ot b e s mothered, t hese
m en r eceive t he s upport o f t heir c lass. T he b est l awyers a re r etained
1 17

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A RTHUR S CALES

c ome t o l ight. B ut t he j udg e is o ften i nfluen ced j ust t he s ame. A
m ore p otent, a m ore d angerous a nd s ubtle factor____.:a d esire t o s erve
t hose w ho a re p owerful a nd c an r eturn t he s ervice, a ccomplishes 1he
.
r esult. A nd e ven w here a j udge h as n othing t o g ain, h is a ssociates,
h is o wn e xperiences a nd t he e xperiences o f h is class, all t end t o i ncline
h im t oward l eniency i n h is d ealing w ith t he r ich. T he s ame m ay b e
s aid o f all p rosecuting a ttorneys. E ven j uri es h esitate t o c onvict a
r ich a nd p owerful m an. R esides, s hould a c ase b e d ecided a gainst h im,
t he S upreme C ourt c an a lways r everse t he d ecision.
N othing c an s hatter t he b eautiful f aith ( of t he e xploiting c lass) i n
t he " integrity o f t he c ourts." T he c ourts h ave n ever y et f ailed t o p rotect t he p roperty h older. A nd t his is a s i t h as a lways b een. T he l aw
h as e ver b een t he b ulwark o f t hose w ho p ossess e conomic p ower. A lways a s n ew e conomic f orces h ave a risen, t he l aws h ave c hanged a lso
1o f oster a nd m aintain t hem.
G radually t he c ourts a re b ecoming s tronger. T he a ttention o f t he
p eople h as b een d iverted t oward o ther m atters, u ntil t he p owers o f o ur
j trdiciary a re b ecoming a h uge m enace t o t he w orking c lass.
B acked b y t he p ress, t his g reat f orce is s lowly b ut s urely e nmeshing us, t hreatening t he f ew l iberties t he p roletariat s till p ossesses. I t
will o nly b e a q uestion of t ime b efore t he p oor m an w ho o nce f alls
i nto t he h ands o f t he p olice m ay w ell a bandon h ope.
A lready is t he m an w ho h as s erved o ne s entence r egarded a s t he
l egitimate p rey of official p owers. F or h im a t l east a g overnment e ven
nominally " of, f or a nd by the p eople" has ceased t o e xist.

t hrown i nto t hese d ungeons a nd k ept t here f or d ays. O ne f ellow in
p articular w as k ept 38 d ays i n t his c ondition, a nd w hen a t l ast r eleased,
r esembled m ore n early a s keleton t han a h uman b eing."
T he r ules o f t hese places a re v ery rigid a nd i nmates a re p unished for
the merest trifle. I have known mere boys t o be placed in a s trait j acket
a nd laced so tightly t hat t hey could only b reathe w ith t he g reatest difficulty a nd k ept i n this condition from one to twelve h ours f or the awful
uffense o f t alking in their cells. W hen t hey were released from this
s orry p light, they could n ot s tand upon their feet a nd t heir limbs would
be covered w ith welts a nd r idges made by the ropes with which they had
been tied. O ne o f the u nfortunates told t he h ead w arden t hat he could
r.ot w ork r ight a way a nd the reply was, in a voice o f t hunder, " YOU'LL
W ORK!" Y et t his w arden d elighted to preach a nd to e xhort! A y oung
mim a fflicted with epilepsy often fell t o t he floor. O n o ne occasion when
reviving from this condition, he found the head w arden p lunging needles
into him t o find o ut i f he was alive. A nother m an o n c oming in from
work, fell suddenly ill. H e a sked for medicine a nd he was told to g o t o
his cell. H e s tarted to obey, b ut fell dead on e ntering his cell. A nother
t nan w as reported for punishment every day, as he h ad i ncurred the
enmity o f one o f t he guards. H e w as p ut i nto the dungeon. A fter
t wenty d ays he was released a nd died in less t han t wo hours. H e was
nailed up in a b ox a nd i nterred in the P otter's F ield. A nother m an ,
tied up in the s trait j acket, frequently fainted away. A t o ther times
his screams a nd p leading cries would be h eart-rending i n the extreme.
I n case visitors chanced to h eard t he cries a nd i nquired into the cause,
they were informed t hat a m an had j ust been b rought in suffering from
the " horrors" a nd a p hysician was t rying to quiet him! God knows the
h orror p art o f i t w as t rue e nough, b ut i t was a lie j ust t he same.
A nother m an h ad c ommitted a small offense, b ut i n such a way t hat
he was held technically guilty o f a g reater one. H e was sentenced f or ##
t en years, a nd t he rigorous t reatment t o which he w as s ubjected so worked
upon his sensitive n ature t hat i n a s hort time he became insane. I have
seen this man beaten a nd k nocked down a h undred times, until a fter
s uffering this way f or s everal years he was t ransferred to the insane
asylum. O ne b urly g uard told a nother t hat " Andrew h as had several
ribs broken, also his collarbone, b ut he g ets p unished regularly every week
w hether h e n eeds it o r not, j ust to keep him in t rim!" Generally, if a
prisoner finds a chance h e will commit suicide.
T h e w riter t hen goes on t o mention the g reat n umber confined in
p risons who a re entirely in~ocent. T he a uthor c ontinues: " But suppose
a n i nnocent m an is restored to liberty, w hat is given him for his loss
of time a nd t he indignity to which he has been subjected? N OTHING-

120

H ORRORS O F P RISON L IFE.
A merican officials h av e c!rawn c onsiderably u pon t he f iendish devices of E uropean c ountries in p romoting r espect f or t he l aw. T hev
h ave borrowed from F rance t he identification system o f Bertillo~,
w hich a ids in t he c apture o f e scaped p risoners, o r t o l ocate c onvicts
w ho h a ve s erved t heir t erms, b ut w ho m ay b e s uspected o f f urther offenses. T hey h ave s earched t he c riminal c odes of R ussia, G ermany,
E ngland a nd, in fact, all c ountries f or n ew f orms o f p unishment. T hey
h ave e ven d rawn o n t he D ark A ges f or o ther w ays t o c hastise t heir
f ellow-men.
v Vriting o f t he R hod e I sland s tate p rison, C harles B udlong s ays,
" Men a re s omet imes k ept i n Clungeons, d amp, f oul a nd r at-inhabited,
c hained t o d oors w ith o nly a c rust o f b read a nd a c up of w ater t o s~s##
tain t h eir m iserable e xistence. I h ave s een p oor f ellows b eaten w ith
c lubs o r ' black-jacks' u ntil r endered u nconscious a nd b leeding, t hen

#123

T HE A MERICA N I NFERNO

ARTHUR S CALES

absolutely N OTHING. H e is simply 'pardoned,' t hat is all. T hink o f
t he awful irony in the w ord ' pardoned' in a connection like this! H ow
is i t possible to p ardon a m an for an offense he did not c ommit?"
A nother case t hat I r emember is t hat o f a y oung man, recently m arried, who shortly after, was driven by poverty to steal a few dollars.
H e was sentenced for five years. T he p oor fellow so brooded over his
disgrace t hat he tried to end his trouble by j umping o ut o f a h igh story
shop window to the stone pavement fifty feet below. Several bones were
broken b ut t he m an lived. T he n ext day the papers were full of the
bold attempt this man h ad m ade to escape. These "escapes" a re called

m itted some awful crime to land in t he " pen." T his is by no means the
case. A very small t hing wil.l o ften conspire to p ut a m an t here.
M any y ears ago, H on. I . T . R eynalds o f K ansas w rote his " Twin
H ells " a f earful disclosure of t he h orrors o f t he s tate prisons o f K ansas
a nd M'issouri. A lthough t he book was widely read, no actual changes
ever came o f it. I n fact, reform o f a ny kind is precisely w hat t he public
officials do not want.
T he s ad spectacle was presented, b ut a few months ago, o f a n
ex-convict pleading with t he s tate legislature a t S acramento, California,
for certain reforms to be placed on the statute books o f t he state. O ne
o f his measures was passed by a n arrow m ajority of the members. T he
G overnor o f t he S tate ( Gillette) did not, however, sign the proposed bill.
T he a uthor o f t he bill was Col. Griffith J. Griffith, to whom I a m indebted
for some o f t he following material.
Says h e: " Last s ummer I traveled 10,000 miles in the U nited S tates,
a nd vi-sited e very prison in the republic. I t is m y conviction t hat the
average prison hardens and degrades and is a perpetual exhibition o f
c ruel a rbitrary p ower. I n t he s hort c ourse o f m y life in S an Q uentin,
the Pacific chamber o f h orrors, I can only say t hat i t was one grim,
grisly, ghastly r##ecord o f life in one of the world's g reatest p enitentiaries,
"' g limpse o f hell on earth, and I could relate of it one continuous stream
of fearful disclosures, tales t hat appall the mind, causing the brain itself
to stand still as the story slowly u nfolds.
" You ask, why do not the prisoners revolt? T hey h ave tried a nd
f ailed m any t imes. A h uge a rsenal is o ne o f t he p ossessions o f t he officials a nd t hey d- n ot h esitate t o s hoot, a nd s hoot t o k ill, o n t he
o
s lightest p retext. C alifornia is d isgraced b efore a ll civilization for, if
r elated , t he d eeds d one i n t he d readful d ungeons t wenty f eet b elow t he
s urface o f t he e arth w ould f airly s tagger h umanity. T he d octors t here
a re h eartless a nd c ru el a nd m any a t ime h ave I s een s ights, s hielded b y
s hrouds, t hat w e re e nough t o s icken t he s oul: M ost o f t he m en t here
a re n ot b ad m en, y et t he s tory of S an Q uentin w ould b e o ne r ed r ecord
o f s uffering e ndured b y p risoners w hose a gonizing s hrieks f or m ercy
r end the h eart o f m an. I slept in Room 48, r ight o ver t he d ungeon
w h e re m ost o f t he t orture w as c arried o n. T he d emons i n t he D ark
A ges h ave b een o utdone. Y ou a sk w hy a re n ot t hese t hings e xposed?
T he p apers will n ot p rint t hem, t he l egislature c an h ardly b e m ade t o
t ake a ny n otice of t hem. T he h umiliation t hat t hese m en a re s ubjected
to is revolting a nd blood-sickening."
I t is h ard t o g et t he f acts o f t he s ituation a s t hey e xist i n t he p enitentiaries. A c ensor r eads t he c orrespondence o f all p risoners w ho
a re o nly p ermitted t o w rite w hat t he w ardens d esire told. A nd w ho

" cheating t he l aw." Y es, the man had made a bold attempt to escape,
b ut n ot in the sense t hat t he g uards h ad the papers give to t h e affair.
I t would never do to let the public know t hat p risoners were treated so
inhumanly t hat t hey p referred d eath r ather t han living. So it was
made to appear t hat the well-fed a nd lazy g uards w ere h ard p ressed
to keep such unruly men in check.
I t is g enerally t hought by t he people t hat a m an m ust have com-

#124

T HE A MERICAN I NFERNO

w ould a ccept t he w ord o f a p enniless e x-convict? T he d ark f row n of
a n officia l, t he m enace o f a b ludgeon is sufficient to silence him. Col
Griffith, however is o f t oo g reat w ealth ( being a m illionaire) to be silenced
by official bulldozing a nd i ntends to keep on with his crusade for prison
reform.
Sometimes, however, there a re c ourageous men a nd women, who
have never been in prison who do n ot h esitate to speak o ut u pon these
subjects t hat t he officials would lil~e so much to see s uppressed. Miss
K ate B arnard, C ommissioner o f C harities a nd C orrections o f t he new
S tate o f O klahoma, is one o f these. O klahoma p risoners were a t t hat
time sent to Kansas, b ut t he former s tate h as requested the K ansas officials
to r eturn them. A ccording to this lady the K an sas pentitentiary is a
den o f h orrors. A fter t he disclosures had been m ad e to the O kla homa
lt>gislature, some lying K ansas official was h eard to r##e mark, " The p risoners demanded roast turkey with apple sauce, b rown g ravy, mashed
po tat oes a nd t ruffies a nd we refused to give it to t hem." T hi s statement
flooded the c ountry d uring t he O klahoma i nvestigations and was given
wide publicity in the press a nd w as commented on in t h e capitalist ic p r##ess
editorials. I t is s afe to say t he p risoners would gladly have welcomed
one good meal p er d ay!
" Almost a ll p risons," says Col. Griffiths, " are a n ightmare o f realities. A favorite t orture is the ' strait j acket.' A not h er is th e ' Oregon
boot.' All the prisons a re a li ving tomb, a sepulchre o f l iving souls. Calloused officials abound a nd t he deeds they do to deform a nd d egrade
t he prisoner exceeds the bounds o f belief. I f all the damnable facts
could be g iven wide publicity in the press they would shake the sentiment
o f t he people from ' turret to foundation stone.' All is horrible and
awful. T he devilish ingen uity o f t he officials creates in every prison a
reign o f t error w here diabolism is r ampant . I shall denounce these
t hings in spite o f a ll a ttempts a t i ntimidation.''

....

. ...

T here s hould b e n o j ails. T hey d o n ot a c- ~t
c omplish w hat t hey p retend t o a ccomplish. : ###
I f y ou wou_ld. w ipe t hem o ut, t here : vould b e ###
n o m ore c nmmals t han n ow. T hey t errorize
nobod~. . ~hey a re a b lot u pon a ny c ivilization,
a nd a Jail 1s a n e vidence o f t he l ack o f c harity
o f t he p eople o n t he o utside w ho m ake t he
### j ails a nd fill t hem w ith t he v ictims o f t heir
g reed.-Clarence D arrow, i n " Crime a nd C riminals."

W oman and the Socialist Philosophy
A R EPLY T O J OSEPH E. C OHEN.

BY

L IDA

p A RCE.

N i nstallment V III o f " Socialism f or S tudents," u nder t he
title o f " Socialist Philosophy," M r. C ohen makes some
misleading statements which, i t seems to me, o ught to be
c orrected. T hese a re his s ta tement s concerning woman.
T hey o ught to be c orrected; first, because they a re n ot
a p art o f t he Socialist Philosophy, a nd a re u ntrue t o
it. Second, they o ught t o b e corrected because they would have the
effect o f a ntagonizing i ntelligent women. T here a re n umbers o f w omen
\vho a re socialists a t h eart, b ut t hey a re w omen's women first a nd t hey
do n ot feel t hat t he interests o f w omen would be safe in the h ands o f
t he Socialist P arty. S uch w omen would hardly be reassured by M r .
Cohen's exposition o f t he Socialist philosophy on the woman question.
T he p arty is now m aking a special bid f or t he s upport o f w omen a nd i t
m u st h ave t hat s upport b efore it can succeed.
A ccording to M r. Cohen, the Socialist philosophy disposes o f w oman
in the following off-hand w ay: " The i mpulse below intellect is intuition,
which is developed f urther in m any a nimals t han in man. T hus a nimals
scent d anger m ore quickly t han m an a nd a re b etter w eather p rop hets.
A nd b ecause woman is n earer t o the lower forms t han man, intuition is
more deeply seated in the female o f t he race, enabling h er to p eremptorily pass j udgments t hat t he male arrives a t only a fter l aborious
t hougbt. I ntu ition- is often spoken o f a s a female a ttribute."
T his s tatement c ontains several e rrors:
( 1) I ntu ition is n ot a n impulse, it is a process. F eeling ts t he
force below inte ll ect a nd i mparts t he impulse to it.
( 2) A nimals do n ot " scent" d anger by intuition, b ut by highly
developed senses o f s ight, smell o r h earing. I f t hey a re able to cognize
impending d angers o r s tates o f t he w eather m ore s wiftly a nd a ccurately
t han m an, t hrough i ntuition, they a re to t hat e xten t h igher a nd n ot
lower forms.
B ut M r. Cohen h as n ot defined intuition for us. L ester F . W ard
defines it as being " a p erception o f r elations." A nd h e s ays: " The
1 25

#126

J

W OMAN A ND T HE S OCIALIST P HILOSOPHY

d ata f or a n i ntuition a re combined already in t he b rain i nto a psychological u nit w hich is used as an integer and not decomposed by the intuitive act. T he a ppropriate cortical n udei h ave been previously built up
by the registration of e xperiences." ( Pcychic Factors o f Civilization, pp.
171-172.) P rof. W ard g oes on to s ay: " Men d o not depend upon
their reason in t he o rdinary affairs o f life. T hey do not employ the
syllogism in seeking to decide w hat will be t he b est course to adopt to
insure success in any enterprise. T hey u se w hat is called " common
sense."
W hat is t here, then about this " intuition" t hat identifies woman with
the " lower o rders?" I s i t the fact t hat w oman has developed these
"psychological u nits" by t he r egistration o f e xperiences? A nd how does
man come to be a " higher f orm?" B y not having developed t hem? S o
one would judge, by M r. Cohen's " Philosophy."
T he e xperience o f woman, t hroughout t he ages, has been an industrial, a constructive experience, and it is by the registrations o f t he constantly repeated acts o f t his experience, in addition to h er p rotection o f
the y oung t hat w oman has built up these " cortical nuclei" t hrough which
intuition functions.
M an h as applied his less-developed " perception o f r elations" t o specialized subjects more widely t han woman. B ut will any one say that
because woman's perception of relations is m ore highly developed t han
m an's, therefore she can not apply it to special problems as well as he?
S he h as not applied it to special problems to the e xtent t hat he has.
because she has been handicapped by having t he e ntire social burden of
the care of the y oung upon h er s houlders. S he h as not done heroic
things in t he p ast, because she had all t he w ork t o do, a nd w as enslaved
to the family. T hat b urden is now being shifted. M an is d oing his
share o f the w ork f or the first time in history, whereby he is developing
the h igher i ntegration of brain tissue, a nd a cquiring i ntuition. W oman
is b eginning to have t hat l eisure and surplus o f e nergy which is necessary
for t he application o f i ntuition to special problems, a nd a lready, though
the bonds o f J,egal enslavement, a nd o f pn~judice a nd t radition are not
removed from her, the achievements of M adame Curie, the discoverer o f
r adium, a nd o f Clemence Royer, and m any o thers have refuted this " lower
form" t heory.
( 3) M r. Cohen's assertion t hat w oman is n earer to " the lower
f orms" is also a bit hasty. Some conclusions o f H avelock Ellis ( Man
a nd W oman, pp. 447, 449) come in very neatly on this p oint:
" The p rogress o f o ur race has been a progress in youthfulness.
" \Vomen, i t is t rue, remain n earer t han m en to t he i nfantile s tate:

###

I

L IDA P ARCE

127

b ut, on the other hand, men approach more nearly t han women to the
ape-like a nd senile s tate.
"vVhen we have realized t he position o f t he child in relation to evolution we can take a clearer view as to the n atural p osition o f woman. S he
b ears t he special characteristics o f h umanity in a h igher d egree than
m an a nd led evolution. H er c onservatism is thus compensated a nd
justified by the fact t hat s he r epresents more nearly t han m an t he h uman
type to which m an is a pproximating. I t w ould not be difficult
to
multiply e xamples o f t he ways in which women are leading evolution.
I t seems as if Mr. Cohen's statement o f t he Socialist Philosophy
o ught t o be supplemented as well as corrected on these points. I t is
r ight to claim t hat t he Socialist Philosophy appropriates t he b est a nd
l atest scientific t hought on the subject both o f w oman's biological place,
as t he m ain t runk o f t he species, and on t hat o f h er necessary social
freedom, as a condition of social progress.
T he N ational P latform o f the Socialist P arty d emands " Unrestricted
a nd equal suffrage for men a nd w omen," a nd i t will hardly be claimed
t hat t his plank is i nserted t hrough " chivalry." Y et i f the Socialist
Philosophy had nothing more t o say on . the subject o f w oman than
M r. Cohen represents there could be no other reason t han t hat f or this
plank in t he p latform.
\ Vhat we are pleased, somewhat whimsically, to call civilization has
been a d istinctly ## masculine affair. I t h as been singularly deficient in the
" perception o f r elations." M eans have been considered o f m ore importance t han t he end ; the symbol more significant t han t he fact. T he
e xternal h as been more important t han t he internal, the artificial than
the real. M an h as t hought t hat ways o f d oing t hings w ere o f m ore i mportance than the people who do them. H e h as t hought t hat p roperty i,;
m ore valuable than life, t hat capital is o f m ore importance than !abo##.-.
T he c apitalist system is t he masculine system o f p roduction.
T he pnehistoric system, the feminine system of production was cooperative. I t was an expression o f w oman's " perception o f relations.''
I t was necessary to subjugate w oman-to p ut h er p erception o f relations
literally o ut o f business, before the competitive syst,em, the profit system,
the system o f exclusive ownership o f t he necessaries o f life coulc! be
established. N o w onder t he capitalists have cold fits about " feminism."
I t is organically opposed to t heir wild U topian scheme o f the n rivatc
a nd exclusive ownership of the necessaries o f life.
T he a ge of masculinism has been a n a ge o f r eligious martyrdoms,
of tribal a nd n ational w ars f or personal ends a nd o f s ex enslavement.
A little of woman's intuition would not have come amiss a t a ny time
d uring t he last four o r five thousand years. T he perception a nd estab- ##

#128

W OMAN A ND T HE S OCIALIST P HILOSOPHY

l ishment o f p roper social a nd economic relations is the whole keynot~
o f th e Socialist Philosophy. M en a re b eginning n ow to b ring i nto action
those h igher i ntegrations o f b rain tissue t hat t hey have been f onninrr
i n their industrial life o f t he last f,ew centurie s, a nd t he result is th~
Soci.al~st P arty. S ocialism proposes to re-establish the co-operative, the
fen:unm e system o f p roduction, with those improvements in process
wh1ch men have been enabled t o m ake by reason l)f t heir g reater f reedom
a nd leisure.
T he S ocialist Philosophy advocates t he compl<ete e mancipation o t
w oman f rom every social limitation t hat t end s to lim it t h e development
o f h er h uman p owers or to p revent t heir application in a ny d irection in
which she m a y see fit to apply them. Havelock Ell is expresses the
Socialist Philosophy very aptly w hen he s ays:
" T he h ope o f o ur f utur e civi li zation li es in t h e development in equal
freedom o f b oth the masculine a nd ##eminine elements in lif e. T h e
broader a nd m ore v a ried c haracter o f m odern civilization seems to render
this m ore possib1e t han d id the n arrow basis o f classic civilization a nd
t here is much evidence a round us th at a t win movement o f t his ki~d is
W e## a r e not a t libert y to introduce a ny artificial
in p rogres s.
A n e xagge rat ed a nxidv
sexual b arrier into social concerns.
lest n atural law be ove rthro wn is misplaced. T he w orld is n ot so ins ~##
curely poised. W e m ay preserve a n a ttitude o f en tire equanimity in the
face o f social r eadjustment." ( Man a nd W oman, pp. 451, 452.)

~
####### ## ## ###################################### ## ##~

" When t he d arkness o f i gnorance h as b een
l ifted f rom t he h uman m ind, w hen w ant o r t he '
f ear o f w ant is n o l onger t he n ightmare o f t he
m asses, w hen a ll m en a re b rothers a nd a ll ~
w omen a re s isters, t he r ace w ill m ove h igher. ~
I d o n ot p rophesy p erfection; b ut i t i s n ot u nreasonable t o h ope t hat h uman b eings m ay a t
leas~ b e a s h appy a s t he b irds o f t he a ir, a nd ~
a s v irtuous a s t he b easts o f t he field. I a m n ot
s peaking c ynically, b ut s eriously, w hen I s ay
t hat t hat w ill b e a g reat i mprovement o ver
t her p resent c ondition. A lready I h ear t he
r umble o f t he c oming r evolution-a r evolution
n ot o f b lood a nd b ullets, b ut o f i deas a nd b allots. T he r evolution t hat s hall b reak e very
y oke a nd l et t he o ppressed g o f ree."-May
B eals, i n " The R ebel a t L arge."

~## ########## ## ###################### ############## ~

A N I NTERVIEW
###

DOOLEY

w it

in which he giues
is ideas on how

~- -

to acJJuire t he
t ional industries.

H EN we h eard t hat M r. Dooley had
j oined the Socialist P arty, m y friend
a nd I g ot o ut o ur p ads a nd s harpened
o ur pencils a nd h unted h im u p a t h is
bench in t he b asement ~f 224 S outh L iberty street, w here h e n ow resides.
W e k new t hat w hat he h ad to say on the subject o f socialism would make
a story no editor would refuse. A nd we w er e right.
W e chose F riday e vening for t he n ight o f o ur i nterview, as we h ad
been given to u nderstand t hat t he r egular m eeting o f t he S ocialist Local
which M r. Dooley h ad j oined, met o n M onday e vening. T uesday w as
devoted to t he a nnihilation o f d ebaters inveigled from the old political p arties a nd W ednesday e vening w as r eserved f or t he Y oung P eople's League.
O n T hursday t he Class in Economics occupied the Local h eadquarters ;
while S aturday a nd S unday e venings were given over to r ising s peakers
a nd o rators. ## O f these latter, M r. D ooley w as r eported to be one o f t he
m ost p romising m embers. F riday seemed likely to be a bout t he only
date open o n h is e ngagement c alendar. T his p roved to be the case.
I nstead of t he o ptimistic a nd e nthusiastic m an we h ad e xpected to
meet, w e f ound M r. Dooley s itting b efore a w ork b ench w ith h is face
buried i n h is hands, apparently w rapped i n gloom. R eams u pon rea~s
o f p aper c overed with miles o f r ows o f figures lay a bout t he room 111
t he u tmost c onfusion. T he old pipe, so often mentioned i n t he delightful
stories o f M r. P eter D unne, lay forgotten u pon t he w ork b ench a nd t he
can, w ont to foam with the beverage t hat cheers , was empty.
~/
JIIL/J~

129

#130.

A N I NTERVIEW W ITH

M R. D OOLEY

W ith a c areless glance, M r. D ooley told us to " be s ated." W hen
we m ade k nown t he occasion o f o ur call, he shook his head sadly a nd said,
" Yis," h e h ad j oined the only t rue w orkingman's p arty. T hen he relapsed
into his a ttitude o f d espair a nd s eemed to forget all a bout us. I looked
a t. m y f riend a nd he looked a t m e. T his w as n ot w hat w e had hoped to
find.

a few million h ead o f c attle a nd p ut t he b eef t rust o ut o f bu~ness i n a
few y ears."
" Sure," s aid M r. Dooley. " We c ud do all t hut a n' a g r-rate d eal
m ore-only w e'd b e g ittin' p urty t hin l ivin' on n othin' be t h' t oime we
done ut. W e'd h ev t o b uy f rom the p lutochrats i n t he m ane toime. W e
w udn't h ev a nny m oney t o p ay ' em w ith, a n' t hey'd b e c hargin' u s i ntrust
on ivery Joan we made, a n' be t h' t oime we g ot a r ailroad fer_ our_selves
w e'd be owin' i t t o t him . T here d on't s eem t o be a nny s olutwn 111 t he
c ompatin' l oine." H e s ighed wearily a nd c ast a l onging g lance a t the
empty can. T hen h e kicked i t f urther u nder t he bench.
" Besoides," h e continued, " if t he w urrukin' m in who has g ot c onthrol
be t hut t oime, g o to boycottin' t he t hrusts, w e moigh~ as well confis:at~
t heir p roperty a nd be done w ith ut. P hat g ood . w11l u t be t o t hun.
W e'd be takin' a way t hei r chanct to m ade d ividinds ."
" Why d on't you decide t o b uy t hem o ut?" a sked m y frien_d. M r.
Dooley looked u p a t u s s adly. H e s eemed s urprised a t t he q ues.t wn:
D idn't ye h ear p hat me landlord sed h ere a w hilst a go? A n _W1lson,
t h' g rocer, he w as a fter his money, too. M ost o f _n;e c omrades 1s ~orse
off. W e h aven't g ot t he m oney. Besoides t here a m t e nough g old 111 the
w urrld to satisfy J awn D. a nd t he o thers. W e'd h ev to give b onds a n'
t her 'cl be a bout t winty-foive hunclhrecl millions w e'd be o win', a n' t he
i ntrust wi.tcl be somethin' turrble. W hin I died M rs. Dooley a n' m e little
\iVillie w ud h ev the d it t r-ransferrecl to t heir a ccount. A n' W illie's
childhren wucl still be a p ayin' u t."
" I t hink I 'd r ather p ension them a nd be clone w ith i t," s aid m y f ri end.
" That wucl n iver s atisfy ~em," b egan M r. Dooley !Sorrowfully.
' 'Count B oni de Castelainey a n' A nna G ould ( t hut w uz) w ud b e sa yin' a t
w ance 'Aft,er all t he h ard w urruk I h ev clone proviclin' fer t h' chilcler,
wucl i~ be ye c hatin' t him o ut o f t heir g olden s poons?
~'ll h ev to
pen s hun t him t oo!' A n' t he p a-apers s ay i t takes a bout a m llhon a y ear
s upplyin' those paple with the nicessaries o f loife.
.
" We w urrukin' m in w ud h ev to be h andin' o ut h alf iv o ur p ay ch1cks
ivery wake a s l ong a s w e lived a nd t he l ittle ones, too. B ut t hat w udn't
b e e nough to satisfy t him p lutochrats. T hey'd w ant e nough t o b uy
up t he c ounthry o ver a gain. T hey 'd only ask a pins_hun a nd a _chanct
to invist i t-at 100 p er c int." M r. Dooley d ropped h1s h ead aga.111 a nd
s a nk b ack into his f ormer d espondent a ttitude.
' 'I'm a fraid I s hould feel like t reating t he capitalists exactly as they
have t reated t he w orkingmen-as t h ey A RE t reating t hem," s aid m y
f riend.
" They n iver g ave u s a nny c hanct," r es umed M r. Dooley. " They say,
' There's t he j ob; t oike i t o r lave it a t s ivin-twinty a w ake.'"

" A re y ou ill this e vening?" a sked m y f riend, in a n effort to b reak
t he ice.
" Naw," M r. Dooley repJi,ed, h eaving a deep s ig h. " Only w orritturrble w orrit." H ere h e d rew a l arge reel h andkerchief o ut o f hi s
pocket a nd w iped his brow, s haking h is head hopelessly.
" Ever s ince I j'inecl t he p ar-rty," h e began, " I've b in t hry-in' to figure
o ut t he bist way f er us to take o ver-r t he nation's i ndusthries. I t's a
~;rate p r-roblem. Some o f the comrades a ir f er b uyin' ' em a n' s ome savs
they'll hev to be took. H innessey's t hinkin' we'll be able t o p enshun ~ff
J a wn D. a n' t h' r ist. W hile o thers sez it ' ud be b itter to lave the P lutochrats k ape their p roperty a n' s tar-rt o ut c ompatin' w ith 'em. I t's a b ig
qn.istion, a nd I 've m ade up m e m oind I 'll n iver t ake th### c an ov##e r to
Moike's a g'in till I 've s ittled u t."
A t this j uncture s omebody knocked a t t he door a nd a sked to see
M r. Dooley. T he v isitor p roved to be the l andlord come to g et a p air o f
s hoes he h ad l eft to be mended. M r. D ooley i nformed him t hey w ere not
ready. T he l andlord s eemed v ery a ngry. H e s aid he wished M r. Dooley
would p ay him the back r ent i f he d idn't i ntend to do the work he broLwht
b
him. W hile t he a ir w as still heavy, the g rocer a ppeared a nd d emanded
the p ayment o f a g rocery bill, which, it appeared, M r. Dooley seemed
inclined to neglect since the new p arty p roblem had b egun t o o ccupy
his mental horizon. I t took some time for M r. D ooley to r eassure him.
A s W ilson, the g rocer, d isappeared down t he alley, M r. D ooley looked a t
us vacantly, s haking his head a gain.
" It's a g r-rate q uistion," h e repeated, " an' I 'm t hat w orrit I c an't
slape nights. I very t oime I doze off, I d rheam J awn D. Rocklfeller's
a-stanclin' before me d emandin' tin million dollars f or t he S tandard Oil
C ompany. I 'd loike to decoide this m atter a nd g it u t off m e moind.
A fter we h undred millions iv w age-wur-rkers g it c omplate c onthrolhow ' ll we satisfy the h alf cluzzen plutochrats that'll be o wnin' t he k unthry
be t hut t oime ?"
" Well, you said you m ight s tart o ut to compete with t hem," s aid m y
f riend. " You could lay n ew r ailroads beside all t he l ines o wned by H ill
a nd H arriman, t he G oulds a nd t he Vanderbilts. Y ou m ight g ather u p
t he oil wells old J ohn D. h ad l eft ( if t here w ere a ny) a nd y ou could raise

###

131

-y

#132

" I'd g ive t hem a dose o f t heir o wn m edicine," c ontinued m y f riend .
Mr. Dooley shook his head sadly. " That'd s uit me," he said. " Thev
g ot t heir money payin' w urrukin' m in less t han t heir products wuz wort!~.
\ Ve b uilt the railroads a n' o perated t him; we d ug t he oil wells a n' r aised
a nd k ilt the cattle.''
" But some o f t he c omrades wants to show t him p lutochrats we w urr~kin' m~n is honester t hin t hey are. Begorra, I t hink H innessey was
n ght w hm h e set u t w as foolishness to p ay t h' b urglar f er givin' back
th' t hings he s tole-if y e'd g ot a s trong h olt on his coat collar. B ut some
o f m e friend say we'll hev t o give old J awn D . a fair exchange for his
property. Spakin' iv t hnt, I h ad a d hream o n Chuesday, a fter I cum
home from the debate. A n' this is p bat I d rimt:

133

M R. D OOLEY

A N I NTERO
VIEW W ITH

" 'Mr. R okyfeller,' I sez, when a t l ast I found him in w an iv thim
bomb proof rooms he'd bin livin' in since th e revolution h ad s tarted.
'what'll ye t ake for thim uil a n' railroad properties iv y ourn? w_~ g~t
all t h' p aple with u s o ut h ere on y our d ure-stip waitin', _an' o ur o bjtct 1:5
t o g it hold iv all t h' i ndustrial property t o o perate th1m f er o ur o wn
binifit. W e m ane to do th' w urruk a nd o wn th' product.
" Me f rinds has app'in ted me to cum in here paceable-like, to talk u t
o ver with ye. W e d on't w ant t o h urt y er feelin's none, so phat-de-yousay?'
..
" Thin old J awn D. t ur-rned pale a n' I saw he h ad some queer k md tv
a b ig s wingin' g un p 'intin' r ight a t me hade. H is finger was feelin' the
thricrger t hut careless I felt sick.
0
" ' I'm g lad to see ye,' sez old J awn, ' fer me frinds has , app'inte? m e
t o s pake fer t him-all t in iv 'em. W e've g ot t he stocks a n b onds I'; all
o ur h oldings r ight h ere in this room,' he sez, ' an ' we m ane t o kape em,
onless t hut i gnernt mob gives us w hat t hey're w orth.'
,
.,
" 'Kape y er d irty old pa-apers, I had on me tongue to say, they am t
w ur-rth a cint. W e've g ot t he rale w urruks O UTSIDE.' B ut m e o rders
wuz t o remimber me m anners, so I s aid:
" ' Phat do ye o wn-all t h' t in o f ye ?'
" 'Well,' old J a wn said, thinkin' fer a minute , 'altogither, we hev a
monopoly on about iverything.'
.
" ' Phat a ir ye drivin' a t? P hat ' ll t h ' t in iv ye make the p noe
0

###

###

IV

tvery-

0

thing f er?' I says.
.
.
" 'We d on't care to sill,' sez old J awn, 'onless we g tt o ur pnce. Go till
thim frinds of yourn we will sill a t t h' full value fer cash G OLD.' "
.
H ere M r. Dooley sighed deeply a nd h is head fell f orward o n h ts
h ands once more. A n a tmospher##e o f deepest gloom settled over the room.
" As I sid to H innissey," s aid M r. Dooley, wiping his eyes on the b ig
r ed handkerchi ef, " it's a b ig quistion. T hat's the divvil iv u t; a n' t here
ye a re."
" It wuz the day a fther t h' revolution. T in h nndhred millions iv us
w urrukin' m in w uz s tandin' on J awn D .'s dure-s,tip d iscussin' state measu~e~.. W e ~~d all t he ? olitical offices a n' w ere boss J 1' t he job. T he
m tlttla .had J m ed us w hm they seen how m any iv us there wuz a nd the
~~avy followe~ s uit.
I very cop on ivery bate wuz with us fer kapes.
1 h ere wuzzen t annybody t hut w uzzen't with us e xcipt th' tin g rady p lutochrats t hut o wned the airth.
" I w uz dhreamin' along, aisy, whin me know in' fillow-citiz,ens ## an'
comrades app'inted me t h' d iligate to confer with J awn D . on ways a n'
m anes fer acquirin' his property.

#J AMES W. H UGHES

"Value, Price and Profit" Under
U ni versal Monopolies
B Y ] AMES

W.

~~~~\\

H uGHES.

T is by no m eans a n easy task to w rite a n a rticle o n t his
subject for a magazine, intended p rimarily f or a propaganda p urpose, f or while it should be a nd is, t he i ntention o f t he w riter to p resent t he subject to t he g eneral
r eading public in as clear and as concise a m anner as
possible, i t will be necessary, h owever, t o deal m ore o r
k ss w ith some o f t he technical polemics between M arxian s tudents upon
the m inor details o f t he theory o f value. T he t heory o f value here r eferred
to, a nd m ost o f t he laws g overning s ame, a re clearly set forth i n M arx's
m asterpiece entitled " VALUE, P RICE A ND P ROFIT."
T he q uestion which here arises i s: D o t hese laws o f value hold
rigidly t rue a nd a re t hey applicable to all conditions o f p roduction under
the present capitalist system?
T o discuss this question intelligently, it h ere becomes necessary to
place before the r eader some o f t he most i mportant laws o f value as set
forth by M arx i n his " VALUE, P RICE A ND P ROFIT," a nd t hese
laws a nd t heories a re as follows:
F irst. " The r elative values o f c ommodities a re d etermined by the
respective quantities o r a mounts o f social labor, worked up, realized a nd
fi:l0ed in t hem." " Or, t he value o f o ne c ommodity is to the value o f a nother commodity as the quantity o f l abor fixed in the one is to t he
q uantity o f l abor fixed in t he o ther."
S econd. " Price t aken by itself is n othing b ut t he m onetary e xpression o f value. T he v alues o f all commoditi,es o f t his c ountry ( England)
f or example a re e xpressed i n g old p rices."
T hird. " The value o f gold, like all o ther c ommodihes, is regulated
by the quantity o f social labor necessary for its production u nder a
g iven state o f society."
F ourth. " Supply 'and d emand r egulate n othing b ut t he temporary
f luctuation o f m arket prices. T hey will explain to you why the m arket
price o f a c ommodity rises above o r s inks below its real value, b ut t hey
never account f or t hat value i tself."
F ifth. " It suffices to say t hat i f supply a nd d emand e quilibrates
each other, the m arket p rice o f c ommodities will correspond with t heir
134

"

135

n atural prices, t hat is to say, w ith t heir v alues, as determined by the
respective quantities o f l abor required for t heir p roduction,-and a part
f rom the effect o f monopolies a nd some o ther modifications I m ust n ow
pass by, all descriptions o f c ommodities a re o n t he a verage sold a t
t heir respective values o r n atural p rices."
::iixth. " To e xplain, therefore, the g eneral n ature o f profits, y ou m ust
s tart f rom the theorem that, on a n a verage c ommodities a re sold a t t heir
real v alue; a nd t hat profits are derived from selling t hem a t t heir values,
t hat is, in p roportion t o t he quantity o f l abor realized in them. I f y ou
c annot e xplain profit upon this supposition, you cannot explain i t a t all."
S eventh. " There e xists n o s uch t hing as t he ' Value o f L abor' i n
the common acceptance o f t he term. W hat t he w orkingman sells is n ot
d irectly his labor, b ut his 'labor power,' t he t emporary disposal o f
w hich he makes over to the c apitalist."
E ighth. " Like t hat o f e very o ther c ommodity the value o f labor
p ower is determineq by t he q uantity o f l abor necessary to produce it.
T he l aboring p ower o f a m an e xists only in his living individuality. A
c l'rtain m ass o f necessaries must be consumed by a m an to g row u p a nd
m aintain his life. B ut t he m an like the machine will w ear o ut a nd m ust
be replaced by a nother m an. Besides t he m ass o f n ecessaries required
for his o wn m aintenance, he w ants a nother a mount o f n ecessaries to b ring
up a certain quota o f c hildren t hat a re t o replace him o n t he labor m arket
a nd to p erpetuate t he r ace o f l aborers."
" Moreover, t o develop his l aboring p ower a nd a cquire a g iven skill
a nother a mount o f v alues m ust be spent. F or o ur p urpose it suffices to
c onsider o nly average l abor the cost o f w hose education a nd development a re v anishing m agnitudes. Still I m ust seize upon this occasion to
state that, as the cost o f p roducing l aboring p ower o f different quality
differs so m ust differ the value o f l aboring powers employed i n differ##e nt
t rades. T he c ry o f a n e quality o f w ages rests, therefore, upon a mistake,
is a n i nsane wish never to be fulfilled. I t is a n o ffspring o f t hat f alse
a nd superficial radicalism, t hat accepts premises a nd t ries to evade
c onclusions."
N inth. " In b uying t he l aboring p ower o f t he w orkman a nd p aying
its value, t he c apitalist like every o ther p urchaser h as a r ight to conSlime o r use the commodity bought. Y ou c onsume o r use t he l aboring
p ower o f a m an by m aking h im w ork as you consume o r use a machine
by m aking i t r un." " Now s uppose t hat t he aV'erage ~mount o f daily
necessaries o f, a l aboring m an r equires s ix h ours o f a verage labor for
t heir r eproduction. Suppose, moreover, s ix h ours o f a verage labor to be
aiso realized in a quality of gold equal to 3s ' . . '. T o daily reproduce his
laboring power he must daily reproduce a value o f t hree shillings, which

#136

V ALUE, P RICE A ND P ROFIT

he wi_ll do by w orking s ix h ours daily. B ut t his does n ot d isable him f rom
w orkmg t en o r t welve o r m ore h ours a day. B ut b y p aying t he daily
o r ":'eekly val~e o f t he w orkman's l aboring p owe##r, t he capitalist has
a~qmred t he ng~t o f u sing t hat l aboring p ower d uring t he whole d ay
o, w eek. H e Will, t herefore, m ake h im w ork, s ay, daily t welve h ours.
Ove~ a nd a b_ t he s ix h ours r equired t o replace h is wages; o r t he value
ove
o f _h1s l abonng p ower, h e will t herefore h ave to w ork s ix o ther h ours
:.rh1ch_ I s hall call h ours o f s urplus l abor, which s urplus labor will realize
Itself 111 a s urphts value a nd a s urplus p roduce."
" The v alue o f a c ommodity is d etermined b y t he t otal q uantity o f
~abor c ontained in it. B ut p art o f t hat q uantity o f l abor is realized
m a val~e _ .w~ich ~n e quivalent has been p aid i n the form o f w ages;
for
1-###art o f 1t 1s r ealtzed ~~ a '_'alue f or w hich n o e quivalent h as been paid.
P art o f t he l ab?r con t amed 111 t he commodity is p aid l abor; p art is u npaid
l abor. _By_ s ellmg, t herefore, t he co _ modity a t its v alue, t hat is, as the
m
cr~stalltzatwn o f t he t otal q uantity o f l abor bestowed upon it, the capit~ltst m ust ~ecessarily sell it a t a profit. H e sells n ot o nly w hat has c~st
h1m a n e qmvalent, b ut he sells also w hat h as c ost him n othing, a lthough
It ? as c ost _his w orkman l abor. T he c ost o f t he commodity to t he capitaltst a nd 1ts r eal cost a re d ifferent t hings. I r epeat, t herefore, t hat
n ormal a nd a verage p rofits a re m ade by selling commodities n ot a bove
b ut a t t heir r eal v alues."
'
T enth. " The s urplus v alue o r t hat p art o f t he t otal value o f t he
c omm?dity ~n w hich t he s urplus l abor o r u npaid l abor o f t he w orkingman 1s realtze~ I call profit. T he w hole o f t hat p rofit is n ot p ocketed
Ly the_ e mploymg c apitalist. R ents, Interest and I ndustrial Profit a re
only_ d1fferent n ames f or d ifferent p arts o f t he s urplus value o f t his commodity, ? r t he u npaid l abor enclosed in it a nd t hey a re equally derived
from thH source, a nd t his source alone. T hey a re n ot d erived from
l and a s such o r f rom capital as such, b ut l and a nd c apital enable t heir
o wners t o g et t heir r espective s hares o ut o f t he s urplus value e xtracted
b y t he e mploying c apitalist f rom the laborer."
H aving l aid before t he r eader t he a bove . extracts f rom " VALUE
~R_ICE A ND P ROFIT:' we a re n ow r eady t o discuss each propositio~
m 1t: : egular t urn, r elative to t he application o f e ach to the p resent d ay
cond1ttons. A s to t he first, second, t hird a nd f ourth t heorems i t i s' safe
to_ s ay all Socialists w orthy o f t he n ame t horoughly a gree a nd a cquiesce
w ith t he a uthor a s well a s w ith e ach o ther a s t o t he t ruth a nd c learness
o f t hese s tatements. A ny f urther d iscussion h ere, o f t hese first f our
t heor##e ms _would be as fo_olish a s useless, f or t hey h ave been p roven a nd
r eproven 111 ! he m ost l ogical w ay by t he a uthor i n his " VALUE, P RICE
A ND P ROFIT" a nd all those w ho a re n ot f amiliar w ith t his splendid

UN DER U N IVERS A L M O N OPOLIES

137

l ittle book h ave a t reat b efore t hem, in r eading it, which they c annot
a fford t o m iss.
.In r egard t o the fifth proposition, we h ave h ere a m ore diffic~lt
p roposition t o d eal with, especially in r egard t o " the effect o f m onopoltes
a nd some o ther m odifications."
T he q uestion which a rises h ere i s: c an t he p rice o f a m ?noplized
commodity be forced p erceptibl## a bove its r eal v alue a t t he w1ll o f t he
p erson h olding t he m onopoly o f s uch a c ommodity? I n o ther w ords :
c an a t rust p ut u p t he p rice o f a c ommodity " way a bov### its real v alue"
e
s imply because the t rust h olds a monopoly o n t hat c ommodity? M any
o f o ur b est M arxian s tudents t ake t he a ffirmative o n t his q uestion, a nd I ,
iu t urn, a m f orced to ~ay t hat I m ust t ake i ssue w ith t hem r egarding
t heir v iews.
I n t he first place l et us n ot f orget t hat " Price, " a s M arx says, " is
n othing b ut t he m onetary expressio~ o f v alue." A nd furt~1ermore _let
m e a dd w hat I h ave a lready s aid i n t he J uly n umber o f th1s m agazme
t hat t he " dollar is t he u nit o f v alue in t he U nited S tates a nd is e qual
t o t he v alue o f 25.8 g rains o f g old 9-10 fine, or, i n o ther w ords, the
dollar a~ a u nit o f v alue is equivalent t o t he a mount o f social labor
t hat is necessary to p roduce 25.8 g rains o f g old 9-10 fine a nd wi~l p ur. chase j ust a s m uch o f a ny o ther c ommodity as can be produc~d w1th t he
s ame a mount o f social l abor t hat i t t akes to p roduce 25.8 g rams o f g old
9-10 fine." ( For a f urther disc~ssion o f t his s ubject k indly see the
article r eferred t o).
T o t hose w ho h old t hat a m onopolist c an p ut u p t he p rice o f h is
monopolized commodity u nder p resent c onditions, a t will, let me s ay t o
you t hat t he l ogic o f y our p remises in t he v ery o utset d estroys y our
c onclusion t hrough t he l ack o f c onsistency. I n t he first place you tell
u s t hat a m onopoly o n a p roduct e nables t he m onopolists to sell t heir
p roduct a t a p rice, ## expressed i n g old, above t he p roduct's r eal value, ~nd
in t he s ame b reath y ou a ssert t hat g old, w hich is also a monopoltzed
commodity, c annot b e s old a t a p rice, e xpressed i n o ther c ommodities,
equal to t he r eal value o f t he g old.
##
.
.
I a m w illing to a dmit t hat, so l ong a s g old r emamed m t he a narchy
o f p roduction, t hat is t o say, so l ong a s i t w as produce~ ~n c omp:tition ,
i t was in t he p ower o f t he m onopolists o f o ther commod1t1es t o ra1se t~e
p rice o f t heir c ommodities as e xpressed i n the value o f t he commod1ty
g old, b ut n o s ooner t han g old w as m onopolized, as i t is a t p res:nt b y. the
g reat A merican S melting a nd R efining C ompany ( Standard 0 1l d m:unation), t hen t he M arxian L aw o f V alue a gain step~ o ut as t ruly a ppltcable
to t he p resent d ay c onditions, as i t e ver w as m t he f ormer d ays o f
u niversal c ompetition.

#138

Gold when monopoliz##ed, like all oth er monopolized commodities,
gives its owner the incentive to t ry t o se ll the gold a t a p rice ( exp ressed
in other commodities) above its real value. O ther commodities when
monopolized, like t h e commodity gold, give t heir o wners incentives to sell
their commodities a t prices ( ex pressed in gold ) above their real value.
T he result is obvious,: one force counteracts the o ther a nd compels all
monopolized commodities to sell, o r e xchange on a whole a t prices e q ual
to th eir real value.
" Bu t, a h !" you say, " gold is not completely monopolized." N eith er
i" a ny o th er commodity completely monopo li zed, b ut m ost of the commodities are nearly so, -a nd gold is as nearly monopolized as any other commodity t hroughout t he world. T here is one i mportant co mmodity, however, t hat is n ot monopolized and t hat c ommodity is h uman l abor power,
which is b ought a nd sold in t he mar~ets o f t h e world, like all oth er commodities b ut u nder the severest and fierce st competition th e world has evet
see n. W hile all o ther commodities have advanced in price as e x pr essed in
gold, in o rder to retain their normal v a lue, as gold g rows, ever cheaper and
cheaper in production, so fierce h as been the competition between labor,
t hat labor p ower h a s scarcely retained its old price expressed in a new
gold, produced alm os t twice as cheaply as gold was formerly produced.
T he g eneral rise of commodities a t p r ese nt is n ot due, as some think, to
the manipulation of prices by the t ru'it m agnates, b ut merely signifies a
cheapening in t he p roduction of gold, a nd i f the price !;\ o f o ur l abor
powers, t hat i s, our w ages o r salaries do n ot rise in proportio n, t hen we
are b eing " skinned" even o ut o f w hat is c oming to us u nd er t his infernal
system of capitalism a nd w age slavery.
So much for commodities being sold above t heir r eal valu e, by the
<tr tificial r es traint o f monopo li es. vV e , ,##ill now t urn o ur a ttention to
the oth er th eo rems of M arx.
A s t o some commodities always selling above th eir real value while
o t hers fluctuate about a point below their real value due t o the compensating influence o f t he " ave rag e r ate o f profit," as set forth by M arx in
\ - ol. I II of " Capital," I w ill not a tt em pt to e x pound h er e, as I intend to
discuss this subje ct in a future article, a fter I h ave studied this work
more t horoughly. I t su ffi ces h ere to sp.y t hat so far as I have gone into
Vol. I Il of " Capital" it is the most interes ting w ork o f M a rx, especially
the m ast erly discussions of " The R elation of t h e R ate of Profit to t he
R ate o f S urplus. V alue" a nd " Formatio n o f t h e A verage R ate o f P rofit."
\Ve now come to the question o f n o little impo rt ance, namely: can
the p r oductive wor ker s be robbed in a ny w ay a t t h e p oint o f c onsumption? I n oth er words, do the productive workers, as consumers, ever pay
o ver to an idle set o f p arasites p art o f the value o f t heir p roducts, for t he

139

U NDER U NjVERSA L M O N OPOLIES

V ALUE , P RI CE A ND P ROFIT

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#140

141

V ALUE, P RICE A ND P ROFIT

U NDER U NIVERSAL M ONOPOLIES

privi.l~ge o f stayi~g on the face o f t he e arth a nd e njoying c ertain com-

selves in t he l east about this end o f t he g ame. I t is well to note a t
this p oint t he role taken by the two units of value first left in the field o f
p roduction; there one o f t he units o f value has passed into the general
" Increase o f t he Means o f P roduction," while the o ther u nit o f value
has passed i nto t he " Store H ouse o f O ver P roduction," w hich when
finally filled t o o verflowing i t p recipitates a " panic plethorique," w hen
t he worker is t hrown o ut o f a job, a nd l eft to s tarve a nd seek employment.
I m ust s ay here for the benefit o f those who m ight t hink t hat the
i nternal r evenue is extracted from t he s urplus value contained in t he
alcohol t hat all they need t o do is t o r emember t hat t he selling price o f
g ood d enaturalized alcohol o n which t here is n o r evenue is always approximately, i f n ot exactly, equal to t he s elling price o f g rain alcohol,
less the a mount o f d uty levied on same, which proves conclusively t hat
t he g rain alcohol sells. a t a price above its value, equal to the a mount o f
duty levied thereon.
N ow l et us analyze w hat w ould take place i f we. should g o o ut on
a " wild goose c hase" so to speak to stop the robberies inflicted o n t he
p roductiv.e workers in t he field o f c onsumption.
L et us suppose, for instance, t hat we j oin h ands with the " Single
T axers" a nd o ther reformers, in which w e w ould be assisted by the exploiting class. a s well as by m any o ther l oafers a nd p arasites.
A nd a fter s pending o ur time and energies ( which s hould be exerted all the time to the ultimate overthrow o f w age s lavery), s uppose
t hat we should win a nd succeed in abolishing H ome R ents, T axes, I nternal a nd E xternal R evenues, and ##other f orms o f p etite g raft, w hat
w ould be t he effect on the condition o f t he productive workers as diagTammed in F igures 1, 2 a nd 3.
A t first t hought i t would seem as if he would wind up in the field
of consumption with the benefit o f t hree u nits o f v alue a t h is disposal,
as shown in d i?gram o f Fig. 2, i nstead of t he o ne a nd a h alf u nit o f
value, as shown in d iagram o f F ig. 3. I n o ther w ords, it would seem
as i f h e could retain, for his o wn u se a nd behalf, t he o ne a nd o ne-half
u nit o f value, formerly handed over to the landlord a nd t ax g atherer.
B ut let us not be too quick to j ump a t conclus,ions. L et us n ot f orget
t hat v ast i ndustrial reserve a rmy o f unemployed, which in t he w ords
o f M arx, " rivets the laborer to capital more firmly t han t he w deges o f
V ulcan did P rometheus to t he r ock."
L et us now see w hat h appens to J ohn J ones, who so fervently supported t he reform movement t hat e liminated rents a nd abolished t he
superfluous duties a nd t axes. A s soon as the consummation o f t he reformation is made, a nd J ohn h as j ust b egun t o e njoy t he r elief from

modities? Some seem to think t hat this proposition is impossible, t hat
the workr r as a consumer cannot be robbed in a ny sense o f t he word,
e
b ut w hat t hey really m ean to say is that, the robbery o f t he productive
w orker c annot in the least be diminished by eliminating the robbery t hat
is inflicted o n h im as a consumer. W hile t he productive w orker is
primarily exploited almost to t he l imit in t he field o f p roduction, yet in
several cases he is robbed as a consumer, such as in the payment o f his
h.o~e r ent, internal revenue, a nd o ther s uperfluous taxes. T his p ropoSI~Ion, h owever, can best be illustrated by the accompanying d iagrams:
F igure 1 r epresents the state o f t hings in the field o f p roduction a fter t he
w orkers have worked, say, t en h ours a nd produced the ten units o f value
i n t he f orm o f commodities, as represented by t he t en p lain circles, all
o ther fields are a t this stage inactive.
F igure 2 r epresents the n ext step taken a fter t he p roducts a re
made. T hree u nits a re h ere converted i nto m oney for the maintenance
o f t he p roletariat a nd s ay two o f t hose units pass into t he field o f t he
" Necessities o f L ife" while one u nit s ay passes into the field o f " N ecess.ary. Luxuri_es." T wo u nits o f value here remain on the field of p roductiOn, while five are converted into surplus value money a nd pass
to the consumption of the " Capitalist" d istributed as shown u nder t he
heads o f t he " Necessities o f L ife," "Necessary L uxuries," a nd " Unueoessary L uxuries." A s spon as this a rrangement o f t hings is consummated t he third a nd l ast a rrangement t akes place as shown ii1 F igure 3.
H ere in the act o f c onsumption the p roletariat m ust p ay o ut o f t he
" Necessities o f L ife" one u nit o f value into " Home R ent" which passes
over to a nd is c onsumed by t hat s ycophant o f society k nown as the L and
L ord. W hile h e consumes such things as his tobacco, b eer a nd booze,
he m ust p ay o ut o f his " Necessary L uxuries," o ne-half o f a u nit o f value
levi##ed as " internal revenue," m ost o f which goes t o s upport o ur intelligent R epresentatives a nd S enators a t W ashington w ho a re actuallv
b right e nough to t ry to create value by legislation in t he f orm o f a~
A ldrich Bill.
N ow since the productive w orker h as paid the " internal r evenue,"
' ##taxes" a nd " home r ent," b oth from the standpoint o f h aving produced
the value with which i t w as p aid a s well as h aving p erformed t he t ransaction o f t he actual payment for the privilege of consumption o f c ertain
commodities, it is clear to be seen t hat he has p aid these robberies in
every sense o f t he term and t hat too a t the p oint o f c onsumption.
N ow i t will be noted t hat a s imilar action has taken place on the
side o f the " consumption o f t he c apitalist," b ut as they say in the S~uth,
" Nobody c ares a damn for who robs a r obber," we will not trouble u r-

###

#142

U NDER U NIVERSAL M ONOPOLIES

V ALUE, P RICE A ND P ROFIT

b elongs to me a nd n ot t o you, a nd I w on 't w ork f or any less t han I
f ormerly did, so t here n ow." " All r ight," replies the capitalist, " you
d on't h ave to, this is a free country, a nd if you d on't w ant t he j ob a t
t hat p rice I will offer i t to someone else," a nd t her.e upon J ohn s tarts o ut
te: h unt a nother " job." A nd t hereupon this offer a nd " free c ontract" is
]JUt to the m an j ust o utside t he d oor, whose ears a re full o f t he cries
o f h is h ungry c hildren, w ith h is eyes full o f t ears, his h eart full of hope,
a nd belly full o f n othing, i t is n ot h ard to guess w hat t his m an will do
u nder s uch circums,t ances. H e accepts the " job" l aid down by J ohn for
the one a nd o ne-half units of value, a nd t hus m atters r earrange t hemselves a s s hown i n F igure 4, w here t he w orkers o n ly r eceive o ne a nd
o ne-half u nits of v alue i nstead of t hree a nd w here t he o riginal s urplus
v alue l eft i n t he field of p roduction i ncreases t o t hree a nd o ne-half

r ent a nd u nnecessary ta~es he ste s . t
g reetd as follows. - "Good'
. p m o t he factory one m orning to be
."
.
m ornmg, J ohn " s a
h' b
"
str, rep lis J ohn " V/
.
'
ys ts oss.
M orning
##
e w on a g reat v tctory J ohn 1
.
'
Stlperfl.uous t axes a nd r e t d 'd '
'
' w l en we e liminated t he
n ' t n t we, J ohn?" " Yes si _, - "
.
h"
1'1
, r e e, r eplies
o n, a nd n ow I can live s otneth'
J##h
m g 1 <e a m an " " Wh d
w tt t hat m oney, John, with w hich
.
.
.
a t o y ou do
d uties?" " Well "
"
?'ou fot merly p atd y our r ent a nd
.
' says J ohn, s ometimes we
t
h
h mes I t ake m y w ife a nd c hildr
f
1.
g o _o t e t heatre, somec
1. 1
e n o r a tttle outmg## a nd
.
.. ave a ttt e for a rainy day , " W 11 , b
,
sometimes I
the hell r ight h ave y ou to o: t the ' h r utally replies his master, " what
t'
.
oO o
e t e atre a nd t ake 0 f
l1ere ts a n e ver i ncreasing a rmy o f
1
u m gs, etc., while
u nemp oyed men outside the factory
gates b egging f or a J. o b? L
.
.h
.
.
eave m e t hat o ne a nd o h lf
wtt whtch you formerly pat' d y our t axes a nd r e ne- a d mt o f value
u,
t
now a ny w ay." " But,,
Jh
..
n ' y ou on t need it
fi
..
' says o n, b nsti!ng u p " I h 1 d
'
g ht for the
el t mmation o f t ent a nd s upe r fl. uous taxes, a nd w hat e p e tosaved thereby
I h ave

i nstead o f t wo.
I n t he final a djustment of t hings a s shown i n F igure 5, t he " Home
R ent" a nd " Internal R evenue" b eing abolished, the productive w orker
fmds himself i n e xactly t he s ame fix t hat h e w as i n b efore, so f ar as his
e njoyment o f c ommodities is concerned, t hat is to say h e g ets j ust

C OIYSUHP7701Y
O F C fP/T/fL/ST

O rFK'OLET/i'K'I fT
t
/ YECESS. / YECESS.

O rL/ rE

t nough to subsist o n a nd n othing more.
I n t he field of production w e find t hat t he " Increase i n Means o f
P roduction" o r t he p roductivity o f m achinery h as b een accelerated by
a n e xtra h alf u nit o f value, which m eans a n e xtra i ncrease i n t he industrial r eserve a rmy o f t he unemployed. F or j ust as much as machinery increases, labor m ust b e t hrown o ut o f employment.
W e also note another e xtra h alf u nit o f v alue has been t hrown i nto
t he " Storehouse o f O verproduction," w hich m eans t he h astening o f
crises a nd panics, while the t hird h alf u nit o f v alue formerly used by
t he p roletariat f or t he p ayment o f r ent a nd r evenue, h as p assed i nto t he
h ands o f t he plutes to be consumed, i n t he field o f t he " Unnecessary
L uxuries," o r r ather to b e w asted t here a s i t w ould be n ext t o impossible for t hem t o a ctually consume any m ore l uxuries t han t hey formerly

!Lvxu~ES

H oH##,{Errr&
/IYTE##WA'LK'EYE/YUE

00

d oOL/SEL7.

14:3

C :OIYSUHPTitJIY

d id. B y a careful s tudy of t he d iagrams i t is clear to be seen that, as the
t:obberies in the field of consumption a re e liminated the w orker's l ot
i n life m ust g row e ver h arder a nd h arder w hile m any l ike o ur f riend
J ohn j oin t he a rmy of t he u nemployed an~ b ecome w andering v agrants
o ut o f e mployment seeking for work. A nd t hus t hey a re j ustly repaid
in s tinging r ebuke a s t hey r eap t he r ich r eward of r otten r eformation.

F /6.5

-I

#M ARY E. M ARCY

0 the Cave people, dreams were chief a mong the g reat
m ysteries. None of the strange occurrences of the world
about them, so filled them with w onder a nd awe, as the
deeds tliey performed a nd the adventures they
encountered while t heir bodies lay wrapped in sleep.
O ften it was difficult for them to separate t he d ream
from the world o f reality. T his m ay account for the reports o f t hose
anthropologists who c harge s avage tribes with b eing the most amazing
liars in the world. I t may be t hat some o f these primitive men a nd women
h av##e merely related the remarkable exploits o f t heir dreams which they
were n ot always able to distinguish clearly from their actual experiences.
O ften a Cave Man m ight g o f orth alone in the night, a nd a fter t raveling a j ourney o f m any suns, slay fearlessly all the members of a hostlie
tribe, while "he s lept securely in his cave. B ut w hen he reported his
dream adventures to his wif,e, she refused often to believe them. W henever ##she stirred d uring t he n ight, she h ad f ound him a t h er side. O r
p erhaps she h ad g roaned t hrough the long darkness, with the colic that
comes from too much eating of the early fruit. T his she made k nown t o
the dreamer. Indeed he h ad s lumbered peacefully t hrough all her
trouble!
A gain ," w hen a Cave Dweller fell asleep beside his brothers and
dreamed of dispatching the sabre-toothed t iger w ith a single blow, the
whole tribe was r eady to assure him, in the l anguage o f t he Cave People,
144

..

145

t hat he had not moved from his resting place, b ut had slept continually.
,.
This was all very strange.
"When t he fire dashed t hrough tl1e sky, d uring a s torm, or the w aters
o f t he river climbed up over the banks and flooded the woods, they were
not so w onderful as these dream things.
M any m en a nd w omen o f the tribe h ad closed t heir eyes. in the long
sleep, b ut w hen t he Cave People slumbered, the dead came back again,
to j ourney a nd h unt t he forests with their brothers a nd s isters A nd so
in time, the Cave People came to believe t hat t heir friends,## who haci
d eserted the body, still lived. T hat t hey had, themselves, fought and
h unted while their bodies slept, the Cave People well knew, a nd t hat t he
dead come back a gain, they knew also, for they had seen a nd spoken
with them in their dream j oumeyings .
T his w as the origin o f t he i dea o f s pirit, a t first only dim a nd confused b ut g athering s trength as the years rolled away. T he seed of the
idea o f i mmortality sp rang also from the dreams o f p rimitive man.
T hough t he sabre-toothed t iger d evoured a brother he w ould surely r eturn
a gain. T hey h ad seen these t hings w ith t heir own eyes, in dreams.
T he Cave People saw also their shadows t hat followed w here t hev
went, moving slowly when t hey walked, and sw iftly when they ran , keeping ever a t t heir sides.
W hen a Cave M an g azed into the ri ve r, always a face looked back
a t him, a pd the o ther m embers o f t he tribe told him he saw his own
image. T his also was very strange. I f h e journeyed as f ar as the grea~
canyon, and s ent his voice echoing a mong t he b ig rocks, a call came
bounding back to him, although t here w as no o ther m an t here. Gradually
he came to believe the cry was the voice o f a s pirit a nd t hat the face
he h ad s een in the waters o f t he river was the face o f a s pirit also.
T o all things the Cave People a ttributed animation. T o them everything w as alive. Y oung t rees were the children o f b ig t rees a nd g reat
s tones were the fathers o f small stones. Little they spoke o f these things,
f or t heir w ords were few a nd i t is impossible to tell m any t hings in a
g esture l anguage. D anger a nd c onfusion they saw everywhere, for the
whole world was filled with happenings they could n ot u nderstand.
M any seasons had passed since they had found the F ire b east eating
up the tree s in the woods. T he small blaze they had kept alive in t he
H ollow had died long befor e, w hen Quack Quack forgot to feed it. I n these
days the F ire flashed only t hrough t he heavens d uring a storm. S trong
A rm h ad been able to call it by s triking a sharp s tone a gainst t he rock
before his cave. \ '/h en the darkness came on a nd he struck the rock
swiftly, a small s park fell. A gain a nq a gain t he Cave P eople saw tlwse

#M ARY E. M ARCY

147

T HE C AVE P EOPLE

146

tt
rna o r w oman was able
1
n
ks B ut so quickly w ere t hey gone 1 a no
spar t them o r t o f eed them the dead leaves they h ad b rought . .
e
to ca c
'
.
H h d chas- d a f at
A t t his time B ig N ose made a g reat d1scovery. . e a
.
h
k a nd h a d seen it disappear m t o the hollow of a
l!zard o ver t e roc s h .
b ank I mm ediately he poked v iolently
t
t hat lay prone on t e n ver
.
T h'
ree
b
.
d er to drive the lizard out.
o 1111
with a long rod of bam oo, 111 o r
t h fresh flesh of t he lizard was sweeter than any other meat.
e0
o ving the rod B ig N ose found the e nd of it warm. F rom one
n r,em
. N ' ti ed his brown head, like a g reat monkey,
side to the other, B 1
g ose ?P
## . . T hen h e t r otted off t o
##, a n effort t o u nd erstand th1s n ew e x pe nen ce.
1.1
'b
m ake k nown t hese t hing s t o the t n e .
.
S
11 t he Cave People g athered aronnd t he dead tree, c h a ttenn~
oon a .
.
h bamboo rod into t he h ollow t runk a n
ct;riously. B1g N ose t ht ust : e .
't
ot w arm T he f riction of
B ut th1 s ttme 1 w as n
.
.
.
~~~~l~~~~:ou~u~;:; ##v i o le ntl y a gainst the dry "~ood of the tree h ad caused
the h eat b efore, b ut B ig N ose did n ot k now th1 s.
.
cr f
nd
1me t he C ave People cha tt ered a i gesticulate~ abo~t
hf
F or a 1on"'
##a
w avmg h1 s
1 ., Birr N ose co ntinually made t e re S1"'n ,
the t r ee w 11.e
"'
..
()
by one all th e Cave P e ople
d like smoke a nsmg.
## ne
##
f mgers u pwar '
tl . . bellies a nd a azed into t h e hollow trunk. B ut
t hrew themselves upon 1e1t
"'
t hey saw nothing.
1## ##
t t he b amb oo i nto the tree, t 11S t tme
A t last B ig N ose a gain t hrus
.
.
.
.
..
d n t w ith all the s trength o f h1s g reat a rms .
a ngnly, p mmmg 1t 111 an o f h
. a aain T hen e very member
A nd th e end of the r od. came ? r\h wa~##mg "'Ea~h one sought to outdo
o f t he tribe m ust h ave h1 s t urn 111 r us 111 .
his fellows in the frenzy of his movements.
.
f . fl. .
d f the rod h ad w orn a way, leav111g a so t m am
Meanwh1le
e n o ree A nd w hen Li g ht F oot se nt the rod in and
mabie saw-dust m the old t ##
d o f t he bamboo came
o ut s harply with h er s trong, b rown a rms, t 1 e e n
1

F ire f rom the tree trunk, j u st as they h ad o ften forced o ut t he lizard.
T hus f or the first time in the memory o f t he tribe, a fire was kindled.
A nd the h and o f the maiden, L ight F oot, h ad worked the miracle. T he
Cave People l aughed a nd d anced a nd s at in the Hollow long into t he
d arkness; f or security came with t he F ire a nd t heir forest enemies were
afraid.
B ut a time came when g reat r ains fell a nd t he F ire died away with
every drop. A nd S trong A rm g athered a b rand a nd c arried i t i nto his
cave. B ut t he smoke from the b urning choked him a nd f orced him out.
T hen he carried the F ire t o t he hollow of a t r ee t hat t owered very high,
and he fed the F ire in this holl ow. T h ere it lived for m any suns, ea ting
slowly into the tree t runk on one side.

h

.

*

:he

forth smoking.
reeted h er success a nd the C ave
A flood o f e xcited chatterings g
df
" t"
.
"
IF
d I " which was t h e w ord t hey use
o r ea
P eople c ned F ood . oo . F '
( ' tl . t he t ree) h ad b egun to e at t he
also. F or they t hought t he r1ra: a~~u~ngathering d ry leaves to feed the
bamboo rod. M any o f t h em
. d me forth a t last, with its e nd a dull glow, L ight ~ oot
W hen t he t o ca
A soft breeze came from the n v er
laid it on the rocks in the dead l e~~es .
A d t he Cave People j abbered
a nd c oaxed t he embers into a aze.
n
.
1
t hered b rush a nd wood.
.
.
f;##ancttcally as t 1ey g a
k t o craze i n wonder 1nto
1
O ften t h ey threw themselves onb t l~e r~c ~ight F oot h ad d riven t he
t he hollow tree. B ut m any o f t hem e 1eve

F ire.

..

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

T he S un s aw many s trange m ysteries on the day when the Cave
People first came upon t he g reat canyon. I t w as d uring t he period o f t he
y ear t hat comes before the season o f p lenty.
K een h unger assailed every living t hing a nd s ent t hem forth,
sharp-eyed into the forest. T he wild h og g rew s trong a nd w ary from th.;struggles o f t he h ard a nd m eagre days. T he g reen s nakes hidden away,
waited continually for t he small forest folk to r un into t heir coils. T he
l ank black bear g rew bold a nd d esperate with the h unger passion and t he
C ave People a cquired a new skill in hunting.
Beside the s trength o f t heir f orest enemies, they were weak indeed.
B ut a rmed w ith t heir long, sharp bone weapons, a nd a w onderfu l cunning,
th ey fought in all their numbers a nd were able to t riumph o ver the
animals o f t he forest.
W ith eyes keen and tense h and s g ripping t heir w eapons, they followed the trail of the black b ear which led them t hrough s trange ways.
A t t he b reaking o f a t wig, they paused. A nd no falling leaf escaped them.
S ounds t hey made none, as they slipped t hrough the deep woods, one
before the other.
A t l ast t hey came to an open space, where the trees ceased to g row
a nd w here the t rack s o f t he b ear were lost in a rocky way. Beyond
them lay t he g reat canyon, which h ad b een once the bed of a river. O nly
t he w aters o f t he s pring r ains lay in the hollows of the rocks t hat lined
its bottom.
H ere t he Cave People h alt,e d, f or they knew n ot which way the black
b ear h ad t aken, n or h ow to follow her. A s t hey separated to seek
f urther f or h er t racks, no w ord w as spoken. O nly S trong A rm g ave a
low g runt o f approval, as his comrades departed.
T hen, in the silence o f t he old world, it came, t he s trange voice

#148

T HE C AVE P EOPLE

e choing down the g reat c anyon, g runting i n t he t ones o f S trong A rm!
T he whole tribe heard it and they paused, motionless, while t heir eyes
swept the canyon for him who h ad spoken. B ut t hey saw no one.
Silently they g athered t ogether, with weapons raised. B ut t he stillness remained unbroken. T hen S trong A rm r aised his voice in a soft
" Wo ugh !" A nd, in his own tone, the Echo a nswered him, " W o ugh !"
I t w as very strange. T he Cave P eople could not understand. B ut
t hey forgot t he black bear a nd s ent their voices r inging down the g reat
canyon. ##came a gain the echo, in m any tones, back to them.
T hen a g reat c hattering a rose a mong t hem, a nd even as they spoke,
the chatterings o f m any voices arose from the canyon.
" Wough-ee !" s aid the Cave People. A nd t hey g ave a s ign in t he
g esture l anguage, for they t hought t he sounds were the voices of their
.
enemies, the H airy F olk.
W ith g reat c aution they departed to the point whence t he s ounds
h ad come.. N ot boldly, b ut by varied paths they made t heir way, slowly,
concealing themselves behind the rocks a nd t he t rees as they progressed.
L ong t hey hunted, one a nd all, b ut n o man t hey found, nor any signs of
man, a nd t hey r eturned a t l ength to the mouth of the g reat canyon.
A gain t heir voices r ang d own t he b ed o f t he old river, t h is time
defiantly. A nd t he E choes replied once more, challenging them. T he
Cave P eople g rew a ngry ## a nd the search was continued, b ut t hey found
no one. A nd t hey were compelled to r eturn to t heir caves in the Hollow
with hearts heavy with w rath a gainst the H airy F olk.
O ften t hey r eturned t o t he g reat c anyon, b earing t heir bone weapons.
T here they remained long in hiding, a waiting t he a dvent o f the enemy,
till at las.t they learned no one was there. T hen t he mystery g rew m ore
strange, for no m an could tell whence came the voices t hat replied to
t h em.
B ut t here came a time w hen the Cave people believed t hat these cries
were the voices o f t he s pirits t hat came t o h unt w ith them, in t heir
d ream j ourneyings. N o l onger were they afraid. O nly a g reat a we filled
them a nd m uch w onder c oncerning these things.

A Conflict A mong L ea de rs
BY

R oBIN E RNEST D uNBAR.

1 FTE~ s tudying the symposium of the Socialist P arty leaders _m a r ecent number o f T he S aturday E vening Post,
I did n_ot w onder a t the editor's asking, " Is t here any
such t hmg as 'Practical S ocialism'?" T he p roposals on
the method o f b ringing a bout the Co-operative Commonwealth, r anged all ## the way from sapient opportunism to
senseless anarchism. T he e xpressions o f m en who have made a hobb
o f Soc~alism a nd who have achieved national a nd e ven internation~
: eputatwn by reas.o n o f t heir positions in the p arty p roved miserably
madequ~te. a nd ev~n c ontradictory. T his to the o rdinary r eader o f
bourgeois l iterature I S a m atter o f little moment. S uch a o ne has alread
discounted the predictions o f t he " misguided d reamers" a nd " the f y
1
"
h
'
ree
overs, as e terms, all Socialists o f w hatever brand they may be. W e
s hould by no means entire!~ i~nore t he popular verdict. I t is generally
founded on some s hrewd mstmct o r w arning i ntuition. B ut w e r ei .
r ather o n a r igid, scientific analysis, the conclusions o f logic a nd th~
facts o f n atural h istory.
To_ tl:ose w ho are Jiving a t all in t he intellectual world the self.
contradictiOns o f t he leaders of the p arty come as a i:natter of
W h ##1 h
course.
I e t : y e xpected better things, yet they knew confusion still s urrounds
the question. I ntellectuals have n othing b ut c ontempt for the charlatan,
th~ p :etender a nd _the quack. T hey realize that ~ t he a ge is becoming
sci:ntJfic; t hat s entimental a nd emotional considerations. a re n o l onger
valid. T he s tudy o f manki~d h as been reduced to the science o f sociology.
Er~s t Haeckel has pu~ Socwlogy a t the top o f philosophy in t he place that
ethics formerly_ occupied. T he way he points to investigate society is first
to find _ au~ th~ u nderlying p rinciples t hat s way i t b efore s etting a bout to
revolutwmze It.
. N ow, i f we take up the questions t hat b efuddled the I.eaders a nd
discuss them along purely materialistic lines we shall arrive a t b ett
_
###
##
r con
1 swns t h a_n I f we s et o ut o n o ur way to establish w hat we w ant er ather
cu
t han w hat I? alneady here. " How will the co-operative common
Jth
w~a ### t
be b rought a bout?" a nd " Suppose t hat y ou should elect
T>
###d
dC
a
O Cia I S
r res1 e nt a n
?ng.ress, h~w ,~auld y ou g o a bout t ransferring p rivate
A s queries to politicians they serve a
property to public o wnership?

s

149

1

I

#/

R OBIN E RNEST D UNBAR
150

151

A C ONFLICT A MONG L EADERS

p urpose and were, for t hat m atter, treated well enough. Suppose we
ask those who favor an income tax, t o p redict its exact effect, is it n ot
likely t he replies would s,how c onsiderable variance? O r, t ake another
case, t hat o f t he tariff. A re t he authorities all agreed on the effect of free
t rade? O r on the question, " How is universal peace to be brought
a bout?" N o d oubt some will answer, " Peace will come via t he c annon,"
j ust a s a few o f the leaders claimed t hat t he co-operative commonwealth
will be ushered in by fo rce.
O utside o f t he n atura l a nd e xcusable contradictions. o f the Socialist
leaders, there is o ne strang~e omission in all t he replies, t hat is truly
blameworthy. Socialism is founded on the doctrine of t he class struggle.
Y et n o reference is made to this important aid t oward a ttaining t he cooperative commonwealth. T he class s truggle leads to " The e x-propriation of a few usur pers by the mass of the people."-Marx. J ust h ow
this will occur is debatable. P erhaps some analogy can be d rawn f rom history. G rant's second administration witnessed the rise of the Railway
Magnates. T hey seized one o f the common necessities o f the people,
the means of quick transportation. T hus, t hey g ot t he power o f life a nd
d eath over their fellow countrymen. Coal, i ron, w heat a nd corn a re
unevenly distributed b ut e verywhere needed. So, sometimes, soldiers must
be s.e nt quickly from one place to a not her. T he m agnates were prepared
to do th is w ork adequately, so they b egan to dictate terms to the state.
W hen t hey found t hat t he state obeyed them, they realized t hat t hey
were its masters. T he r evolution from democracy t o o ligarchy was u n
fait accompli. T he reins o f g overnment fell from t he feeble hands of t he
m iddle class i nto t he s.t rong o nes o f the upper class. T his r evolution
was marked in 1872 by the defeat of Greeley by Grant. T he issue between
t he classes was f ought o ut a nd the upper class won. T o be sure the revo lution was n ot immediately recognized then, b ut for t hat m atter w h at
revolution has been so recognized? H istorians h ave to wait g enerations
b efore they catch the i nner significance o f t he times. T he m aterialistic
interpretat ion o f history is comparatively a new science.
T his particular election was a critical one in American history. G rant
was w ax in t he h ands of the C apitalists. Colfax was friendly to O akes
A mes a nd t he C redit-M obilier crowd. T hey fell victims to the schemers
o f t he transcontinental railways. Greeley stood for the little mercantile
a nd petty t rading classes o f the east and the petite B ou rgeoisie o f the middle west. H e was beaten badly a nd it broke his heart. H ad he won, the
result in the e nd w ould probably haVIe b een the same. F or Capitalism
w as the new power. I t w as destined to bend o r c rush s tronger p ersons
th an G reeley o n its o nward m arch. H e only kicked a gainst t he inevitable
course o f Capitalism. A n a pt c omparison Ues b etween him a nd a r ecent

.

p re sident. T he f ormer a t first represented the middle class a nd s un##endered reluctantly to the oligarchs. T he l atter stood for the people ostensibly; in reality, he l ong a go secretly made terms with the upper classes.
Revolutions do not come t hrongh politics o r p oliticians; they come
t hrough t he o peration o f economic law to which politicians a re t he first
to yield. T he office seeker is a w eather v ane w ho points the w ay t he
wind blows. T o t hink t hat by electing a Socialist P resident, we can
hasten the d awn o f t he Co-operative Commonwealth is to imagine t hat
we can veer the wind around by sheering the w eather vane.
T he o bject o f the Socialist organization is t o s end t he v oter to school;
to teach him the class struggle and to instill in him, the talent for organization; to u nite the p roletariat i nto a self-conscious a nd class conscious
p arty a nd to perfect labor s olidarity. V\T
hen this has been done, the
revolution will have been accomplished.
T he control of the state is in t he h ands always o f t he most highly
organized class. T he c apitalist class is the best organized, a nd t he most
class c onscious-hence i t rules . W hen 51 p er c ent o f t he workers u nite ##
i n a close industrial union, a nd will work o r s trike as a unit, then they
will become tlw d ominant class, a nd t he revolution will have been accom~:>lished. ## Whatever p arty is in o ffice-even t he Republican p arty-will n ot
matter, for the orders of the union will be final.

######################################################################~
A s Capital~s m h a s n ot s na tch ed w oman f rom t he d omestic ~

t

h earth a nd l a u nc he d h er i nto s ocial p roduction t o e mancipate
h er, b u t t o ex pl oit h er m ore f erociously t han m an , so i t h as
b een c areful n ot t o o verth r ow t he e conomic, l egal , p olitical
a nd m or al b arri ers w hich h ad b een r aised t o s eclude h er i n
t he m arital d we lling. W o man , e xpl o ited b y c apital , e ndures
t he m iseries o f t he f ree l aborer a nd b ears in a ddition h er c hains
o f t he p as t. H e r eco nomic m is e ry is a ggravated ; instead o f
b eing s u ppo rte d b y h er f ather o r h u s band , t o w hose r ule s he
s till s ubmits , s he is. o bliged t o e arn h er l iving ; a nd u nder t he
p retext t ha t s h e h as fe w er n ecessities t han m an, h e r l abo r is
p aid l ess ; a nd w hen h er d aily t o il i n t he s hop , t he office o r
s chool i s e nded, h er l abor i n t he h ou s ehold b egins. M otherh ood, t he s acred , t he h ighest o f social f unctions , b ecomes in
c apit alis ti c s ociety a cause o f h orrible m is.ery, e conomic a nd
p hys iologic. T h e so ci al a n d economic c ondition o f w oman i s
a d an ger f or t he r ep r oduct i on o f t he s pecies .-PAUL L A F ARGU E, i n " T he R i ght t o B e L azy a nd O ther S tudies. "

....

~

~

#G. S IMS

A W orkingman's C ollege
BY

G.

S rM.s, R usKIN C oLLEGE, O xFORD, E NGLAND.

S TUDENTS ON T HE W ASH-UP.

H AT an interesting subject t o s tudy is the " captain o f
i ndustry! " H aving, by reason of his acquisitive faculty,
accumulated a v ast f ortune, a result achieved by methods
which in " lower" w alks of life would have secured him
some years of governmental supervision, fawned upon
a nd feted by t he motley crowd of less successful adventurers k nown as " business" people, a nd t he not less lurid circle k nown as
" society," small wonder is it t hat he imagines t hat h e is a genius of : he
first magnitude. H aving as a result of h ard _work. ( other p eoples)
become " possessed" o f wealth, invariably p ersuadn:g hm1self t hat _he h as
t e en " the i nstrument i n the h and o f God" for findmg the wherewtthal t o
live for the working people he employed ( at t imes) he frequent~y t akes
p pon h imself to become the fairy g odfather to the w orking c;1a~s m o ther
152

Y

153

s pheres t han t he industrial. N ot u nderstanding t he real n ature o f the
system u pon wJ1ich he a nd his lik##e t hrive, he takes upon him self to eliminate the e ffects w ithout k nowing the ca~tse. T he u sual result followsfailure-and w ith it disgust for the ineradicable vices of h uman n ature
a mong t he " lower o rders."
S ometimes his hobby takes t he form o f c haritable societies for t he
free distribution o f soup a nd b lankets; labor yards, where t he unemployed
c an r etain t heir " self-respect a nd self-reliance" by w orking a t s weating
prices so as to f urther c rowd the already over-burdened labor m arket
a nd m anufacture m ore candidate- for " labor y ard relief m easures"; the
s
establishment a nd e ndowment of technical schools, to a dd to the supply
o f skilled workmen in trades w here t here are already t housqnds o f people
in a state o f c hronic unemployment, a nd w here t he i ntroduction o f a
m achine may make t he h andicraftsman an object o f i nterest to the a ntiquarian, r ather t han to the m anufacturer; f arm colonies; building societies; t emperance movements; p urity crusades, etc., all these receive attention more o r less from o ur " captain" on t he s earch for new worlds to
c onquer--Dr redeem. All of them d emonstrating t hat t he intellectual
acumen of o ur " self-made" men, outside of mere money making, is on
a level with t heir business morality.
T he p articular institution we are dealing with, Ruskin College, is a
case in point. I t owes its.inception to the desire on the p art o f a n American " captain"-Mr. W alter V rooman-to " do s omething" f or the working class. S tarting o ut w ith this laudable object his inability to g rasp
t he s ituation showed itself in h is l etting t he control he place.d in the hands
o f i rresponsible persons, rathe-r t han securing t he control to t he r epresentatives o f o rganized labor. T his question o f c ontrol may have seemed
to him o f small importance compared with t he g iving o f o pportunities to
working men to study. T herein lay his mis,take, f or we socialists know
t hat t he question o f control is more i mportant t han a ny o ther t hing,
particular ly in education, for on this question o f c ontrol rests the sort
o f e ducation which is t o be given, t he m ost important m atter to the
w orking class student, a nd h is class.
R uskin College was founded in F ebruary, 1899, its object being to
i nstruct t he workingman in t he d uti.es ~f citizenship o n n on-partisan
lines. I n p ractice this has m eant t hat the teaching ( apart f rom the principal, M r. D ennis H ird) the student receives is, t hat t he capitalist system
is an eternal nature-ordained necessity, t he i dea a nd h ope b eing t hat
he will teach this in t urn to his fellows a nd become an able lieutenant
in the administrative work o f c apitalist society. I t aims a t t eaching him
" to raise, not to rise o ut of, his c lass"; a piece o f p hras-e-making t hat
has been the stock-in-trade o f t he people who are m anaging t he college.

#156

A W ORKINGMEN'S C OLLEGE

g ives t he e xplanation o f t he evils you see a round y ou, e ven i f t he s ufferer
b e a t eetotaler h e is s uffering b ecause o f t he d rinking h abits o f h is fellows; s o easy, you k now, t o e xplain t he o therwise u nexplainable; so d ifferent f rom t hose o ther s ubjects w e a re r emoving, t hey l ead to class
h atred b y a ttempting t o p rove t hat t hese evils a re i nherent i n t he f orm
o f society, a nd t hat o nly b y a bolishing t he c ause c an y ou g et r id " t he
of
effects, so c rude! so impossible a n e xplanation t hat w e s hould r efuse t o
d iscuss i t w ith t hese silly people! Besides i t w ould l ead t o ##socialism!
A nd t hen r hetoric! Y ou k now h ow e asy i t is t o g overn t he people by
wordy, polished sentences! S o e asy t o g et a p osition a mong y our fellows
by flowing p hrases a nd i mpassioned formulas, a nd r eally you n eed n ever
m ake a ny definite promises, o r g ive p iedges w hich y ou m ay be called
to fulfill! Y ou m ay k now no solution o f t he difficulties which c onfront
y our c lass, b ut i f y ou only h ave a r eady c ommand o f l anguage i t w ill
n ever b e n oticed, you will g et o n, y ou will become a labor l eader! S o
d ifferent w ith l ogic w hen allied t o t he o ther s ubjects, you will c onstantly
be c onfronted w ith t he supposed m istakes o f y our class, you will f requently h ave t o a ntagonize y our p eople by p ointing o ut t hat t he p osition
t hey p ropose t o t ake u p o n a g iven s ubject w ill n ot be t o t heir b est
interests, you will be s hut o ut f rom office because you a re a r evolutionary,
you will lose y our j ob a t t he w orks b ecause you teach y our f dlowworkers t hat t he i nterests o f C apital a nd L abor a re d iametrically opposed,
you will be like t he c arpenter o f N azareth " despised a nd r ejected o f m en,
a m an o f s orrows a nd a cquainted w ith g rief." A ll t his y ou will be saved
f rom by o ur r##e asonable a nd s ound e ducational policy, office, t rust a nd
influence, all these t hings will be a dded u nto you o ur way. Choose!
S trange t o s ay, the s tudents r efused t o a ccept t he p roposed a lterations. T hey s igned a s tatement o bjecting t o t he r emoval o f sociology,
evolution a nd logic. T hey a lso held a m eeting a t w hich t hey d ecided to
leave i n a u ody if t b pro::-osed a lterations w ere c arried o ut. I t w as
w ithdrawn. T he t ime w as n ot y et r ipe f or t he c hange t o be successfully
c arried o ut.
I n t he m eantime, o utside, a n o rganization g rew u p k nown a s t he
W orkers' E ducational A ssociation, financed in t he m ain b y t he c apitalist
class, f or t he p urpose o f s preading " higher" e ducation a mong t he w orkers.
I t i s s omewhat c urious t hat t his b ody m et w ith s o m uch a dded s upport
f rom t he capitali!'lts a nd t he g overnment a fter t he a forementioned g eneral
e lection a nd t he t riumph o f so m any l abor m en. L ast y ear a j oint c ommittee
w as f ormed o n t he s ubject o f " Oxford a nd W orking C lass E ducation." T he
W . E . A. a ppointed s even m embers a nd O xford U niversity a s imilar
n umber (five o f w hom w ere m embers o f t he Council o f R uskin C ollege),
to consider w hat c ould b e " done" f or t he e ducation <_:>f w orkingmen.

G. S IMS

157

A mong o ther t hings t he
a s ort o f h alf-way houseytosuthggest~d t~at R uskin C ollege should become
.
e u mversrty N ow R k" C II
to t hts t ime b oasted t hat 1t h ld
'
##
u s 111 o eg;e h ad, up
'
e n o t ests o r
##
##
T his m ade t wo difficultr"es t b
exam111attons o f a ny s ort.
t ##d f M
.
.
o e o vercome## ( 1) t o
a nd h ts s ubjects. ( 2) t o h
##
ge n o
r. H trd
T his w as s oon d~ne A f~;~ so;n.e sor~ o f . an e xamination in the coHege.
.
.
.
1 o exam111atwn, k nown a s revisi
w~s m stttuted, a nd, a fter s ome opposition f rom t he s t d
o n . papers,
Drfficulty one w as s ettled H
u ents, e arned out.
##
o w to o vercome t he o th ? A
b
.
m rttee w as a ppointed in N ovember 1908 t .
. ~r.
s u -com0 m qmre 111to t he i nternal
'
'

M EMBERS O F T ITE ,
.
### N ORTITUMBERLAND M INERS ' M UTUAL C ONFIDENT A SSOCIATION I N
R ESIDENCE, 1 908.
'

T op r ow-J'. P arks ( Eltringham) w b
S econd r ow - m. E dwards (Ashing~ ) . C ent ( .North S eaton), H . F loyd ( Ashington).
o n ' . P attinson ( Woodhorn), A . B acon ( Hartley).

t he removal o f M r B ird Wt't11 1 .
f
##
##
1!111 o c ourse wo ld
1##
##
.
affarrs o f t he i nstitution I t
. 'I f
'
u g o 1tS s ubjects.
##
c onvement y o und
T he c arrying o ut o f tl ##
a n e xcuse to recommend
o f t he students. I t fail~ds trecoml I:nendation Ie.d to t he famous " strike"
o a c 11eve o ne o f 1ts ob ## t tl
.
o f t he p roposed r emoval o f M "LI' d b .
Jec s, 1e preventiOn
r. r : t r ' u t 1t s ucoeeded beyo d
##
##.
t ion m rts p rimary obj.ect th
..
f
n expecta'
e r atsm cr o t he q
f
f.d
wodrking-class education. T he r esult o f t he "strik~~si~o;ha~ a m. e:end~ntl
a n w ell-supported m ovement is n
n m u entia
n ew C entral L abor Coli
.0
o n foot f o: t he e stablishment o f a
e ge 111 x o rd a s a d efimte p art o f t he w orking-

tw

#"

158

/

A W ORK INGM EN'S C OLLEGE

class movement in E ngland. W e a lready have o ur o wn i ndustrial a nd
political structures. N Q W we a re o ut t o secure o ur o wn e ducational s tructure. Slowly, b ut s urely, we a re c onvincing o ur fellow workers that, in
t he w ords o f t he " Plebs" m agazine ( the o rgan o f t he s tudents), "there

W here D o W e S tand on the W oman
Q uestion ?

is no alchemy that can change an indHstrial enemy into an edncational
friend."
T he n ew coHege will teach sociology, economics a nd h istory frorn
the working-class viewpoint, i t will have no false ideas about n on##
p art isan e ducation, its pioneers k now t hat " those w ho a re n ot for u s a re
a gainst u s."
W e a re s ending t his s hort a ccount o f t he w orking-class s truggle in
E ngl a nd f or independence in education as likely to interest o ur A merican
comrades, a nd b ecause for good o r ill America has h ad a g reat deal to
do with the w ork o f R uskin College. F ounded by a n A merican, it has
added to o ur d ebt by g iving us o ur t ext books on sociology, particularly
the works o f P rof. L ester W ard. A lthough r ather h azy i n places, the
works o f D r. W ard h ave h ad a g reat effect upon the s tudents a nd h ave
add(.'d c onsiderably to t heir k nowledge o f social science. Last, b ut not
least, the books o f M essrs. K err & Company, Chicago, have become the
most t reasured possessions o f s cores o f w orking-class students d uring t he
last t wo y ears. T hey have discovered t hat t here a re d ozens of scientific
w orks to be had, w ritten f rom the p ro letarian p oint o f view, armecl \v i ;h
which they can confidently face a nd o vercome the difficulties which con ##ror>t t he i ndependent inquirer. M any o pponents o f t he w orking da ~s
i1av(.' h ad r eason to curse the day t hat i ntroduced Ruskin College s tt:dents
t o >he w e ll -stocked book shelves o f Messrs. K err & C ompany. Th e~e
W f\1 k s find a n e ver-increasing sale here in E ngland, a r es ult w hich io.
to t he a dvantage o f t he working-class movement the world over.

B Y T HERESA

M ALKIEL.

H EORETICALLY we Socialists assert the equality o f s ex
a nd race. W e say, " All people a re b orn e qual," a nd a c##
c ordingly s train all o ur efforts t owards t he abolition o f
t he existing social regime. B ut a round t he o ne u pper##
m ost problem, like n umerou s planets a round the sun,
revolve many smaller problems which, t hough t hey will
be solved with the solution o f the whole, a re i mportant e nough to be
taken up a nd f ought f or s eparately.
T he W oman Q u estion is a ttracting t oday world-wide attention. T he
evolution o f society h a s b rought w oman to the p oint w here she realizes
a~ l ast h er d egrading position a nd v ehemently claims redress.
A s S ocialists ##we r ecognize, o f c ourse, th at t he real freedom o f
wo man c annot be achieved before t he e ntire social problem is solved.
lh1t we realize a t t he same time t hat u nder a r egime o f political t yranny
t he first a nd m ost u rgent ideal is necessarily the conquest o f political
libe rty. A nd t herefore, o ur women here, like o ur d isfranc hised male comrades abroad, a re t aking up the fig ht for universal suffrage.
B ut t her e a re m any S ocialists who cry o ut in fear w henever t hat
subject is viewed from a practical a nd n ot o nly a theoretical p oint o f view.
T his eJ,ement, in k eeping w ith its views, demands t hat we drop t he
w oman question altogether, t hat it is no concern o f o urs a nd t hat e very
active participation in t he en franchisement o f w oman is a crime a gainst
scientific socialism.
A nother p ortion o f o ur scientific socialists g o a step f urther a nd
i n t heir g reat w isdom a ssert t hat i t is all a mistake, t hat m an a nd w oman
a re n ot equal.
S ays E nrico F erri: " Utopian Socialism has bequeathed to us a
tt ;ental h abit, a h abit s urviving even in t he## m ost intelligent disciples o f
M arxian Socialism, o f a sserting t he e xistence o f o ertain equalities-the
e quality o f t he.two sexes, for e xample-assertions w hich c annot possiblv
be maintained." H e even censures Bebel f or claiming t hat f rom th.e
psycho-physical p oint o f view woman is the equal o f m an .
T hen, o nly as late as last month, comes a nother o f o ur scientific men
159

#T HERESA M ALKIEL
160

T HE W OMAN Q UESTION

a nd s ays: " The i mpulse below intellect is intuition, which is developed
f urther i n m any a nimals t han i n m an. A nd because woman is n earer
to the lower forms t han m an, intuition is more deeply seated in the
female r ace."
I s ~her###e g reater w isdom in the assertion o f a m an w ho s ays: W oman
is n earer t o t he a nimal t han m an, because she is endowed with a n
e xtraordinary a mount o f i ntuition; t hen i n t hat## o f M r. Roosevelt who
s ays: " Every S ocialist m ust b e a free lover, because one o r t wo o f t he
Socialists h ad r ather e xciting marital e xperiences."
W as w oman e ver given the chance to display fully the s trength o f
h er intellectual ability? H ow could anybody, in view o f w oman's long
subjection, j udge h er ability o r the s tandard o i h er i ntellect? I f o ur
s cientists would follow closely t he h istory o f w oman a nd t hen note how
today, t hough u nprepared , she enters the different spheres o f science, literature, m usic a nd a rt, w here she holds fully h er o wn w ith m an, they
m ight come to the conclusion t hat w oman b elongs r ather t o t he h igher
p lane o f a nimal life.
T rue e nough t hat t here w ere b ut few g reat a rtists, musicians o r
s cientists a mong t he female of the race, b ut does n ot t he w riter h imself
s tate t hat a p rolonged exercise o f t he b rain cells goes to increase t heir
q uantity? I f w oman w as able to achieve t hat m uch ## i n the limited time
o f h er b rain d evelopment i t g oes t o s how t hat t he q uality o f h er brain
cells is as g ood o r even b etter t han t hat b elonging to t he m embers o f t he
opposite sex. I n t he face o f t he beastly acts so often characteristic o f
m an, it is simply beyond h uman u nderstanding h ow anybody could claim
t hat w oman is n earer to the animal, while m an r emains t he s upreme
being.
W ith all due respect to o ur wise men, I t hink t hat even they would
come to recognize o ur e quality-if we only h ad t he power to enforce it.
l t m ay be t rue t hat I am e xpressing m yself with too much fervor, b ut i f
c ur m ale comrades were women t hey could u nderstand easily how a
s tatement like t hat goes to exasperate one. I have been always in the
habit o f s peaking my m ind freely a nd c annot see w hy this subject could
n ot be discussed openly a nd t horoughly.
I t is almost incomprehensible to me how o ur scientists came to such
conclusion. A nd I , a p lain o rdinary m ortal, challenge t hem i n t he name
o f m y s ex to set forth frankly a nd e xhaustively the g rounds o n which
they make these assertions.
M y m ain object, however, in w riting t his article is t o discuss o ur
a ttitude on t he W oman Q uestion. F or t he w orkingwoman o f t oday
finds herself between two f ires--on t he one h and s he faces the capitalist
class, h er b itterest e nemy; i t foresees a f ar-reaching d anger i n h er

161

e mancipation a nd with all the ability o f its money p ower t ries to resist
h er g radual a dvent i nto the civilized world. I n h er a nguish the workingwoJ:1an _turns t owards h er brothers in the hope to find a s trong s upport in
the~rimclst, b ut s he is d oomed to be disillusioned, for they discourage her
a ctivity a nd a re utterly listless towards the outcome o f h er struo-o-le
00
I n t he h eat o f t he battle for h uman freedom the proletarians seem
to for~et t hat t he w oman q uestion is n othing m ore o r less than a question
o f human_ ri~hts. T hat t he emancipation o f w oman means in reality
the emanCipatiOn o f t he h uman b eing within her. T hey seem to overlook
t he ~act t hat i t is as much t heir d uty to fight for the w orkingwoman's
p ohhcal freedom, as it is to h er a dvantage to m ak### common cause with
e
the men o f h er class in o rder t o b ring a bout the regeneration o f society.
W hat r evolution will yet have to take place in the conceptions o f
m en! \ Vhat c hange o f e ducation, before they will be able to attain the
know~edge o f a p ure h uman r elationship t o w oman! F or e very day
e xpenence teaches us t hat even the most progressive o f o ur m en a re still
c onsidering w oman as t he b eing who, chained by a thousand fetters o f
d ependency to m an-made conditions, broken in spirit a nd i n health by her
lo1~g d egradation a nd c ontinual maternity, became a weak, thoughtless
b emg t hat was neither m an n or beast. T hey do n ot t ake into consideration t hat t he w oman o f t oday has m arched f orward o n the road o f
evolution.
\ Vhat g randeur a nd b eauty a re c ontained in the meanina- of thi c a cfi.
b
tence In o ur p latform: " There c an be no emancipation o f J n,,nanity w ithnnt the social independence ami e quality o f sex."
B ut h ow b itter is o ur d isappointment whenever we come to look
upon m atters as they neally a re-men who take enthusiastically the pledo-e
to abide a nd follow the p arty p rinciples a nd ideals follow t heir p romise ~o
t he letter, as f ar as g eneralit ies a re c oncerned, b ut stop s hort w here the
q uestion comes to t he p ractical p oint o f s ex equality, a n a ct t o which
they had earnestly pledged themselves in accepting the Socialist platform.
T he bulk o f w omanhood, t hat is linked some way o r o ther to the
Socialist movement, is k ept i gnorant o f t he neoessity o f i ts participation
in s ame ( as well as o f t he justice o f its political r ights), f or m an is a m an
f or all t hat a nd f ears t hat he m ight s uffer by woman's immedia!Je freedom.
T o those o f us who had the courage a nd i nitiative t o s trike o ut f or
ourselves, the p ath is b eing covered with m ore t horns t han roses. W e a re
told very often to keep quiet about o ur r ights a nd a wait t he social millennium. S afe advice, rather, for the men.
##

T he question before us is w hether i t is really possible t hat a h ost o f
m en whose whole Jif,e is spent in the fight for h uman f reedom should a t

#1G2

T HE W OMAN Q UESTION

the same time t urn deliberately a deaf ea r to the cry for liberty o f o ne-half
o f t he h uman race.
. I t is very humiliating for us Socialist women to be forced to admit
th1s , b ut thre q uestion must be disposed o f o nce for all for we women
c annot possibly build o ur e xpectations on the future fre~d om a nd a t t h e
same time s ubmit calmly to the p resent oppression.
A mong the fifty thousand dues-paying members of o ur p arty t here
a re only two thousand women. O r, i n other words, one woman member
to every twenty-five men. Considering the fact t hat a n umber o f o ur
w omen members had entered the Socialist P arty o n t heir o wn accord we
~ay safely say t hat o ut o f e very t hirty men within the p arty b ut o ne 'w as
~deal e nough to b ring in some female member of his family o r a friend 's
m to th_e : anks o f the p arty, while the o ther t wenty-nine preach the ideals
o f S ocialism a nd the necessity o f p arty alliance everywhere except within
the walls o f t heir o wn homes.
W e m ay b ring a mendments reducing the dues o f t he w omen in o ur
? arty,
may elect N ati?nal a nd Local committees for the purpose of
m creasmg t~e m embership, b ut we will not achieve ## a ny considerable
pr~g:ess . u nbl o ur m en will c hange t heir views as to woman's scope o f
acbvJty ~~ the movement. I know my sex a nd will a dmit freely t hat
w oman still lo~ks t o ~Jan as the g uiding sp irit of her life pat h -and it is
t her,e fore for h un t o d1rect h er s teps into the p arty m embership where she
~'.''longs-side by side w ith him .

:ve

9

~~ ~ T OR S
(CHA~
T he C lass-Consciousn ess of C apit alists. O nc e m ore w e a r e indebted to our v alued exc hang e, . the E xponent, o f St. Louis, for a clear
a nd logical discussion of a live question. I n its J ul y issue it publishes a
speech recently delivered by former C ongressman Charles E . Littlefield
a t a b anquet o f the National Association o f M anufacturers, a t t he W aldorfAstoria. H e testified to t h e value o f t he w ork done by t hat association
a t W ashington " in connection with legislation whose purpose was to
u ndermine i ndustrial developm e 1~t a nd s hake t he v ery foundations o f the
government u nder w hich we live_;, H e e xpressed the opinion t hat t he
congressmen a nd s enators, in t heir desire to win the " labor vote," ~;night
h ave passed t he leg islation asked for by the American Federation of
Labor, if it h ad e ver come to a vote. B ut all such measures were referred
to the Judiciary Committee.
" On e of t he m embers o f t hat com mi ttee heretof ore, who I h a ve no d oubt will
be a membe r again, is m,y f riend M r. Malby, o f N ew Y ork, w hom I h ad t h e g reatest
p leasure o f r eceiving o n t h e J udi cia ry Committee in his first t erm , as a memb er
o f my subc omm ittee to which, by the way, all this i nteresting l egislation, which I
shall n ot t ake t he t im e n ow t o discuss, was r eferred. By some c urious c ombination
o f p a rliamen ta ry c ircumstances it c ame- int o t he h ands o f t hat s ubcommittee o f
w hich I was C hairman, a n d m y fri end here was t he o ther R epublican m ember . A nd
a llow me t o s uggest to you t hat i t came t o a m ighty good place, w here it was properly t aken c are o f." ( Applause a nd lau gh ter. )

M r. Littlefield p ointed o ut t hat in the n ext -congress t he Judiciary
Committee will be appointed by M r. C annon, who " has r endered g reater
service to this country, to the men a nd w omen in it, to the business interests in it, t han a ny o ther o ne man who has been a me.mber of the H ou se
o f Representatives for a long time." So t hat M r. L ittlefi eld c an a ssure
t he N ational Ass-ociation o f M anufacturers t hat t he country is safe for
two years moPe. A s for the f uture he continued:
" Now let m e s ay t hat t here is n ot a C ongressional d istrict i n the U nited
States, o utsid e o f p erhaps f our o r five, w here a single M ember o f Con gress c an
e ven be r enominated u nless he has behind h im t he b usiness m en o f t he c ommunity
w here h e live s, n or is t here a d istrict w here o ne o f t hem c an be re-elected, unless
he has behind him t he b usiness men o f t he district. I do n ot s ay R ep ublican, I do

163

#1G4

E DITOR'S C HAIR

n ot Eay D emocratic, because so f ar a s I a m c oncerned if a M ember o f C ongress in
advance tied h imself u p to t he p ropaganda o f t hese d istinguished gentl emen who
a re i nsisting upon this legislation in season a nd o ut o f s eason, if he was on the
Republican ticket, a nd a D emocrat, o n t he D emocratic t icket, u ndertook t o s tand
up a nd be a m an , I would vote t he D emocratic ticket. ( App lause.)
" If t hroughout t he co untry t he b usiness men will simply discharge th eir f undamental political duties, a nd will see to it, n ot t hat C ongressmen a re e lected to rep rese nt a ny class o r a ny sect, b ut t hat t he k ind o f m an i s electe d, w ho wh en he gets
t here will w ear his own hat, e xercise his own j udgment, do his o wn t hinking a nd
a ct as his convictions r equire h im t o act, w ithout p ledging himself in advance to
a ny m an o r a ny s et o f m en. I f t he b usiness men o f t his co untry will see t o i t t hat
s uch men receive t heir s upport f or n omination a nd election, t here will be no difficulty about this matter. I n o rder t o p roduce t his result, I w ant t o say t o y ou r ight
n ow t hat y ou do n ot n ecessa rily need a ny p rimary law, because t here i s n ot a p lace
in this c ountry w here u nd er e xisting l aws, if t he b usiness m en o f t his c ountry
will t ake t his m atter i n h and , t hey c annot p roduce t his v ery d esirable result. I t
is n ot a p rimary l aw t hat is needed, b ut w hat is needed is t hat t he b usiness men
o f t his co untry h ave p atriotism a nd public s pirit a nd t hey must exercise it. I f t hey
do that, th en w hether i t is a caucus, a convention o r a p rimar y, t hey c an a bsolutely
c ontrol a nd d ominate t he s ituation, a nd t hat is t he w ord I leave with yo u."

W orkingmen a nd those " friends o f t he w orkingman" a mong w hom
D arrow w ittily## classes himself can g et m any valuable suggestions from
M r. Littlefield's remarks, a nd we hope they will be given a wide circury
lation. Sentimental reformers, m ay believe a nd t### to make o thers believe
t hat t he g overnment o f t he U nited S tates is o r " ought" t o be administered
in a spirit o f j ustice to all. Mr. Littlefield a nd his friends k now b etter.
T hey k now t hat t he g overnment is a b usiness p roposition. T h ey have
certain interests o f t heir o wn to s,e rve. K nowing c learly w hat they w ant,
a nd n ot b eing hampered by any considerations o f s entiment, they g et w hat
t hey want.
N ot u ntil the w orking class become as clear-headed a nd as ruthless
as the capitalists will the revolution be possible. B ut t he very successes
o f t he q pitalists a re d eveloping the needed qualities in t he ## w orking class.
By d efeating t he r eforms, which in a ny case would be o f t rifling benefit
to those who ask for them, they a re s trengthening t he w orld-wide s urge
o f R evolution.
F red W ar r en 's Sp eech. J uclge P ollock o f t he U nited S tates D istrict
C ourt a t F ort S cott, K ansas, b as s ent##encecl Freel D. W arren , E ditor o f
t he Appeal to Reason, to serve s ix m onths in jail. T he facts in the case
w ere e xplained on p age 998 o f t he J une R eview, a nd t he s entence o f t he
c ourt was no surprise. B ut t here was, a s urprise i n t he g reat speech which W<llrren delivered when asked to show cause w hy s entence should n ot
be passed a gainst him. H e r esponded with a masterly a rgument which
establishes without a n y reasonable doubt w hat t he Appeal s et o ut to prove

F l ED W A RRE N'S SPEf'..CH

1G 5

in th e first plac e, n amely, t hat t he U n ited States courts a re u sed to p rotect the interests o f t he capitalist class, a nd t o keep the w orking class in
subj ection. W e quote a few p aragraphs:
F or y ears t he A ppeal to Rea so n has been waging, a lmost sin gle hande d, a fi g ht
a ga in st the oppressive a nd in tolera bl e indu st rial an d po li tica l conditions which
c onfront t hi s c ount r y. 'We f rankly adm it hav in g been un spa ring in o ur c ri ti cism
o f the acts o f public officials a nd t he cou rt s of th is land. '0l e h ave d ar ed to tell the
t ruth a nd it is beca use o f t hi s t hat I face this co urt t oday a c onvicted fe lon in th e
eyes o f t housands o f m en and women whose respect I covet.
##wh ence c ame thi s prosec uti on? T he K ansas City J ourna l in November, r go;,
editoria ll y s tated t h at th e D epartm ent o f J u stice a t th e in stance of th e P r es id ent of
the U n ited S tat es, h ad been i nstru cted to commence p r ocee ding s aga in st a Socia li st
s heet at G ir ard, K ansas. I do n ot k now t he J ou rn a l's so urc e of in formation. but
I a m inclined to beli eve fr om facts now in my possession t hat thi s prosec ution o f t h e
Appeal to Reason has been d ir ected from t he A t torn ey Ge ner al's o ffic e in vVa shington.

*

*

*

*

T his case bas d1##agged its wea ry way t hrough th is co urt f or ove r two yea r s,
co ntinu ed from tim e to t im e a t t he instance of the gove rnm ent. I submit from
th ese facts t hat I a m n ot p rosecuted for h aving v iolated any federal law b ut p ur ely
because o f my political opinions a nd m y w ork in behalf o f th e wo rking c lass of
thi s nati o n.
T hi s prosecution is n ot un ex pec ted to u s. A s plainly stat ed by th e g ove rn me nt
official to w hom o ur a ttorney t alked whil e in vV ashing ton sec ret se rvice agents of
t he g overnme nt h ave been camping on the t r a il o f the Appea l for l o, t hese many
years.
Is it n ot p r etty co nclusive evidence t hat we have observed reli g iously the
laws a nd r egulations gove rning th e co ndu ct o f a newspa per when a fter t en yea rs
o f e ff o rt the gove rnm ent is able to find only this lone a nd p a ltr y a ll eged violation?
P er sonally I feel p r oud o f t his reco rd. I feel no sense o f g uilt nor w ill the
w or ld approve thi s convicti on wh en the t ruth p revails and th e facts a re kn ow n.

*

*

*

*

I n co nclusion pe rmit m e to say th at 1 am n ot a sking th e mercy or le ni ency of
thi s co urt. I have committed no crim e and t here i s feste ring in my conscience
no accusation of guilt, b ut if my co nviction a nd p uni shme nt wi ll se r ve t o riv et
public a t tention upon the abuses whi ch I have t ri ed to point o ut t hen I shall feel
t hat I h a ve n ot suffe red t his humiliation in vain.
A fter a ll, this is the price o f h um an p rogr ess. W h y should I e x pect immuni ty?
T h e co ur ts have eve r been a nd a re t oday the b ulwark s of the r uling class. W hy
s hould they n ot p uni sh offenders aga inst t hat cla ss? I n feudal slavery t he co urt s
sustain ed the feudal lo rd s, in cha tt el slavery t hey protected t he s lave own ers a nd
in w age s lave ry ## they defend the industrial m ast ers.
W hoever p rotested f or t he s ake o f j ustice o r in t he n ame o f th e f utur e was
an enemy of society a nd p ersec uted or put to d eat h.
I n o ne o f th e most eloquent cha racteri zation s o f hi sto ry Charles Sumn er, t r acing th e march of the ce nturi es, point ed o ut t hat t he most infamous crim es aga inst
the libe rty a nd p rogress o f the h uman race had been sa nctioned by t he so-called
c ourts o f i.ustic e.

#166

E DITOR'S C HAIR

T his c ase is a m ere incident in t he m ighty s t ruggl e o f th e ma sses f or e manc ipation. S lowly, painfull y, p roceeds t he s truggl e o f m an a gainst t he p ower o f
m ammon. T he p ast is written in tea rs a nd blood. T he f uture is dim a nd u nknown
b ut t he final outcome o f t his w orld-wide s truggle is n ot in doubt. F re edom will
conquer slavery, t ruth will prevail o ver e rr or, j u stice will t riumph o ver i njustice,
the li g ht w ill vanquish t he d a rkn ess, a nd h umanity, di se nthrall ed, will rise resplendent in t he g lory o f u niversal b rotherhood.

L ack o f s pace forbids o ur p ublishing t he speech in full, b ut e very
revolutionist should read a nd c irculate it. T he complete speech is in
n umber 710 o f t he Appeal to Reason, Girard, Kansas. T he s ubscription
price o f t he p ap er is 50 c ents a y### ar, a nd e xtra copies o f t he i ssue containe
ing the ~peech c an doubtless be h ad f rom t he A ppeal office a t o ne cent
each o r fifty cents a h undred. F r##ed ## warren will be o ut o n bail until the
highe r courts have passed o n his appeal. Money has been pledged f or his
defense, b ut t he fight o f t he U nited S tates g overnment a gainst t he Appeal
is n ot yet over, a nd t he most effective w ay to help the p aper is to i ncreas##e
its circulation. M ost o f t he r eaders o f t he Review a re a lready readers
of the Appeal also. T o those w ho h ave not seen it lately we wish to say
t hat t he A ppeal is now fighting in a v ery effective way f or r evolutionary
socialism, a nd t hat it deserves the heartiest co-operation o f all who a re
t hrough w ith reform a nd r eady f or revolution.
R e v olution. J ack L ondon's a rticle w ith w h ich t his m onth's R eview
opens w as w ritten several years ago. O ne o f t he b ig N ew Y ork weekI:es a greed to publish it, a nd even p ut i t in type, b ut finally decided t hat .
to p rint i t w ould h urt business. A g reat B ritish review published it
la~t year, b ut o urs is the first complete a nd a uthorized publication in
the U nited S tates. W e a re p rinting i t a s Comrade L ondon w rote it,
w ithout c hanging a w ord o r a line, since while capitalism has gone o n
d eveloping meanwhile, t he a uthor was keen i n h is forecast, a nd his
words a re even m or##e p ertinen t a nd s ignificant now t han w hen fir st written.
As we g o to press, workingmen a re b eing s hot clown a t M cKees R ock s,
P ennsylvania, to break a strike fo r living wages by a mass o f h alforganized laborers. Slowly a nd s ystematically the courts a re p iling up
precedents which will outlaw the most effective tactics thus f ar used by
~triking l abor organizations a gainst t heir e mployers. T he strategy o f t he
g reat capitalists is for t he m oment irresistible. N one t he less it is fatally
short-sighted. " After us the d##eluge !" E ach v ictory o f c apital over labor
makes revolutionists; it is more powerful t han logic o r o ratory in d riving
o ut o f t he w orkingman's h ead the idea o f " a f air day's wages f or a f air
day's w ork." M eanwhile the e xpansion o f t he t rusts i nto fi eld a fter ##
field o f i ndustry is c rushing o ut t he little capitalists whose conservatism
has e ver been one o f t he chief bulwarks o f t he profit s,ystem. Comrade

R EVOLUTION

167

G hent i n the I ndepend e nt o f J uly 15 shows t hat t hese little capitalists
constitute a declining percentage o f t he population o f t he U nited S tates .
a nd t heir decline in industrial importance is still m ore m arked. T he
field is c learing f or t he d eath-struggle b etween organized capital and
organized labor. F or t he moment t he a dvantage is, o n t he side o f t he
capitalists. T hat is because they know w hat t hey w ant. T he g reat
## capitalists w ant to employ the g reat body o f w age-workers a t b are subsistence wages, a nd t o use t he s urplus value in o rganizing t he r emaining
s pheres o f p roduction as efficiently as they have already o rganiz ed t he
p roduction o f oil, ##steel, s ugar, tobacco a nd b eef. T hey will do it. B ut
meanwhiJ.e, t he laborers will i n e ver-swelling n umbers l earn i n t heir
t urn to w ant a definite thing, t hat is to say, the full value o f w hat t hey
produ~e. W hen t hey w ant t hat, as they will, th ey will find a w ay to
g et i t. W e shall have m ore to say later o f w hat t hat w ay m ust be. B ut
m eanwhile the t ask o f u s w ho make up the Socialist movement is clear
a nd s imple,-it is t o s how t he r est o f t he w orking c lass t hat w e a re
t he p roducers o f a ll t he g ood t hings o f life a nd t hat w e c an b ecome t he
o w ners w hen w e r esolve t o t ake t hem.
W h o P ays t he T a x es ? O ur I nternationa l N otes t his m onth t ell
of the struggle between capitalist parties in Germany over t h e new t ax es
r.equired for a rmy a nd navy. I n E ngland t his problem is equally a cut e,
a nd e ven in A merica i t is discussed a t g reat l ength in the daily p re ss.
W ithout a d oubt t he b urden o f t axation is g rowing h eavier in all the
g reat c apitalist countries. H ow to a djust t his b urden is a serious problem ,
for the politicians and the capitalists. R evenue laws a re p owerful to
enrich favored capitalists a t the expense o f t hose n ot f avored. B ut t he
m an w ith n othin o- to los e b ut h is chains may as well stop w orrying a bout
tariffs. I'f his co~t o f l iving goes up, his w ages will g o up, provided hi s
union is s trong e nough to force a rais e. A nd i f t he c ost o f l iving goes
down, his wages will fall f arther still, unless h e is s t rong e nough to keep
them up . W ithout o rganization, o ur s tandard o f l iving will inevitably be
pressed clown a nd ever clown. W ith o rganization, the world is ours.

#I NTER NAT IO NAL N OTES

~INTERNATIONAL

N OTES
W ILLIAM##E## BOHN

R US S IA . T he I n te rn ational S ocia l ist
B u reau a nd t he Czar . A s t he R evi ew
goes t o p ress t he Czar o f R ussia i s on
t he poin t of m aking a r ound o f offic ial
1 sits. I t i s a n noun ced t hat h is t our
##i
is t o i nclnd e S weden, E ngland, F mn ce
a nd I tal y. Of c ourse h e w ill be r e ceived
eve rywher e, w ill be t oasted a nd t oad ied
t o## a s t hough h e w ere a h ero. T h e working c lass n aturally objec ts t o t hi s p roceeding. I n t he E ngli sh H ous e of Co m mons \ Vill T horne, J_abor m ember, r ecent ly r aised v igorous p rotest. T o a
q uestion a s t o w hether t h e Czar w as t o
be officially e ntertained h e r eceived n o
s at isfact.c ry a n swe r f rom t he F oreign
S Ecretary, w as t old, on t he o ther h and,
t o k eep q ui et. N everthe less, he h nd a
ch ance t o cr y o ut t o t he M ini ste r , ' ##The
Cz ar i s a n i nhum an b rute ." Tn t he S wedish p arliament a s imil ar p rotest h as been
m ade .
A nd n ow t he I nternational Socia li st
B ur eau h as r aised i t s vo ice officially
a ga in st t he R u ss i an t yrant. I n a l etter
a ddresse d t o t he c ent r a l oommi ttees o f
t he affili ated p arties i t i ssues a g enera l
w arning t o t he w orking-class o f E urope.
l t r eh ea r ses i n b rief t he c rimes o f t he
Czar , oppr ess ion , f ounding o f t he U n ion
o f t he R us si an P eople , p ardoning o f m embers o f t he b l ack b ands , e tc ., etc. Pri&on
c ond it ions i n R ussia a re p articularly
d welt u p on; a h undred a nd e igh ty-one
t h ousand p risoners o ccupying s pace de s igned f or h a lf t hat n umb er, t he p reva lence of d is ease, t he p racti ce o f a ll s orts
of t ort ur e-these a n d o ther crim es a re
r ehea rsed i n s ome d etail. T hen t he w orkin g-cl ass i s ca ll ed u pon t o p rotest a gainst

t he a uthor o f t hese c r im es, t o s how him
a nd t he w or ld t hat h is w elcome i s f ar
f rom u niversal.
I t i s t o b e hop ed t hat t his l ett er will
b ave a p owerf ul effect. F rom o ne p oint
o f view i t i s a bundantl y justified. Czar
N icholas c erta inl y r epres ents a bso lu t ism
n t i ts w-or st, s o i t i s good t actics t o co nce n t rate a ttack u p on h im. On t he o ther
h and t he l etter o f t he I nternational B u re a u s eems t o m e a n u nsatisfactory docu ment. I n f act i t m isses t he chi ef p oint
i n t he w ho le m atter, a nd t ha t is t he f act
t bat t he r ulers o f w ester n E urope a re a s
m uch l ik e t he R us s ian a utocrat a s t hey
d are t o be. V isits s u ch a s t h e one in
p rospect m er ely se rve t o e mphasize t he
u nity o f t he g overni n g cl ass i n diff erent
cou n tr ies, a nd t his i s t he f act t hat s h ould
he t hrown i n to## r elief a t t he p resent m o me nt. T he g over nm ent o f E nglan d is
j ust a s crimin al in spi ri t a s t hat o f R ussia. i Vhen w e p ick o ut one m an fo r
a ttack we i mit ate t he t erro ri st, a nd r un
t he s ame d anger.
G E R MA NY. S ocial D emocracy a nd t he
Crisis. T he f inancial c r isis faced b y t he
E mpe r or's goYernm ent i s a m atter o f
t remendous h istorical i mpor tance. F or
y ea rs n ow t he G erman g overnme nt , l ike
t he E ngli sh, h as been f acing b a nkrup tcy.
l t i s t r ue t hat t he a nn n a l i n come of t he
empire h as i ncreased e n ormo usly. F rom
1 872 t o 1 75 i t a verag ed 225,000,000
m arks; f rom 1901 t o H I0 5, 948,000,000.
T hat i s t o s ay , i t h as m ore t ha n CJ_uadrupled. D uring t he s ame p eriod, h owever, t he e xpenses o f t he e mp ir e h ave
m ultiplieJ b y fiv e. T he f ollowing f igures

168

1 ()!)

ing t o t he g overnmental p roject 100,000,000 o f t his w as t o b e r aised f rom t he
w ealthy b y t he i nheritance l evy , a nd t he
r ema i ning 400,000,000 f rom t he p rol eta riat b y t he old, f amiliar m ethods. Nowit i s p r ec isely t he w ealthy c lass, r epre se nt ed b y t he C onservatives, t h at b a s
a l ways m ade m u ch o f i ts p atri###ot i sm a nd
c r ied d own t he a n t i-mili tary soci al ists a s
t raitors. B ut a t t he n ew t ax p roposal
t his c lass ###suffered a s u dden d iminution
o f ! latriotism. W it h t he C ent ri sts, t he
ch ur ch. p arty, t he Co nserYatives h ave
fc rm ed t be h eart o f t he g ove rnm en t's
bloc. B ot h t hese f actions t urn ed a gai n st
t he i nh erita nce t ax. S o w he n t ha t pa rt
T h e p resent g ove rnm eut i s t hu s forced
of t he n ew s cheme c ame u p f or v ote o n
t o f ace a si tuat ion w hich h a s r esulted
J u ne 2 6t h, i t w as d ef eate d b y a s ub f r om a g enerat ion o f r e ckless e xpe ndi sta ntial m ajority. T he S ocial D emocr ats
ture. I t i s n ow t o b e s een w het h er a
a nd L iberals v oted w i th t he g ove rnm en t.
n ation w ill d eli berately de cide t o f oot
T he ou tcome o f t be w ho le m att er is
t he b ills r esulting f rom u n ex ampled
a l r ea dy b ecoming c lear . Of co ur se, t he
m ili ta r y e xpan sion.
Ge rm an m in istry i s n ot r esponsib le t o
T he m ann er in wh ich. t he v arious c lasst he Reich stag. H err v on BUlow w ill r ees of t he e mp ir e h ave m et t he c r isis is
main i n offi ce a nd p roceed t o d evise so me
characteristic. I t g oes wit h out s ay ing
n ew t ax w hic h w ill b rin g i n t he r eq uir ed
t h at h i therto t h e w orking- cl ass h a s bo rn e
100,000,000. S in ce t he r i ch r ef used t o
t he b runt o f t axation. R eve nu e h as b een
s ta nd a nd d eliver t he p oor w ill haYe t o
d rawn a lmost e xc lu sively f rom i mport
endur e s t ill g reater b urdens.
d uties a nd t axes o n i nternal m anufac:Meantime t he Socia l D emocrat s a re
t ur es. B ut i n t his d ir ect ion t he l imit
m ak ing t he m ost o f t heir o pportunity.
h as b een n ea rl y r eached. R ising p rice s
\ r waerts i s s how_
ing u p t he g r eed a nd
r n d d ecreased co ns umpti on of t he n ecesshort-si ghtedness o f t he o w nin g cl asses
sities o f l if e h ave b ecome t he r ul e. O f
in r in g in g edi to ri a ls. On J ul y 1 st , t wenw heat, f m: e xample. t h ere w ere con ty-fiYe pu.blic m eet in gs m ere h eld i n B ers umed p er c api ta, in 1904, n in ety-five
lin t o### denoun ce t he t urn o f e ve nt s. N o
k ilograms; i n 1909, n inety k ilograms .
one k nows w hen t he R eichstag w ill b e
T h e d ifference, o f course, i n dicates acd isso lv ed a nd a n ew e l ect ion be ordered.
t ual w ant. T he f igur es fo r o t her food
B ut u ntil t hat t ime c omes no s to ne will
pr oducts e xhib it a s im ilar d ecrease. T he
be left u nt urn ed t o o pen t he ey##es o f t h e
w orking-class h as b een t axed t o t h e
w ork in g-cl ass t o t he g ame t hat i s bein g
limi t.
played .
T herefore, w hen t he g overnment p re pared a t nxation s cheme t o m eet t he
F RANC E. L abo r T a ctics. T he d ivis ion
con stantly i ncreas ing expendi tures i t b e in l he r anks o f t he C onfederation Ge n era l
thought i t self o f a p lan f or e xtract in g
de T ravail p romises t.o l ead t o n ot hin g
s o mething f rom t he w ealt hi er c lasses.
worse t han Yio le nt a l tcr##cat.ions. I n l ast
I t's chi ef p ropo s>tl w as t hat o f a n i nh erim onth 's R eview I g ave a b rief accou nt
ta nce t ax . I t w as n ecessary t o rR ise rtn
of t he o rigin o f t hi s t rouble. T h e f ai lur e
a ddit iona l 500,000,000 m arks. A ccord-

w ill gi ve w me id ea o f t he d i stribution
o f t he i ncrease. T he s ums a re g i ven i n
m arks: F or t he a r my ( 1.872-5) ## 324,800,000, a nnn a lly, (1908) 855,800,000;
n avy, {1872-5) 36-200,000, (1908) 339,200,000; i nterest o n d ebt ( 1872-5) 3,000,000, ( 1 908) 156,000,000. F or y ea rs ,
i t i s ev id ent, t he i mperial d ebt h as b een
i ncreasing. S u cceeding gove rnments h av e
been conscious o f t he f act t hat a crisi s
would h ave t o b e faced s omet ime, y et t he
i n sa ne p oli cy o f i n cr easi ng a r my a nd
n avy h as c ont inu ed. A s caling d own o f
e xpenditures s eems neY er t o h ave occurr ed t o a nyone i n p ower.

#1 ~0

I NTERNATIONAL N OTES

of t he r ecent g eneral s trike l ed t o c harges
a nd c ounterchar ges. T he " Reformers,"
o r M oderates , who f avor p eacefnl m ethods ##of c ampaign, b lamed t he R evolutionists f or h aving l ed t he o rganization t o
d efeat.
T his a ccusation w as voiced
especia ll y b y M. Niel, elected s ecretary
a t t he l ast c onvention of t he C onfederation , sin ce t he exec utive c ommittee i s
c ontro lled b y t he R evolutionists M. Niel
w as p ractieally forced t o r esign . T he
R ev- lutionists m aintained, f or t heir p a r t,
o
t hat N. Niel h ad b een e lected b y a minority a nd t hat t his m inority w as t rying
l o o btain c ontro l of t he o rganization .
T her e w ere even occasional h ints t hat t he
mod erate w ing h ad r eceived s ecret a ssistance a nd . advice f rom t he g overnment.
F or a t ime m atters l ooked d ark. T here
## w as open t alk o f secession. I n f act a
c onvent ion o f r ailway e mployes decided
t o w ithdraw. Cooler co un sels seem t o
h ave p revailed, howeYer.
C omrades
J aures a nd B racke t hrew a ll t heir influence on t he side of u nity , a nd f or t he
p resent s eem t o h ave t riumphed. A t
l east t he conflict a ppears j ust n ow t o be
d ying o ut f or l ack of fuel. V ery l ik ely
i t w ill be a llowed t o lie d ormant t ill t he
a nn u al co nve ntion n ext a u tumn.
Comracle J am##es, i n a r ecent e ditorial,
poi nt ed o ut t he r eal s ource of t he difficu l ty. T he c onfederation i s t op -heavy ,
i t h a s n ot s truck d ee p enough r oot i n t he
1\"0rking-class. H ere we have, i n POund
n umbers, 8,000,000 w orkers, a bout 800,000 o f t hese o rganized, a nd o f t hese some
:3 00,000 in t he confede ration. ##For t he
p resent , s ays M. J aures, t he m ain b usiness of t he o rganization sho uld be t o
e ducate a nd sw ing i nt o line t he g r eat majority o f t he p roletariat. ##when i t r eally
r epr ese nts t he m ain b ody of w orkers i ts
t ime will n ot b e t aken u p w ith d issen s ions.
ENGLAND. V isit of ## the L aborit es t o
Germa ny. E ngli sh a nd G erman Sociali st
circles baYe b een m u ch w rought u p over

t he r e ce nt t our of a d elegation r epresenting t he L abor P arty. T llis t our w as f irst
s uggested a y ear a go, a nd a t t hat t ime i t
I I"US p roposed t o m ake i t t he o ccasion for
a n official exchange of g reetings w ith t be
G erman S ocial Democra-cy. B ut t he German l eader s fear ed t he E nglish Social
D emocratic p arty m ight t ake offense. So
t he e vent w as p ostponed, a nn w hen i t di d
f inally t ake p lace i t w as unofficial. T his
w as w here t he t rouble c ame in. T he L a borites wer e received b y v arious G erman
m unicipalities, Co logne, F rankfort, V erline, etc., a nd e nterta ined b y c ity officials r egardless o f p arty. T his h obnob bing o f S ocialists w ith L iberals a nd Conservat ives a roused a good deal of u nfavorable s entiment a mong G erman Socialists, s ent i ment w hich u l timately
f ound e xpression i n a n official s tatement
p ublished i n V orwaerts. Of c ourse E nglish S ocial D emocratic P arty l eaders w ere
quick t o m ake t he m ost o f t his. On
J une 1 9th J ustice p ublished a n e ditor ial
conde mnatory o f t he L aborites. T hese
l att er, however, r eturned f rom t heir
j aunt w ell satisfied. I n a r ecent n umber of t he Clarion C omrade F red J owett
w rites a ppreciatively o f t he t reatment
a ccorded t hem a nd t ells i n . d etail o f t he
l essons le ar ned f rom t he G ermans.
I RELAND . P rosp ects of O rganizat ion.
F or s ome t ime t here h as b een on f oot i n
I reland a i novernent looking t oward a
g eneral o rganization o f Socialists. H ith erto t here h as b een t he I rish S ocialist
S ociety, b ut i t h as i nclud ed o nly a f rac ##
t ion of t hose c alling t hemselves Socialists. M any a re a dherents o f local l abor
g roups, while h undreds h ave c arried on
t heir p ropaganda i ndividually. On S und ay, J une 13, a m ass-meeting w as h eld
a t T rades H all, D ublin. All t he e lements
o f t he I rish m ovement w ere r epresented,
a nd t he d eliberations w ere h armonious
a nd f ruitful. C omrade W illiam O 'Brien
presided. H e s tated i n h is o pening a d dress t hat t he n umber o f u nattached So-

INTERNATIONAL N OTES
c ialists on t he i sland exceeded t he m embership of a ll s ocieties combined. T he
f ollowing m otion w as a greed t o a lmost
u nanimously: " That t his m eeting affirms
t he n ecessity o f a Soci alist p arty f or
I reland w hich w ould c omprise I rish Socialists of v arying s hades of o pmwn, a pplicants f or m embership t o affirm belief
i n S ocialism a s t he o nly r emedy f or t he
e vils o f s ociety." A c ommittee o f fifteen
w as a ppointed t o d raft a c onstitution
a nd a rrange f or a nother m ass-meeting.
A USTRALIA. Def eat a nd P ers ecution.
T he e a rl y s tages o f t he m ining s trikes
a t B roken H ill a nd P ort P irie h ave already b een recorded i n t he R eview. I t
w ill be r emember ed t hat t oward t he e nd
o f M arch a g roup o f s trikers led b y T om
:Mann w ere a ttacked b y t he police. T h ey
were a rrested on t he c harge o f r iot a nd
t ransported t o A lbany, a d istance of
1,000 m iles, t o a wa it t ria l. J udge a nd
j ury w ere b i tter a gainst t hem. Torn
M ann, a ppar entl y, t hey w ere a fraid t o
c onvict, b ut a n umber o f o thers r eceived
j ail s entences. T o t his n umber w as a dded
H arry H o ll and, a Sociali st l eader. T he
c harge a gainst h im w as s edit ion. I n a n
a ddress a t B roken H ill he b ad a dv ised
t he w orkers t o r ise " with a f orce l ike
t hat of d ynamite ." T his w as t aken a s
counsel t o u se force, a nd C omrade H olland w as s ente nced t o t wo y ears a t h ard
l abor . The working-cl ass o f A ustralia
i s t horough ly a roused a nd d etermined t o
u se a ll i ts p ower t o s ecure his release.
T he l ast A ustrali an p apers w h ich h av e
come t o h and r eport t he close of t he
s trike. T he m en h ave b een d efeated a t
n early e very p oint. I t w ill be r emembered t hat t he t rouble o riginated i n t he
r efusal o f t he m in ers' u nion t o s ubmit
t o t he cprovisions o f t he n ow f amous I ndustrial D isputes A ct, a n a rbitration l aw
p assed b y t he f ederal p arliament . . T his
a ction of t he m en w as m et b y t he com-

171

pany w ith t h e a nnouncement of a t en p er
c ent. r eduction i n . w ages . T he m iners
r efused t o a ccept t he r edu ction a nd
w alked o ut on J anuary 1 st. A t P ort
P ir ie t he s truggle w as compli cated. W hen
t he s trikers carne t o c onsider t heir position t hey f ound t hat t hey w ere w orse o!f
t han a ny o ther m iners in t he civilized
w or ld. T hey w ere obliged, e. g., t o w ork
s even d ays a w eek f or m eager p ay. T om
M ann w as e ngaged a s o rganizer, a nd
m anaged t o g et n inety -e ight p er c ent . of
t he m en i nto t he organizati-on.
D esp ite t his success, however, s tan-ation g rad ually d id i ts w ork. T he s trikers i n sisted a lmost t o t he end t hat t heir
l eaders s hould n ot be victimized, b ut
f inally yielded even t his p oint. T he m ost
r egrettable cir cumstance i s t hat Torn
M ann a nd t he o ther l eaders h ave b een
s ubjected t o v iolent c riticism f or f inally
y ielding.
F rom one p oint o0f v iew t he s trike h as
b een a g reat success. T he w orkers o f
A ustralia a r e a roused a s n ever b efor e
a nd b ecoming more a nd m ore ##r ev olutionary i n t heir t emper. E vidence of t h is
is t o b e f ound i n t h,e o vation given T om
M an n on t he o0ccasion o f h is a cquittal.
vVberever h e w ent h e w as g reeted b y i m mense t hrongs, a nd t he s peeches on t hese
occasions b ad n o u ncertain sound. All
of t hem c ame o ut s tra i ght f or Socialism
a nd i ndustrial u nionism.
HOLLAND.
A noth er A nt i-Sociali st
" Victory." T he e lection t o t he D utch
C hamber of D eputies o ccurred tow1.1rd tb.e
e nd o f J une, a nd w as g enerally r eported
i n t he A merican dailies a s a d efeat f or
S ocialism. N ow f oreign p apers b ring t he
n ews t hat t hough t he S ocialists did n ot
g ain a ny n ew s eats , m erely r etaining t he
s even a lready i n t heir p ossession, t heir
p opular v ote i ncreased f rom 65,743
(1895) t o 82,494. T he n ew S ocialist
p arty., t he T ribunistists o r " Ma rxists"
received b ut f ew v otes.

#W ORLD O F L ABOR

T he United. S tates S teel C orporation
h ardly e xpected t o m eet w ith s uch s tubborn r esistance a s i t is e ncountering i n
e ndeavoring t o n on-unionize i ts t inplate
m ills. Before t he t rust f orced t he s trike
i ts s pokesman d eclared t hat a n umber
o f t he m ills w ould disobey t he c all of t he
A malgamated A ssociati,on, b ut l ater
e vents d emonstrated t he f act t hat t here
w as b ut one mill i n w hich t here w as a ny
lukewarm11ess d isplay,ed a nd s ubsequently a l arge p ercentage o f t he m en i n t hat
p lant w alked o ut.
On t he o ther h and, t he t hird w eek of
t he s hike t he u nionists c aptured t wo
n on-union m ills a nd a re m aking s teady
i nroads i n s ecretly o rganizing t he t rust
e mployes. A t t he p resent w riting t he
s ituation i s chaotic, w ith b oth s ides
claiming t o h av e g ained i mportant a dYantages. L ike a ll r ecent c Jntests between l abor a nd c apital , t his b attle will
be a l ong a nd h ard one. T he m en h ave
g ot t remendous odds c onfronting t hem.
T he 8 ,000 s heet a nd t inplate w orkers a re
r eally t he l ast r emnant o f t he 6 0,000
u nionists f ormerly e mployed i n t he t rust
m ills; t hey a re t he o ld g uard w ho h ave
s tood l oyally b y t he once p owerful A malgamated A ssociatioon t hrough e very
s tress a nd s torm. T he i nsidious a ttacks
o f t he c apitalists, t he c orruptions a nd
b lunders of alleged leaders, t he s ecession
a nd d esertion o f fellow-workers i n o,ther
b ranches o,f t he i ron a nd s teel i ndustry

{; Oulu n ot s hake t he f aith of t hese s talwarts w ho a re n ow s ubjected t o t he m ost
r aking fire t hat b as y et b een aimed a t
t he m en o f t he m ills b y p itiless p lutocracy.
W hile t he n ames o f Corey a nd G ary
a nd a l ot o f o##b scure l ieutenants a re
m entioned i n t he n ewspapers a s b eing
t he p rime m overs i n t he c ampaign t o
d estroy t he u nions i n t he t rust m ills, t he
r eal p ower opposing t he w orking c lass
in t his c ontest i s J . P . M organ. I t w as
a bout s even y ears a go t hat M organ i naugurated his c ampaign t o c rush o rganized labor. As is well k no##w n w hen h e
formed t he U nited S tates S teel C orporation ( a t rust o f t rusts), h e a dded m ore
t han a d ollar of fictitious v alue f or
e very d ollar o f r eal v alue t o t he c apital
s tock. B y i ntroducing t he m ost s cientific
l abor-saving m achinery, b y c rushing
s mall c ompetitors a nd d eveloping a lmost
a c omplete monopoly i n c ertain b ranches
of t he i ron a nd s teel b usiness, a nd b y
p ounding u p p rices a nd h ammering d own
wages, t his m odern i ndustrial p irate
hoped t o p ay d ividends on w atered s tock
m ounting i nto h undreds o f millions of
" made" d!ollars. I t w as t he g reatest a dventure e ver u ndertaken b y a ny f inancial
b rigand s ince t he w orld began, f or n ot
o nly w ould t hese d ividends r epresent m illions of d ollars o f g raft w ithout t he i nvestment o f a single p enny o f c apital,
u t t he s tocks s old u pon t he m arkets
1 72

1##:o!dd b ring i n s till f urther m illions fot##
n ot g reater o utlay t han t o h ave t he certificates p rinted.
T here w as l ittle o pposition t o M organ's c olossal s teal. T he h ireling p ress
e ulogized h im t o t he s kies f or h is " unparalleled b usiness g enius," t he officeholders w inked a t h is bold a nd b razen
v iolation of n ational a nd s tate l aws, t he
p arty m anagers p assed t he h at t o t he
w orld's g reatest r obber f or c ampaign contributions, m any good c hurchmen b lessed
h im f or h is d onations t o c onvert t he
h eathen, t h.e p rofessional W all s treet
w olves licked t heir chops i n p leasant a nticipation o f c oming f easts, a nd t he l ittle c heap-skate c apitalists w ith m ore
m oney t han b rains, i ncluding t he i ntolerable s nobs w ith p lutocratic m inds i n
t he w orking-class, who h ave a n u ncontrollable m ania t o become M organs a nd
R ockefellers, p urchased w atered s tock
a nd b egan t o p lan w hat t hey w ould do
w hen t hey b ecame f abulously r ich.
T he o nly o pposition t hat developed
came f rom t he i ron a nd s teel w orkers
w hen M organ b egan t o p ut o n t he
t humb-screws i n c arrying o ut b is p rogram a t t he p roduction e nd of t he l ine.
T hey w ent on s trike a nd f ought h ard.
T heir s pirited r esistance t hreatened to
p uncture t he b alloon of i nflated v alues
a nd l et o ut t he w ind. T he l ate S enator
H anna, a s c hairman o f t he N ational Civic
F ederation, a rranged a " compromise"
a nd t hus m ade h imself s till m ore p opular
w ith t he a larmed W all s treet t hieves
a nd a lso w ith t he i ron a nd s teel w orkers,
w ho were a ssured b y t heir P resident
S haffer, w ho h as s ince f allen i nto t he
h ole of o bscurity, t hat t hey h ad g ained
s omething.
M organ b oiled w ith r age a t t he
t hought t hat t he w orkingmen d ared t o
s trike a gainst h is i mperial w ill a nd a t
t he f urther t hought t hat b e w as h umiliating h is r oyal p ersonage i n m aking
a s ettlement t o s ave t he w ater i n h is
s tock a nd a ssure t he c ontinuance o f t he

173

p olitical bunco g ame o f t he d ay. H e
s wore t o b e revenged. I t t urned o ut a
s orry c ompromise.
T he A malgamated
l ost 14,0.00 m en d uring t he y ear b y t he
g radual v ictimizing, b lacklisting a nd
coercive policies t hat t he c apitalists
k new so well how t o o perate. In. 1 904
t he h oop m ills w ere " open s hopped" a nd
t he u nion l ost a nother 1 0,000 m embers.
T he f ollowing y ear t he b ridge t rust w ing
of t he t rust f orced a fight a nd 1 2,000
m ore m en w ere c ut o ut o f t he A malgamated. I n 1 906 t he l oss w as 3 ,000 m embers, i n 1 907 a bout 6 ,000, a nd l ast y ear
7 ,000 w ere d riven o ut o.f t he A malgamated. N ow t he r etreating a rmy i s
m aking a l ast s tand a nd u nquestionably
i ts m ost d esperate f ight.
T hroughout t he c lass w ar u pon t he i ndustrial field t he w atered s tocks o f t he
s teel t rust h ave b een j uggled u p a nd
d own. T he h ungry l ambs h ave b een
s horn o f millions o f t heir fleeoo; t he
n asty l ittle c apitalistic p arasites h ave
been s tripped o f h ide a nd t allow b y t he
b ig p lutes, a nd t hey d eserve s mall s ympathy-they a re t he m ost d etestable o f
l abor e xploiters a nd a pologists o.f p lutocracy. I a m l ittle c oncerned i n t heir f ate,
a nyhow. T he m ost d eplorable p hase of
t his i ndustrial t ragedy-for t ragedy i t
i s-is t hat, c ompared t o a g eneration a go,
t he w ages o f t he i ron a nd s teel w orkers
h ave b een p ounded down 3 00 t o 5 00 p er
c ent. Y et p rices of i ron a nd s teel p roducts a ppear t o r emain s table. N ow t he
t rust d emands n ot m erely t he o pen s hop,
b ut s till f urther t ribute i n t he s hape o f
a w age r eduction f rom t he t inplate w orkers r anging f rom 2 t o 25 p er c ent., w hich
f act i s c arefully k ept h idden b y t he c apitalist p ress.
S trange a s i t m ay s eem, i t h as n ever
o ccurred t o t he i ron a nd s teel w orkers,
who, m ore t han a ny o ther t rade, h ave
b een fo##rced t o s truggle a gainst t he e ncroachments o f b rutal c apitalism, t o
j oin t he S ocialists a nd e ngage i n i ndependent p olitical a ction a ll t he w hile

#174

W ORLD O F L ABOR

175

W ORLD O F L ABOR

t hey w ere f ighting o n t he d efensive u pon
t he i ndustrial field. I d on't k now w hether t hey a re a ffected b y t he h eat i n
which t hey a re compelled t o w o rk ( or
more p roperly, slaV~e} o r t hey l ack t he
i ntelligence t o u nd erstand t hat t hey a re
e nga ged i n a c lass w ar i n w hich Mo ## gan
r
a nd h is g ang h ave t he p owers o f gove rnment on t heir s ide, b ut t he f act remains t hat t he i ron a nd s teel w orkers
d isplay n o m ore p olitical p rogress t han
a c rab. T hey h av e p rided t hemselves on
be ing h igh p rotectionists a nd good R epublicans, l ik e Morgan, Corey, G ary,
F rick, C arnegie a nd t he r est o f t heir
k ind m asters-the m en d id t he v oting
a nd s houting a nd t heir m asters g ot t he
p lunder.
I t i s likewise t rue t hat t he . i ron a nd
s teel w orkers h ave b een b adly a dvised.
N early a ll o f t heir s o-called l ead ers
h ave t urned o ut to b e n othing b ut p olitical f akirs o r s old o ut t o t he m aster
c lass t o a ssist i n t he g ame o f d espoliation. T here w as J ohn J arrett, W eike,
G arland, S haffer a nd n umerous o thers
who seem t o h ave u sed t heir p rominence
i n t he . Amalgamated .Association m erely
a s a s ort o f s tepping-stone to## c limb i nto
p olitical j obs a nd t hen u se t heir i nfluence
t o k eep t he r ank a nd file chained t o t he
R epublican p arty. T he L ord o nly k nows
h ow m any m ore object lessons, h ow m uch
m ore o ppression, m ust b e h eaped u pon
t hese u nfmtunate w orkers b efore t hey
a cquire t he m oral s trength t o c ut loose
f rom t he c apitalistic p arties a nd s tand
u p for t heir c lass i nterests o n t he p olitical field. S urely t hey a re m aking plenty o f sacrifices o n t he i ndustrial field,
a nd a s S ocialists t hey w ouldn't h ave t o
s uffer a ny m ore t han t hey do a t p resent.
Collisions, e xplo##s ions a nd b reakdowns
a re o f a lmost d aily o ccurrence o n t he
G reat L akes. I n t heir d etermination t o
s mas h e very v estige o f l abor o rganization t he h andful o f bo##s ses w ho c ontrol
t he L ake C arriers' A ssociatioon a re s par-

i ng n either m oney n or m en . t o m ake a
s howing. .Although i t i s n ow t hree
m onths s ince t he p ublicity a gents o f t he
a ssociation a nnounced t hat t he s trike
w as b roken a nd t hat t hey h ad a bout a ll
t he m arine w orkers t hey could use, i f
o ne picks u p a c apitalistic d aily t he
s ame s tereotyped a nnouncement w ill be
found a lmost a ny d ay, " the s trike i s
b roken a nd we h ave o nly a f ew more v acancies f or good m en."
T he t ruth of t he m atter i s t hat t he
s hipowners h ave g ot a g ood nucleus o f
co mpetent s eamen w ho a re b eing w orked
t o d eath i n t rying t o b reak i n a s mall
a rmy o f college boys, p rofessional b ums
a nd s trike-breakers a nd i gnorant f or eigners who h ave n o u nderstanding o f t he
t rouble. T he r esult i s t hat a ccidents b y
t he s core, a ttended b y m uch loss o f l ife
a nd p roperty, a re h appening c onstantly
a nd m any o f t hese o ccurrences a re c arefully s uppressed a nd t he p ublic h ears
n othing a bout t hem.
A fter a t rip o r t wo t he s trike-breakers
u sually h ave t heir fill a nd d esert t he
s hips i n c onsiderable n umbers, a nd t heir
p laces a re t aken b y o ther l andsmen,
e ither f or t he n ovelty o f t he t hing, a s i n
t he c ase of t he u nprincipled co llege boys,
o r b ecause h unger i ncites s ome of t he
w orkers t o a ccept t he h azardous e mployment, w hile t he p rofessional s trikebreakers s erve t heir m asters fo-r t he r eason t hat t hey a re n atural-born t raitors
a nd h ate t h eir f ellowmen a nd t hemselves.
'While t he m arine w orkers h ave b een
forced i nto a s truggle s uch a s h as confronted n o o ther o rganization-being opposed b y t he h uge s teel t rust a nd a llied
c orporations a nd h aving n o o##p portunity
t o p icket t he s hips e xcept w hen t hey
a rrive i n p art-the u nion m en a re g rimly d etermined t o w age t he c ontest indefinitely, according t o t heir p resent
p lans a nd s ubject t he t rust a nd i ts conso##r ts t o a s h~avy f inancial losses a s p ossible. T he u nionists d eclare t hat t hose
of tLeir m en w ho h ave r emained t rue u p

t o t he p resent w ill s tand l ike a s tone
w all a nd t hat g radually t hose w ho deserted w ill r eturn t o t he r ank s.
T he n ex t t wo o r t hree m onths a re t he
m ost d angerous p eriod i n t he n avigation
s eason, a nd t he e xperienced s eamen l ook
fo##r w holesale d esertions a mong t he
s tr ik ebreakers, w ho h ave n o d esire t o
a ssume t he r isks o f finding w atery
g raves d uring t he a utumn s torms. M eantime m any o f t he s mall v essel o wners ,
who p ermitted t hemselves t o b e c oaxed
or bullied i nto t he L ake C arriers' .Association, h ave r eceived l ittle o r n o s upport
f rom t he U nit ed S tates S teel Co##r poration
a nd i ts a llies. T hey h ave b een u sed a s
t ools w ith w hich t o f ight t he l abor o rganizations a nd a re b eing b ankrupted a s
t heir r eward.
N o p rogressive w orkingman o r w oman
i n t he country w ill r egret t o l earn t hat
r etributive j ustice o r a n a venging Nemesis i s o vertaking one b y one t he g ang
o f ## co nspir ators w ho s ought t o d estroy
t he### W estern F ederation o f M iners a nd
h ang o r i mprison t he s pokesmen o f t hat
f amous o rganizat ion. I t h as a lr eady
b een m ~ ntioned i n t he R eview t hat t he
n otoriou s P eabody, d umped o verboard b y
t he mine o perators a fter t hey u sed h im ,
has become a b ankrupt a nd v irt ually a n
outcast i n h is n ative v illage a nd w as
even r efused t he s cant comfo1##t o f a political s pittoon-cleaning j ob t hat w ould n et
h im a h undred d ollars p er m onth.
' Vestern p apers a nnotmce t hat " Genera l" S herman B ell, who b rought p ain
a nd s uffering u pon m any a m iner a nd
h is f ami l y, w ent b ankrupt a s a m ining
p romoter, i s w andering abo ut f rom p lace
t o p lac e m aking a p recarious l iving, a nd
w as r eoontly a rrested a t R aton; N. M.,
u pon t he c harge of c reating a d isturbance.
S upreme J udge G oddard, who w as
d riven f rom t he bench a t t he l ast elect ion a-fter h aving e arned t he c ontempt
of e very d ecent citizen of Colorado for

his o utrageous d ecisions a gainst l abor
a nd w ho p erjured h imself i n t he H aywood case, is t rying t o e ke o ut a n e xistence p romoting r eal e state s chemes, b ut
is v irtually c st racized.
J ohn H almberg , w ho w as s tate a uditor
a nd t reasurer a nd P eabody's c hief l ieutenant, a nd w ho h as n ever a ccounted f or
a d iscrepancy o f $ 10,000 w hen h e w as r etired f rom office, t ried t o c ommit s uicide
w hen he h eard t hat h is p eculations w ere
being i nvestigated.
E x-Governor M cDonald, who s to le h is
p osition t o c arry o n t he d isreputable
w ork o f P eabody, i s c arrying a h eavy
l oad b ecause o f a s ensational m urder
a nd s uicide i n h is f amily , a nd i s s ai d
t o h ave become b roken i n s p irit a nd p oor
i n p urse.
H arry Orchard, t he " hero" w ho w as
lionized b y t he whole g ang o f c onspirators, t yrants a nd t hieves a fter h e c on##
f essed t o b eing a w holesale m urderer a nd
g uilty o f e very c rime o n t he c a lendar,
a nd who w as t reated l ik e a prince in
t he I daho p enitentiary b y Go## ernor
v
Gooding, h as b een placed a t h ard labo1##
b y t he n ew w arden w ho t ook c ontrol o f
t hat i nstitution.
T he C itizens' .All ianc e, which w as once
a ll-powerful i n C ripple Creek, V ictor ,
P u eblo, C olorado S prings a nd o ther
places, is now d'own a nd o ut a nd i t is
s aid t hat no business m an w ill a dmit
t oday t hat h e ever h ad a ny c onnection
w ith t hat i nfamous o rganization o f
b rutes a nd c owards. N evertheless, m any
of t he w orking peo'J)le i n t hose p laces
h ave l ong m emories, a nd n ot a few of t he
a rroga nt b usiness m en w ho (in Colorado
l ike e verywhere else} i magined t hey h ad
a r ight t o b oss everybody, w ere d isillutionized a nd a re n ow o ut o f business.
I t a ppears t hat t he s pirit o f c lassconsciousness a nd t he d etermination t o
r esist o ppression i s b ecoming s tronger i n
Colorado. W hen t hat s pirit finds e xp r ession a t t he b allot-box t he w orkers will
be d oubly s trong.

#L ITERATURE A ND A RT

BV

S PARGO

. JOHN

P rompted b y t he a ccession o f ce rtain
w ealt hy p er so ns t o o ur r anks , I w rote,
some y ear s ago-, a n a r ticle p ointing o ut
t hat i t w as a lm ost i mpo ssibl e f or s uch
p ersons t o do## o t her t han h ar m t o t he
m ovement b y c ontr ibutin g m one y t o i t
f re ely o ut o f t heir l a r ge f ortunes. T hat
v iew i s, o f co ur se, t he v ery o pposite o f
t h at enun ciated b y t he v ersatile a nd
sc intilla ti ng George B ern a rd S haw, b ut
i t is, I believe, a t ho roughl y so und one.
It w ould b e e asy e nough t o p oint t o
p ra ct ica l e xam pl es o f t he ev il s i nh er e nt
in t hat p olicy ###O n t he p art o f t he wealthy
f ew in o ur r a nk s.
N evertheless, i t w ould b e idl e to deny
t h at t h ere a re g reat s e rvi ces t o t he
m o>eme n t w hi ch ca n b e r end er ed by
t ho se endow ed w ith t he r ar e u nion o f
g reat w isdom a nd r i ches. W e h ave a
co n sp icuou s ##e xampl e in t h e Ya luable
se Hi ce w hich E ugene D ie tzgen h as p erformed f or t he S ociali sts o f t he E nglishspeak in g w orld i n m aki ng it po ss ibl e
f##o r C omrade U nt erm a nn t o d ev ote y ears
t o t he g iga ntic t ask o f t ranslating t he
sec ond a nd t hird v o lume s o f M a rx's
C apital, n ow f or t un ate ly co mpl eted.
T he w hol e m ovement i s dee pl y i nd e bted
t o Co mr ade D ietzgen, a s w ell a s t o
C omrade U n ter mann , f or t he co ns umm at ion of t his v ast u ndertaking. T h e p ubli ca tion o f t he t hird v olume o f M arx's
g r eat w ork i s a n eve nt o f c ardinal i mp orta nce t o t he A merican Soc ialist
111 01 men t .
##e
One o f t he f oremo s t m embe r s o f t he
Socia li st P arty w rote m e r e ce n t ly s ay in g: " The Sociali st m ov emen t all o ver
t he w orld i s g ett in g f urther a nd f urther
a way f rom M arx" -a n echo o f a ver y
p revalent c riticism. S o f ar a s t he S o-

176

cia li st mo1##eme nt i n A mer ica i s conce rn ed, i t would, I a m co nvin ced, be
m uch n ear er t he t ruth t o s ay t hat i t i s
g et tin g n earer a nd n earer t o M arxthe r eal M ar x-a nd i t i s b ecause t he
p ublication o f t he l on g-wa ited -f or t hird
Yolum e w ill h a ste n t hat m ovem e nt " back
t o M arx" t hat i t b ecomes a n e vent o f
t he h ighe st i mportan ce t o S ocialists a nd
s tudents o f S ocialism. i 'Vith n o a dequ ate b iog raphy o f M arx, a nd o nly o n e
of t he t hree v olumes o f hi s g rea t w ork
a ccessible t o t he r e a der o f E nglish, b oth
t he e xpos iti ons a nd t he c riticisms o f
M a.rxism l ong curr e nt i n t his c ountry
h av e been b ased u pon a v er y p artial
s ummary o f t he g reat t hink er s eco nomi c
t eachings. W ith t he co mpl et ion o f t he
p ublication o f t he E nglish t ranslation o f
C apital w e e n te r u pon a n ew p hase o f
Soc ialist sc bo##l ar ship i n A merica. T he
crud e " more -Ma rxi st-t ha n-Mar x" t ype
o f M a r xi sts, w ho, i n s pite o f r ent,
s t rik es a nd h unger r iot s, i n a ll o ur g reat
citi es, w ould d en y seco ndar y e xp loita tion o f t he w ork ers, a nd h eap t orrents o f
r idicule a nd a bu se u pon t ho se w lw h av e
t he t emerity t o s ay t hat t he p r ol etariat
c an be ex ploited i n t he c irculation o f
c ommodities a s w ell a s i n t heir p rodu ction, ca n n ow r e ad f or t hemselves h ow
co mplet ely t hey d iffer f rom M arx.
I o t l ess i nt er est in g a nd i mportant i n
i t s be arings u pon o ur t heoretical di scu ss ion s is t he m a nn er i n w hich t his t hird
v olum e r evea ls M arx's p rofound a p preciat ion o f t he f act t hat t he l aw o f v alue
i s set a side w hen m onopol y co ndition s
p revail.
S ome o f t he s o-called " r evisionists" h ave o btained a g ood d eal o f
cr ed it f or t heir a lle ged di scover y of t hi s
f a ct a nd b een h ailed a s t he i ntellectual

s up eri or s of M arx, w hereas t h at g reat
t hink er m ade i t p erf ect ly cl ear. .
I t i s g enerally k nown b y n ow t hat,
a lthough M arx d id n ot l ive t o a ctually
fin ish t he seco nd a n d t hird v olumes, t hey
w ere r ou gh ly d raft ed a nd w orked o ut
b efore t he f irst vo lum e w as c ompl eted
a nd p ubli shed . T hns, h e w as b usily
occupi ed wi th t he w riting o f vo lum e
t h r ee i n 1 865, w h il e v olum e one did n ot
a pp ea r u ntil t wo y ears l ater. H is wm;king m ethod w as t o f irst p r epare a r ough
s ketch o f t he w ho le w ork. T his clon e,
h e w ent b ack o ver i t a nd filled in t he
d etai ls, c hapter b y ch apter, b ook b y
book. T hen, h aving t he t hree vo lu mes
roughly. a sse mbled , h e w ent b ack t o t he
b eginnin g a nd c a lml y t ook u p t he w ork
o f r evising h i s labo r s f or t he p rinters'
h ands. T hi s m ethod o f w orking is i mportant s in ce i t p rovides u s w i th a k ey
t o t he u nderstanding o f a very co mm on
c r iti cism o f M arx a nd h is w ork. I t
i s com monl y a ll eged b y c erta in a cademic
c ri tics of M arx t hat b etween t he p ublicat ion o f t he f irst vo lum e a nd t he p repa ration o f t he t hird h is t h ou ght h ad so
m u ch m a t ur ed t hat h.e w as l ed t o conclu sio ns w h ich p ractically o vert hr ew a ud
r ef used t hose o f t he first. S o I w as
g r ave ly a ssured b y a c erta in well k nown
p olitical e conomi st a t a d inner o f a
N ew E ngland e conomic soci ety on ly last
w inter, a nd w hen I s uggested t hat i f
such w a s t he case t he p ublication o f t he
t hird vo lume , a s a c ompl ete r efutation
o f t he f irst, w ould b e a s trateg ic m ove
on t he pa rt o f M r. B elmont's Civi c F ederation, t he joke w as r ather l ost u p on
h im. H ow r idiculous t his criti cism is
m ay b e g at hered f rom t he v olume b efor e
us.
I n a w ay , t he second a nd t hi rd volumes o f C apital a re q uite a s m uch t he
wo rk o f E ngel s a s o f M ar x h ims elf. H is
s har e i n t hem i s m u ch la r ger t h an t h at
ind: cated b y t he t erm " e ditor." S hort ly
b efo r e hi s clea ll1 M a rx s poke t o h is
d aughter , E lean or, a bout t he u nfinished
m a nus cr ipts , d irecting t hat t hey b e

177

t urned oYer t o h is f riend.
" P erh aps
E nge ls will be a ble t o m ake s ometh in g
of t hem," b e s a id. i?i7hat E nge ls m ade
o f t h em w e k now . i Vith m arvelom,
schol arsh ip a nd a n a lmost r omantic
fide lit y t o hi s d ead f riend, h e t oo k t he
m ass o f r ough m aterials a nd p ut t hem
t oget h er a s n o o t her m an co uld h ave
done. No o ther m ind, i t i s c ertain , co ul d
haYe fo ll owed t he c ourse of t he a uthor' s
t ho ug ht t h r ou gh t he j umble o f f ragmentary m anuscripts a nd n otes l eft beh in cl. T he g reater p a r t of t he m at eri al
w as h ast ily s cr ibbled, wi thout l it erar.l'
f orm, i n Ge rm an, F ren ch a nd E nglish,
a cco rding t o M arx's m ood a t t he t ime of
w riting. O fte n a w hole ch ai n of r eason ing w as i ndi cated m erely b y a f ew
c atc h words, w hi ch t o a ny o ther t han
t he a uthor's t w in -spir i t m u st h a ve been
u nint elligible h ierogl yp h ics. I n a s ense,
t he r efor e, t he seco nd a nd t hir d v olume s
of C apital a re a m onument t o a m ost r emarkable
li terary
p artnership
a nd
f riendship.
T here is n ow a va il ab le f or l he E nglish
r ead er t h e co mpl e te M arxian s yste m of
po li t ical econ omy . T be f irst v olume
d ea ls with t h e p ro cess o f c api ta li st production . T he c harge b rought a ga in st
l \Iarx t hat h e i ndulged in a bs t ra ct r easoni ng in stea d of d ea lin g wi th r ealities
r ests u p on a v ery s up erficia l e xam in ation o f t his p art o f h is g reat w ork. A bs urd a s i t is i n s ome p articulars, i t
co n ta ins a ce rtain m odicum o f t r u th , a s
M arx h imself r ealized. A s a n i ntroductory s t ud y he c erta inl y c onsidered t he
pr ocess o f p roduction b y i tse lf , w ithout
r ega r d t o t he process o f c ircul at ion,
t h ough i n t h e a ctual w orld t he o ne is
i nterwoYen w ith t he o ther. B ut i n t he
sec ond v o lum e t his p rocess o f c ir cul at ion o f c a pital i s t reated a nd s ubj ected
t o t he k eenest a nd p rofoundest a nal ys is.
I n t he t hird p art o f t he s ec8nd vol um e
especia ll y , M arx d emon strates w i th
s p lend id lu cidity t hat t he c apita li st p ro cess of p roduct ion, considered a s a
w hole, i.s a c ombination o f t he p rocesses

#178

L ITERATURE A ND A RT

L ITERATURE A ND A RT

o f p roduction a nd c irculation. A nd because t his i s so, s econdary e xploitation ,
in t he c irculation o f c ommodities , m ust
be recognized. T he t hird v olume completes t he s ynthesis. H ere w e h ave t he
a ctual m ovements of t he w hole combined
p roductive a nd c irculative p rocesses a nalyzed. T he c ourse o f s urplus v alue, a nd
i ts d ivision a re s et f orth.
H ere , too, we h ave e laborated t he
M arxian t heory o f r ent w ith w hich h eretofore f ew of o ur E nglish-speaking ## Socialists h ave b ad o pportunity t o acquaint t hemselves. A nd s ince t here i s
n o c ountry i n t he w orld w here t he s ubject h as g reater p ractical i mportance,
t his s ection o f t he b ook w ill d oubtless
g reatly i nfluence t he t heoretical a nd
p ractical d evelopment o f t he m ovement
i tself. M arx n owhere a ppears t o g reater
a dvantage a s a n e conomist t han i n h is
t reatment o f r ent. A pplying . t he h istorical m ethod w ith w hich a ll student~
o f h is w orks a re f amiliar, h e t races t he
e volution o f r ent f rom L abor R ent t o
R ent i n K ind a nd t hence t o M oney R ent.
A nd t his l ast f orm o f r ent, p eculiar t o
c apitalist p roduction, b e d ivides i nto
t wo d ivisions-Differential R ent a nd Absolute R ent. T he f ormer m ay a rise
e ither f rom t he i nvestment o f c apitals,
e qual o r u nequal, u pon l ands o f : varying
degrees o f n atural f ertility, o r f rom t he
i nvestment o f e qual o r u nequal c apitals
s uccessively u pon t he s ame l and, b ut
w ith d ifferent r esults. A bsolute R ent,
o n t he o ther h and, i s d ue t o c onditions
w hich p artake o f t he n ature o f m onopoly, a s w hen t he a gri cultural p roducts a re s old a t m onopoly-prices.
F inally, t his t hird v olume c ontains
t he s olution t o t he " great M arxian contradiction" w hich h as t roubled economists l ike B ohm-Bawerk a nd o thers.
E ngels, i n t he p reface, h as a g ood deal
o f f un a t t he e xpense o f t he " vulgar"
e conomists w ho t ried v ainly t o solve t he
a pparent c ontradiction b etween t he
M arxian l aw o f v alue a nd a n e qual a verage r ate o f p rofit. I n t he p reface t o t he

s econd v olume E ngels c ballengetl t h e
e conomists o f E urope t o d emonstrate t h e
w ay i n w bich a n a verage r ate o f p rofit
is m ade i nevitable b y r eason of t he J aw
o f v alue . F or t he s olution one m ust r efer t he r e ader t o t he w ork i tself. S uffice i t t o i ndicate h ere t hat t he c ritics
of M arx h ave m ade t he m istake o f s eeking t o a pply t o i ndividual c apitals a nd
c apitalists w hat M arx a pplied t o t he e ntire s ocial c apital a nd t he p artition o f
t he "total s urplus v alue p roduced b y a ll
t he w orkers.
I n t his c onnection I h ave r ead w ith
i nterest t lie p reface w hich m y good
f riend, H . M. H yndman , c ontributes t o
t he f ourth e dition o f h is E conomics of
Socialism, j ust p ublished b y t he T w entieth Century P ress, L ondon. T his l ittle
v olume, w ith w hich m ost of m y r eaders
a re, I h ope, f amiliar, r emains t o t his
d ay t he b est s hort c ompendium a nd exposition o f M arxian e conomics i n t he
E nglish l anguage. T o r eview i t a t l ength
w ould t herefore b e a s uperfluous t ask.
Suffice i t t o s ay t hat t he v alue o f t he
p resent e dition i s g reatly e nhanced b y
t he s uggestive p reface. T he v olume i s
c reditably p roduced a nd shol!ld find a
place i n t he l ibrary o f e very S ocialist.
T o r ead i t f irst, b efore a ttempting t o
r ead t he v oluminous w ork o f M arx , is
p erhaps t he mO"st u seful piece o f a dvice one c an g ive t o t he y oung S ocialist
s tudent w ho d esires t o e quip h im s elf
w ith a t horough k nowledge o f M arxian
t heory.
A nother v olume f rom E ngland i s a n
E nglish t ranslation##, b y E dith C. H arvey, o f E dward B ernstein's f amous w ork
Die V oraussetzungen d es S ozilismus
u nd die A ufgaben d er S ozialdemokratie,
w hich h as f or i ts t itle t h e m uch m ore
d escriptive E volutionary S ocialism. I n
i ts w ay, t he p ublication o f t his v olume
i s q uite a s i mportant a s t he c ompletion
o f M arx's g reat w ork i n i ts E nglish r endering. M ost c omrades h ave h eard o f i t

L

1 '{9

a nd b ecome f amiliar w itli t he .w ord m ent, a nd t he t riumph o f t heir e nemies
"Bernsteinism," b ut c omparatively f ew d id n ot t end t o m ake t he G erman comh ave y et h ad a n o pportunity t o r ead i t. rades t olerant o r k indly t oward B ernT he I . L . P . P ublication D epartment , stein. M ost c omrades w ho t ake p ains
t o k eep r easonably well i nformed conLondon, b as t herefore d one t he E nglishspeaking S ocialist m ovement a d istinct cerning t he i nternational m ovement a re
s ervice b y p ublishing t he b ook i n s uch f amiliar w ith t he m ain f acts c oncerning
a n a dmirable t ranslation a t a l ow p rice. t he d evelopment of t he B ernsteinian conI d o n ot h esitate t o s ay t hat e very troversy: b ow, i n O ctober, 1898, B ernS ocialist i n A merica o ught t o r ead t his stein w rote f rom h is L ondon e xile a l etb ook o f B ernstein's, a nd t hat n o com- ter t o t he G erman S ocial D emocratic
rade w ho a ssumes t o b e a p ropagandist C ongress, a ssembled a t S tuttgart, s etting f orth h is v iew t hat c ertain r eo r t eacher i n t he p arty c an a fford n ot t o
do so. W hether w e a gree w ith B ern## visions s hould b e m ade i n t he t heoretical
s tatement o f t he p arty's p osition, a nd
s tein o r n ot i s r elatively u nimportant:
w hat m atters is. t hat w e s hould b ecome h ow, a t H anover a y ear l ater t hree a nd
p erfectly a cquainted w ith h is v iews. I a h alf d ays w ere d evoted t o a d iscust rust t hat I m ay n ot be m isunderstood sion o f t he v olume b efore u s a nd e nded
w hen I s ay t hat t he S ocialist m ove- w ith a r esolution w hich e xpressed a r ement, i n c ommon w ith e very o ther p opu- jection o f t he v iews s et f orth. ~ m alar m ovement, i s p rone t o b ecome n ar- jority v ote i s n ot a lways d ecisive, b owrow a nd i ntolerant of t he i ndependent ever, a nd t here w ere s oon m anifest
t hinker w ho i s n ot w illing t o c ontinue a bundant s igns t hat B ernstein b ad a
t he r epetition o f o ld f ormulas a nd l arge f ollcwing i n t he p arty. W ith s uch
c reeds. H eresy h unting h as b een t he a division o f h onest o pinion i n o ur r anks
b ane of t he w hole w orking c lass m ove- i t i s w orse t han u seless t o d iscourage
t he f reest p ossible p ublication a nd d isment, f or i t h as f ettered a l iving m ovement to d ead d ogmas, t hus m aking t he cussion of s uch v iews-it i s suicidal.
Bernstein's c ry is. a lways " Back t o
m ovement a m ere s ect. I t i s f or t his
r eason t hat I p ersonally h ope t hat a n t he f acts!" Y ou c annot a nswer h im b y
A merican e dition of Bernstein's. b ook s aying t hat M arx s aid t hus a nd so. H e
wilt" s oon b e f orthcoming. W e n eed i s l ike L iebknecbt i n t hat h e w ill n ot
a cknowledge M arx a s a pope, b ut p erf rom t ime t o t ime t o b e c alled t o s uch a
sists i n a sking " Is i t t rue? D oes i t
r e-examination of o ur p osition a s t hat
a gree w tb t he f acts?'" B elieving a s
t o w hich t his b ook c hallenges u s.
t horoughly a s M arx h imself t hat t he
F or m any y ears E dward B ernstein w as
t he t rusted f riend a nd c onfidante o f o bjective o f c apitalist p roduction i s t he
s urplus v alue e xtracted f rom t he l abor
F riederich E ngels, a nd a s e ditor of t he
of t he w orkers, a nd a dmitting t he clas&
S ozialdemokrat d uring t he e ra of B iss truggle w hich r esults t herefrom, h e
marck's r epression l aws h e s tood h igh i n
d isagrees w ith M arx a s t o t he e xact
t he e stimation o f t he G erman m ovement.
T herefore, w hen b e p ublished a b ook m anner i n w hich t he s urplus v alue i s
d erived. T his i s o nly i mpm:tant i n a n
e:A"Pressing h is d issent f rom s ome o f t he
a cademic s ense: i t h as n o p ractical i mc onclusions o f M arx a nd E ngels, a nd
m ore e specially f rom t he s o-called portance a t a ll. B ut w hen h e c laims
" Marxism" o f s ome o f t heir e xpositors, t hat M arx w as m istaken i n h is p redicq uite a s ensation w as c aused. T he c api- tion t hat t he s mall p roperty h older t ends
talist p ress, o f c ourse, b ailed t he r e- t o b ecome e xtinct, a nd a sserts t hat tbi~
c lass i s a ctually i ncreasing, p ractical
visionist m ovement a s a s ure a nd c ertain
c onsequences o f t he h ighest i mportance
s ign o f d issolution o f t he S ocialist m ove-

#180

L ITERATURE A ND A RT

a r e i nvolved . I f h e is r ight t hen m u ch
of o ur p ropaganda is w rong a nd a r evision o f t actics b ecomes i mp erat ive. So,
t oo , w ith t he co ncentration o f c apital.
ViT M arx m istaken? I f so, i t is i mas
portant t hat we do n ot p erversely r epeat
h i s m i sta kes on a ccount o f a m istaken
sen se of l oyalty t o M arx. B ern stein
m a kes a ppea l t o f igures-! h ad a lmosl
w ritten " t he figur es," b ut t ha t w ould b e
a concession I do n ot w ant t o m ake.
U nqu es tionably B ernste in i s r ight i n h i s
m ethod , b ut i t r ema ins a n o pen q uestion
w hether a ll t he figures a re t aken i nto
a cco unt , o r w hether p r econ ce iv ed n o
t ions h av e influen ce d h is choice o f s ta t i st ical m aterial.
W h ate ver our o pinions m ay b e a s t o
t he q uestions r aised b y B ernstein, h i s
b ook i s o f t he h ig hest i mpor ta nce a nd
t his E ngl ish t rans l at ion s hould b e cordially w elcomed b y e ver y Soc ialist w ho
d es ire s t o see t he m ov e ment f r eed f rom
t he d an ge rs o f a n arrow d ogmati sm,
w hich M arx d et est ed a nd f eared.

S OCIALISTS
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F ir s t-You have ab so lute protection of
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S econd-The I nstitution is contro ll ed by
Socialists and under Sociali st management.
Third- The purpose of the Bank is to aid
In the establishment of a Voluntary Co operative Community In these "Cherokee
Ozarks," a nd to assist and be of any ser
vice possible In I ts f urtherance. In this you
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Write for Booklet of Information relative
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For your deposits you get " Guarant ee d
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Deposits bear 4 % i nt erest.

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80

VIEWS

The Home of Good

Good P rinting
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279=283 East Monroe Street

CHICAGO
Good p rinting Is j u st a s i mportant a s the
su bj ect i t ca ll s a tte ntion to, and t hat is th e
kind of work t urned by the oldest s t ri ctly
union establis hm ent of J ohn F. Higgin s,
Nos. 279 -283 E a st Monroe s tre et, Chicago.

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Readers of the International Socialist Rel###iew who may be iu the mark et f or anything in the printing line are asked to co mmunicate t heir w ants to the s tr ictly reliable
p rintin g h ouse o f J ohn F . H iggins, C hicago.

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of equipment can be found in the p rint in g house of J ;h n F. Higgins, Nos . 279-283
E ast Monroe s treet, the born e of the union
!abel and hi gh-c lass work.

80

F RO M H ONO L ULU . I a m a s h oemaker a nd e a rn m y li ving r epairing o ld
s ho es a nd I a m n obod y's w age-slavt
e ither , a nd I a lso h ave a l ittle w dd i n
t he s avin gs b ank a nd a m t he j anitor
o f o ur local. S o I s up fJOse j ust b ecause
I h ave s ome economic d etermini sm i n
t he b ank a nd b e cause I a m a n officeholder i n t he p arty, s ome o f t hose fellows a re g oing t o d enoun<!e m e a s a n
i nt ellectual, b ut I j ust w ant t o l et t hem
k now t hat I a m n othing o f t he k ind ,
a nd i f a ny o f t ho se m en t hinks h e i s
going t o d ump m e o n t he r ubbish pil e,
j ust l et h im t ry. I 'll b et a ny o f t hem
a ne w p air o f r ubber h eels t h at t hey
c a n 't d o i t. .And t his r emind s me of
so mething t hat h appened t o m e n ot l ong
a go . I t w as t his w ay: I w as i nvited
t o a r e g ular o ld-fashioned D u tch w edding d i1m er, w here t hey p ass a ro und t h e
b ig p latters w ith g rub f or e ver y body t o
h elp t hemselves. N ow I w as s itting
n e xt t o a b ig f at p erspiring D ut ch uncle
w hen a long c omes a b eautiful p latter
o f a s par agus t h at m ade m y m outh
w ater, j ust l ooking a t i t . M y D utch
u ncle b egan u nloading t h e t uff a nd
p iling i t o n h is p late a nd I w as a w atch ing h im, n ervous l ike , a nd p r etty s oon
t here w as n o m ore t han a bout h a lf a
d ozen m ea s ly l ittl e t hings l eft a nd I
k ind o f p ats h im o n t he s houlder a nd
s ays: " Say, old f riend, I l ike s a sparagus too."
H e j us t g ave m e a l ook w ithout s aying a nything, s coops i n t he r est a nd
h ands m e t he e mpty p latt er. T hen h e
l dnd o f d eliberate l ik e picks one u p o n
h is f ork a nd s ays: " Yes , do y ou? B ut
I l ikes e m b etter y et t han y o u ."

N ow i f t hose f ellows t hink t hey a re
go ing t o b og a ll t he S ocia lism t here i s
j u st b ecau se t hey t hi nk t hey l ik e i t b etter t han so mebody else, j us.t l et t hem
t ry. I l ike S ocialism t oo a nd I a m goin g t o h av e m y s hare o f i t .
I t hink ev ery l ocal o ught t o e xpel a ll
o f t hem p ro l etarian s a nd i n te ll ect ual s
to o, so t here w ill b e n othing l eft b ut
j ust co mrad es.
J OE R IDDLES.
T OM MA NN w rites f rom A ustralia.
I n t he A pril n umber o f t he R eview s om e
no tes a pp ea red on t he m iners' d ispute a t
B rok en Hill. N early a ll t he i tem s w ere
<! orr ect; o ne w as n ot a nd a s i t r elates
t o t he L abor P arty w ith w hom we a re
n ot i n w orking a lli ance o r a g reement p o liti c ally , I a m s ure y ou w ill a llow m e
t o con ect i t.
W hen i t w as . decided t o s uppl ement t he
l ocal police i t w as n ot t he f ede ral a uthoritie s, b ut t he s tate a uthorities , t hat
se nt a bout 380 a dditional police, m any
o f t hem m ount ed a nd c a rrying s words,
rifles a nd r e volve rs , a n umber o f w hom
b ehav ed i n d astardly f a shion. T he S tate
P r emi er , w ho i s a lso . Attorney G eneral, i s
a t ypical b ourgeois , a l awyer, M r. W ade
b y n ame.
I t w as e asy t o c onclude t hat t he F ed eral a uthorities h ad s ent t he m ilitary,
o wing t o t he n umber o f p ress p aragraphs a s t o w hat w ould b e done i f t he
L a bor g overnment w as c alled u pon b y
t he S t a te t o s upply m ilitary. H owever,
i t d id n ot r each t hat s tage, a nd t he
F ed,e ral L a bor g overnment i s n ow a
t hing o f t h e p ast , h aving b een d efeated
b y a c oa lition o f r eactionaries a nd D emocrats. ( What's t he d if?) .A b rief r esume

181

#182

N EWS A ND V IEWS

o f t he d ispute a nd t he s ettlement m ay
be a cceptable t o y ou.
T he m iners a t B roken H ill h ad b een
w orking u nder a n a greement w hich fixed
t he m inimum w age a t 8 7##2 p er s hift,
t his a greement w as t o e xpire a t t he e nd
. o f 1 908; a nd t he d irectors o f t he b iggest m ine b ad i ntimated t hat t hey w ould
i nsist u pon a 12##2 r eduction.
T his c aused t he v arious u nions t o
u nite a nd c onduct a n o rganizing c ampaign s o a s t o r esist t his p roposed r eduction. I w as r equested t o h elp a nd
d id so. T he m iners h ere w ork s ix s hifts
a w eek o f e ight h ours. I e arnestly a dvocated a 4 4-hour w eek s o a s t o s ecure
t he S aturday h alf h oliday. T his w as
a cceptable t o t he m en a nd e ndorsed b y
t hem, a nd e ach s ection a lso f ormulated
c laims f or e xtra w ages.
Before t he e nd o f t he y ear t he m ine
m anagers m et t he r eprese n tatives o.f t he
m en i n c onference a nd i t w as a greed
b y t he m en t o d rop a ll c laims f or r eduction of h ours ~nd f or i ncreased w ages
a nd t o s ign a n a greement r enewing t he
o ld c onditions w ith a l ittle i mp r ovement
i n t he m atter o f o vertime.
F u r ther b y v ote t hey a greed t o submit t he c ase o f t he B roken H ill P roprietary C ompany w hich r efused t o e nter
t he a greement t o t he F ederal A rbitra"
t ion C ourt, a nd t hey f urtber a uthorized
t heir l awyer i n c ourt t o g ive t he j udge
a ssurance t hat t hey w ould a bide b y t he
r esult, i e., w ould b e co n tent w ith t he
a ward.
T he d ispu te a lso a ffected 1,700 m e n a t
P ort P irie i n ## t he a djoining S tate o f
S outh A ustralia, t hese m en a re t he
s melters a nd t hey w ork s even s hifts
a w eek. M yself a nd o thers e ndeavored
t o g et i ncluded i n t he m inimum d emands
f or P irie, s ix s hifts, i nstead o f s even.
T his w as u ltimately r uled o ut .
A n umber o f u s h ad t o u ndergo t rial.
M yself f or c onspiracy, u nlawful a ssembly a nd r iot. I w as i n t he d ock e ight
d ays a nd t he r esult w as a cqu-ittal. T his
w as i n t he 1 9th w eek o f t he d ispute.

T he w eek b efore t his t he a ward w as
g iven a nd i t i ncluded t he c hief d emand
v irtually t he o nly d emand m ade b y th~
m en, viz., n o r eduction o f w ages; b ut
m any o f t he a ctive m en h ad b een w here
t he t rial t ook p lace a t A lbany o ver 1,000
m iles f rom B roken H ill, a nd t hose r esponsible f or t he d ispute l acked t he
f irmness n ecessary t o close t he d ispute
w hen t he m atter w as r eally o ver.
I w as c alled u pon t o v isit P irie a gain
a nd I s aw t hat p rolongation o f t he d ispute m eant t he b reak u p o f t he o rgani
z ation a nd a n i ncreasing n umber o f s cabs
g etting i nto t he w orks, s o t he d ispute
w as d eclared closed, a nd a f ew d ays
a fter i t w as a lso c losed a t t he H ill a nd
m atters w ill s oon a ssume n ormal c on.
di tions. S ome v ictims w ill be t he r esult, b ut t hese w ill b e l ooked a fter b y
t he u nions.
T he m en f ought a g ood fight f or
t wenty w eeks a nd t heir o rganizations
r emain i ntact a nd t hey a re i n a b etter
p osition t han e ver f or c arrying o n a n
e nergetic c ampaign a nd p reparing t o
t ake t heir r ightful s hare i n t he g reat
c lass w ar f ully c onscious o f t he p art
t hey h ave t o p lay i n i t.
T WENTY M INUTES' W ORK . I a m
i n r eceipt o f y ours o f J une t he 1 7th, a nd
a m v ery t hankful f or h aving t he o pportunity o f s preading " the I nternational
S ocialist R eview" a mong t he w orking
c lass a nd h ope i t w ill do t hem a s m uch
good a s i t d id me. A s s oon a s I g ot y our
l etter w ith t he t wo s ubscription c ards
I w ent o ut a nd i n 2 0 m inutes I g ot t he
t wo s ubscribers, f or w hich y ou'll find e nclosed a check f or $2. I e xpect a lso t o
g et o f y ou t he $2 w orth o f b ooks w hich
y ou h ave p romised i n y our l etter.
Y ours i n t he c ause,
L OUIS GOLDBERG.
N ew Y ork.
T H E L AN D OF D IA Z. J ohn M urray's
a rticles i n r ecent n umbers o f t he R evi ew
o n Mexi co w ere fine. H is p ictures w ere

N EWS A ND V IEWS
t rue t o l ife , b ut t he w orst s tory r emains u ntold. I t i s t hat of t he h orrible i ntellectual c ondition of t he M exican
p eo ple. T here i gnorance i s s o d ense i t
is a lmost i rcomprehensible t o A mericans.
T hey do n ot k now t heir r ight h and f rom
t heir l eft, n or o n which side of t he b ody
t he h eart lies. \V'hen a M exican s tabs
o ne o f h is f ellows, he t hrusts t he k nife
i nto h is bo##w els a s b eing t he m ost v ulnerable s pot. T hese p eople do n o.t k now
t hat C astillian a nd S panish a re t he s ame
l anguage, n or t hat M exico a nd t he U .
S . a re o n t he s ame c ontinent . One m an
t old m e he u nderstood t he c ity o f C anada , i n t he S tate o f S onora , w as o n a n
i sland l ying b etween t he t wo c ountries.
T heir s uperstitions a re b eyond b elief
a nd t hey b elieve i n d evils, w itches, l iving
s aints t hat d well i n t he w~ods, a nd i n
eve rything e xcept t he s imple t ruth. T he
c hurch c arefully c ultivates t hese s uperstitions a nd t heir e fforts t o f oster t hem
a re t olerated b y t he g overnment. M exicans b elieve t hat m arriage c ontracts i n
t he U . S . a re f or a g iven p eriod o f t ime
o nly. T hey a re a lso t aught b y t he
. Jesuits t hat t he g overnment o f t he U ..
S. p rohibits r eligion. ## I t hink t he J esuits
a re m ore p owerful h ere t han i n a ny
other c ountry. T hey r un t he official
schools a lmost e verywhere 1a nd h ave
s ucceeded i n u ndoing t he h eroic w ork o f
J uarez a nd t he l iberals f orty y ears ago.
B ut a g reat a wakening i s t aking p lace
i n Mexico a nd I e xpect l ively t imes i n a
y ear o r t wo. L iterature i s b eing p ublished a s n ever b efore a nd p olitical p arties a re s pringing u p o n a ll s ides. Y ours
f or b etter t imes.
A S OCIALIST.
T HE I NVE NT OR 'S S HAR E, a n a ttractive b rochure b y A rthur G. B aker,
w ith a n i ntr odu ction b y J . J. S pouse,
i s o ne of t he m ost i ntere st ing b ooklets
we h ave r eceived f or a l ong t ime. Comrade B aker h as i nvented a p ractical t ypesetting m achine . T he I nventor's S hare
i s t he s tory o f h is l ong e fforts t o g et
h is m achine u pon t he m arket w ithout

183

l osing all r ights i n i t, a s i s g enerally
t he m isfortune o f i nventors. A fter r eading t his b ook o ne i s t empted t o -say
" Brains a re t heir o wn p unishment." F or
t he p rinter w ho t urns o ut a s uccessful
i nvention-a p ractical m achine f ares n o
b etter t han t he a verage w age-worker.
I n f act, b e g enerally f ares w orse. O ften
he is compelled t o s pend y ears o f s acrifice i n o rder t o p erfect h is i nvention o nly
t o h ave i t s tolen f rom h im, o r t o be
c heated o ut o f h is p atent r ights b y t he
m en o f b usiness. W e a re g lad A rthur
B aker p ossessed t he c ourage a nd t enacity t o hold on t ill t he c omrades o f
M ichigan c ame t o h is r escue. T his l it tle b ook will i nterest a ll s ocialists. Price,
1 0 c ents, 19 G rand C ircus B uilding, Detroit, Micl:!.
L EEDS , E NGLAND . C omrade B onell
w rites u s s ending a b ig o rder f or books.
H e s ays " Our o pponents c annot m eet o ur
s cientific position. A rmed a s w e a re,
w ith -your l iterature, w e feel co-nfident of
v ictory."
COMRADE L ANG, o f M uscatine, s ends
u s a s plendid r eport o f h is b ook a nd
m agazine s ales f or t he p ast s ix m onths.
W e w ould l ike t o p rint h is r eport i n f ull
b ut l ack o f s pace forbids. W e w ant t o
c ongratulate h im , however, a nd t he Muscatine c omrades f or t he w ay t hey a re
h andling l iterature, i ncluding t he Re
v iew. E very l ocal t hat s preads good socialist l iterature a nd p eriodicals is bound
t o g row, f or t hose w ho r ead a re a lways
w ith u s.
T HE D ES M OIN ES A MENDMENT S.
I w ould n ot c onsume f urther s pace on
t his s ubject w ere i t n ot f or t he f act t hat
t he e ditor h as t otally m isunderstood t he
p rovision c riticised. I w as a mazed a t
h is c riticising a p rovision w hich is a
s imple m ethod o f s ecuring a lmost absolute f airness, b ut I n ow c omprehend:
i t i s because h e d oes n ot u nderstand i t .
H e s ays t hat i f t here w ere a h undred

#184

N EWS A ND V I EWS

R epl y by t he E d it or. E viden t ly t he
c andi dates, t he b all ot h a nd ed t o e ac h
m em ber w o uld con ta in t e n t hottsa nc1 t r ouble is wit h t he pover ty o f t he
E nglish l an gu age , whi ch led t h e wor d
n a m es.
T h e . tr uth i s t hat i f t here wer e one " por t ion "' t o con vey t o u s i n t he R eh un c
h##ed ca ndid a t es, t he ba ll ot h and ed v iew offi ce a t ota lly differ en t m ea nin g
t o e ach mem ber wo uld conta in one h un - f r om wh at t he w r it er i n te nded. As t he
m at t er now s ta nds, we h ave n o f aul t t o
dr ed n ames.
find wit h t h e Des Moi ne s a m endm en t,
I s ha ll u se fif t y n am es a s m y n umb er
e xce pt t hat t h e f ailur e t o n um ber a ll t h e
t o i llu st r ate w ith , b e<! au se I t h ink our
na mes o n a b a ll ot i n consecu t ive o rder
a m endm en t will cut down t he n umb er
i n va lid ates t h,e w hol e b all ot . T his i s
o f candi dates t o f ift y o r l ess . T h e r eaobvi ate d by t he A be rd e en a mendm ent ,
son I t h ink so is becau se ou t of t he t wo
hu ndre d a nd fo ur c andid ates on t he b al- whi ch r eq uir es t he vo te r t o w ri te n uml ot l as t w in te r onl y t hirt y-s ix wer e b ers opposi te m er ely t he seYen n am es
nomina te d b y a s m any a s fi ve locals.
o f hi s choi ce. One a dv a ntage o f t h e
I f t h ere wer e fift y c andida t es t o b e
D es Moines p lan, h o wever , is t ha t i t wi ll
Y d u p on a nd f ift y t hou s and m emb er s
ote
ma ke i t e a sy t o d ef eat f or r e-elect i on
t o d o t he v oli ng, t h er e w oul d be fif ty a ny m emb er wh o mi sr eprese nt s t h e
t h ou sa nd b a ll ots p rin ' ed w it h t he f ift y
r a r ty . I f t h erefor e, a s n o w seem s l ik el y,
n a mes on ea c h. On o n e t hou sa nd of
t he Aberdeen a me n dment f a ils t o r eceive
t hese ba ll ots , t he ed it or 's n a me w ou ld
t h neces sa r y n umb er of sec ond s, t h e
s tand a t t h e t op, if he wer e a ca ndidat e. R e vi ew w ill s uppor t t he Des Moi ne s
On a n ot her t hou sand , m y n am e would a mendmen t .
s ta nd a t t h e t op, i f I were a ca ndi date .
On s t ill an ot her t hou s and , Si m ons' n a me
I F A LL - WORKERS" W ERE R AISED
w ould s t an d a t t h e t op, i f h e wer e a c an - TO T HE H IGHEST E FFICIENCY,
did ate . A nd s o on wi t h each a nd e ver y
W HAT W OULD B E T HE R ESULT?
cand i dat e.
I f hi gh er sk ill r esu lts i n gr ea t er p ro E ach member w ould r eceive o n e b a l- du ct ion , as s ome h av e t h oug ht , i t w ill
on ly b rin g a bou t a qui cker g lu t o f t h e
lot w it h f ifty n a mes o n i t. I t would n ot
ma rk et a n d a larger a rm y of the u n em m atte r w hose n a me st ood a t t he t op o f
ploye d. T he mor e t h a t i mpro ved m ahi s par t icula r ba llot. I f Com ra de K err 's
clJiner y a nd h igher efficiency of la bor
n am e s t ood a t t he t op of t hat p a r t icul a r
in cr ease p r oducti ##on t he l ess is t h e s ubl::a l~o t , some o th er m ember , a t t h at o r
so me o the r p lace, w ou ld be v ot in g a b al - s i ste nce p or t ion a llo we d t o t be w ork er s.
l ot \Y t h m y n ame a t t h e t o p, a nd a n- A c ons tantl y l essenin g n umb er of co m i
peti ng w ork er s w ho , neve rth eless, a r e
ot her me mb er \Yo nl d b e v ot in g a ba llot
crea tin g more a nd m o re b y t he a id o f im w it h S im on s' n a me a t t he t o p, a nd s o on
w ith a ll t h e ca nJ ida t es. T hi s wou ld d e- pr o-ved m a chin er y. a nd a lso by t h e u se
of less a nd l ess s kill n atm ally h as a
st roy t h e specia l p r ivilege n ow enjo ye d
t e nd en cy t o r edu ce w ages .
by t ho se w ho se nam es begin with l e t t er s
W i th t he effi ciency o f a ll t he w or kers
a t t h e f r on t o f t h e a lphab et . I t w ould
r a ised t o t he hi gh est p oint w e s ti ll h ave
ins ur e en ti re f a irne ss.
w it h us t he s ta n-i ng b ut n ow hig hl y
I hope I have mad e m yself u n der st oo d.
I f I h a ve, t he e ditor w ill n ow s u pp ort s kill ed u n empl oyed a rm y.
As ea ch w or k er c a n n ow t ak e t he
t he amendment. T h e v ita l w ea kn ess o f
t he S ou t h D akot a a mendme nt i s t h e pla ce of ever y o t h er t he comp e tition
w axes m ore f uri ou s. T h e ma t ter o f ob f ac t t h at i t omi ts t hi s p r o vi sion.
ta inin g t h e b ette r p os it ion s h as n ow a pJ OH N M. W ORK.

NEWS A I\T V I EWS
D
p a ren tly become mer el.v t h at o f fir stcome-fir st-se r ve d.
B u t i t is n ot e \##en t h at . A la rge body
o f work ers a rri vin g ~t t he s a me t ime
a nd co mp et in g for t h e s a me j ob bea t
t he w age cl ow n t o t he b a r e s u bsiste nce
point.
T o r ai se t he efficiency o f a ll t he wor ker s is a ca pi ta li st m ethod of g et tin g r eli ef f rom t he dema nd s of skill ed l ab or .
A s m en p r odu ce m or e t h ey a re e xp l oi te .l
s t ill f ur the r- t o a gr ea t er exte nt . T hi s
is one of the in evi tab le r esu lts of capita li st p r od ucti ons a s M a rx h as s o cle arl y
t aught us. T h e f aste r t he pace a nd t h e
high er t he e fn ciency t he mor e t he p ro du cti on is acceler a t ed a n d, co nsequent ly,
t he g r owt h a nd d ow nf a ll o f ca pi ta li sm
is h aste ned.
W~ o rkin g m e n w ould n ot b e benefi ted
b y a m ere r a isin g of efficiency u nd er
ca pit alism. V
ilages w o uld fa ll t o t h e
dea d l eYe l o f t h ose who a re po##or est
p a id.
S killed worker s a r e a t p r esen t a b le
t o g et a li t tl e hi gher w a ge t han t ms kill ed m en because t hey a r e s k ill ed an d
beca use ma n y work er s a r e not so e ffi cie nt.
M ac hin es a re g r ow ing m or e e ffi cien t
a n d co mpli cated. T his poin t s t o a t im e
when m ost () f h um a n labor will be don e
by u n sk illed w ork er s. I bel ieve, h owever , t h a t b ef m##e t his poin t h as b een
r eached cap ita lis m will h a Ye p a ssed
a w a y.
A N S EL M cMUR TRY.
S LADDENISMS.- Wb er ever a n umb er
of c api ta li sts h av e a co mm ercial clu b,
t here i t is t h e d uty o f t he w age-w ork er s
t o h a ve a w age- work er s' club .
T h e r ea l her o ca rri es a bu cket a nd n ot
a r ifle.
I h ave seen b a bies t od dlin g a long t h e
s t r eet s se llin g p ape r s i n t he ra in; I s ee
bl ind a n d ma im ed men selling s hoest ri ngs a.nd l ead p encils t o keep t hem o u t
o f t h e i nf e rno y ou call a p oo r-b ou se.
I see womanh ood a t t he a u ct ion block

o f lu st a nd m a nh ood peddl ed f or a n
e mpty h onor .
Yo u t alk a bou t l aws i n t he in te r est
o f h um a ui ty! I c an look t hr oug h t he
t hin veil of y- ur w ri t ing a n d discern t he
o
d im ou t li nes o f y ou r R ea l E state .
S OUTH C AROLINA C ONVENT ION.
I t wo uld i ndeed b e h a rd t o## fin d a m or e
enthu s ia s ti c g at her ing t han t he co nv ent ion of t he S ocia lists o f S o u t h Ca ro li na h e ld i n Cha rl eston o n J ul y 4. W h at
i t l ac ked i n n um ber s it f ull y m ade u p
i n t he desir e t o " do som et hin g." T he
p rin cipa l d e lega t ion s were f rom Co lum bi a a nd Char les to n, t hough o ther places
i n t he s tate wer e al so r ep resen te d, a nd
t l1ere w as a lso a Yi sit ing d el egat ion
f r om A ugust a, Georg ia. T he p rim e obje ct of t his n ot abl e g at he rin g was t o
devi se wa ys a nd m ea ns t o s pr ead t he
social ist p ropa ga nda i n t he s tate . A ml.
l et it be u nd er s too <i t h at i t by no m ean s
s to pp ed a t " devi s in g." T h e d es ir e t o
accompli sh res ult s wa s cl ea rl y sh own ,
w h en t he cha irm an o f t he co n ve n t ion,
Co mr a de A. J . R oya l, of Co lumb ia, o n!l
o f t he b e st a nd m ost ent husi ast ic wo rk er s i n t he s tate, in a f or ce ful an d ver y
a ppr opri a te m an ner u r ged t he n ecess i ty o f p l a<! ing a p e rm a nen t or ga ni zer
i n t h e fi eld. L ette r s we re r ea d f r om t he
diff eren t sociali st p ub lis hin g h ou ses a~
well as t he v a r ious socia li st p a per s offe rin g t o do a ll i n t h e ir p ower t o a ss ist
i n t h e di ss emin a tion o f socia li st t hough t,
b y s pecial d isco un ts, e t c. I n l ess t han
t e n m inu tes o Yer $1 00.00 w e r e p l edged
b y t h e comr a des p r ese nt, w ith m or e i n
s igh t. B es ides each co mr a de i n t h e i~
r esp ect ive locals, a gree d t o a s sess h im self a s tate d a moun t e ach mon t h t o
k eep u p t he per manent wm##k i n t h e
st ate . T h er e w as a f eeling a mong a ll,
t ha t s in ce n o h e! p co uld be expect ed
f rom o ut s ide s ourc es, it devolved u pon
t hem t o p ut t he ir s hou lder s t o t he wh ee l
an d do t h eir o wn ###orga nizin g. A p r ovis iona l s tate co mmit tee w as el ecte <\

#186

N EWS A ND V IE WS

w ith a l ocal q uorum o f t hree a t Columbia. T he e xecutive c o=ittee c onsisting of C omrades R. B. B ritton, J . C.
Gibbs, A . J . Royal, T. J . W eston, I saac
Go ldman a nd o thers t o be elect ed b y
t he ir r espective locals . Co mrad e Wm.
E berhart, o f Charleston, a venerable socialist o f t he " old school" w as elected
t em porary s tate s ecretar y, u ntil Comrade H . L. D rak e, a t p resent i n F lorida ,
would a rrive t o t ake c harge of t he w ork.
T he l ocal q uorum c onsisted o f C omrades
A . J . R oyal, J . C. Gibbs a nd T. J . W eston ( all of Col umbia) . M AX W ILK.

Eugene Sue 'sMasterpiece
T he M ysteries of t he P eople; or,
H istory o f a P roletarian F amily A cross
t he Ages.
A m ajestic s eries of s tories c ombining
b,istory a nd fiction i n t he m ost f ascinat ing m anner-and so i nstructive, w ithal ,
t hat o ur m asters h ave u ntil n ow p reve nted t heir t ranslation i nto E nglish.
Follows t he s truggles o f t he successively r uled a nd t he s uccessively r uling
c lasses from t he R oman i nvasion down
t hrough t he a ges t o t he F rench Revolution.
E very Socialist a nd s tudent
s hould r ead t hem. E leven vo lum es on
sale. E igh t more i n c ourse o f p ublication .
T he Go ld S ickle . . .... .. . ..... 50c
T he B rass Bell . ..... .. ........ 50c
T he I ron CoHar . . . .... . .. . . .. . 50c
T he P oniard's H ilt . . .. . .. .. ... 75c
T he B randing N eedle . . . . . . .. .. 50c
T he A bbatial Crosier . . .. .. . . . . 50c
Ca rlovingian Coins . .. . ...... .. 50c
T he I ron .Arrow H ead . .. .. . ... 50c
T h e I nf a nt's S kull . ....... . ... 50c
T he P ilgrim's S hell . .. . . .. .. _. . 75c
The I ron T r evet . . .. . .... . ... . . 75c

A
RTMENT
H ist ory o f t he G reat A me rican F o rtu nes

As t he Chicago r epresentative o f t he
publis hers ( N . Y. L abor N ews C o.), I
w ill deliver o r s end prepaid t o a ny a ddress a ny one o r a ll o f t he v olumes upon
receipt o f price above quoted.
S. J . F RE N CH
150 N . S tate S t.
Chicago, I ll.

T his b ook b y
Comrade J ohn S'pargo w r ite s us from
t he V ermont m ountains t hat h is h ealth
is s teadily i mproving a n d t hat he hopes
t o do some more active fighting b y n ext
f all. T he above p hotograph w as t aken
o f Co mrade S pargo while he s a t upon a
ca nnon t aking t he s un s hin e, a nd d reamin g of U niversal P eace.
W e o ffer t o c apable, p rogressive m en a nd
w omen a n ew, f ascinating b usiness w ith u nlimited m oney-making p ossibilities.
S mall
i nvestment d esirable b ut n ot n ecessary.
O XYGENATOR CO . .
2 17 P earl S t.
B uffalo , N. 1'.

E v e l yn
G ladys
c onsists o f 25
b rilliant e ssays
t hat w ill d e li ght
w orking p eople
w ho t h ink t hemselves c ompetent
t o r egulate t heir
o wn c ond u ct,
t ho' t heymayshock t hose w ho d elight
i n r egulating o ther p eople's m orals .
Well p rimed o n e xtra h eavy p aper a nd b eautifully b ound i n c loth ; p rice $1.00, p ostpaid.

Charles H. Kerr & Com pany (Co-operative)
1 53 K inzie S treet, C hicallo-

B Y G UST A V US M Y ERS .
T hi s r emarkable w ork, w hich h as a ttracted w idespread a ttention
in t he c ours e of its serial p ublication i n t he W orker a nd E vening Call,
will s hortly b e b rought o ut in t hree h andsome v olumes. F rom t he
b eginning of t he s erial p ublication o f t his w ork, a n i ncessant s tream
o f i nquiries h as p oured m a s t o w hen i t w ould a ppear i n b ook f orm .
187

#188

P UBLISHERS' D EPA RTM EN T

P UBLJSU ERS' D EPA RTM EN T

T he f irst v olume w ill be i ssued i n S eptember, 1909, a nd t wo o ther
, ##olumes w ill a ppear a s r apidly a s t hey c an b e p ublished.
T he H istory o f t he G reat A merican F ortunes is a t ruly mo_numental w ork, c overing a n o riginal field, a nd d ealing w ith t he s ubJect
in a w ay n ever b efore a ttempted. W hen M r. M yers' H istory o f T ammany H all a ppeared s ome y ears a go, it w as e xtensively n oticed a nd
r eviewed t he w orld o ver. I t is s afe t o s ay t hat h is H istory o f t he
G reat A merican F ortunes w ill call f orth a f ar g reater a nd w ider
a mount of a ttention. I t is t he p ioneer w ork in i ts field, a nd i ts v alue
is a lready s o t horoughly r ecognized t hat it is b eing t ranslated i nto
m any l anguages .
.
.
T he f acts a s t o t he o rigin o f A merica's g reat f ortunes h ave h ttherto b een s hrouded in t he d ensest o bscurity. Y et t he s ubject is o ne
of t he g reatest i nterest a nd i mportance. S uch a rticles a s h ave .been
w ritten o n t he c areers o f o ur r ich m en h ave n early a ll b een h tghly
e ulogistic a nd p artial, h ence h istorically w orthless.. T here h ave ~!so
b een d enunciatory a rticles, v iolently a ttacking c ertam o f t he A me:tcan
m ulti-millionaires. T hese a rticles h ave b een e qually v alueless, m asmuch a s t hey d eal p rejudicially w ith i ndividuals, a nd g ive n o u nderstanding o f t he c onditions u nder w hich t he g reat fortu~es h ave b~en
a cquired. M oreover, p ractically a ll of t hem h ave b een t irades, l.ackmg
facts a nd t h e k nowledge o f h ow t o i nt erp ret f acts.
S o u nexplored h as t he s ubject o f t he g reat f ortunes b een h itherto,
t hat M r. M yers h as h ad t o s pend m any y ea rs in g athering t he f acts.
H is r es earch h as b een s tupendous. H e h as g one t hrough t housands
of official d ocuments d ealing w ith t hree c enturies o f A merican life,
a nd t he r esults a re s een in h is w ork. I t is n ot m erely t he f irst w ork
o f i ts k ind, b ut is t he m ost c omprehensive a nd a uthentic h istory o f
A merican e conomic p rorrress t hat h as e ver a ppeared. I t g ives t###he
b
m ost l ucid v iew o f c onditions f rom t he v ery s ett lement o f A menca
c!own t o t he p resent t ime. I t is, t herefore, f ar m ore t han a w ork
d ealing w ith t he p ersonal c areers o f t he f ounders o f t he gre~~ f ortune.s;
e very p hase o f t he c onditions a nd s ocial c ontrasts prevath~1g a t dtfferent p eriods is fully illmnined. Y ou g et t he c learest k md o f an
idea of t he f orces a t w ork in s uccessive e pochs, a nd o f t he t remendous
m ovements a nd s truggles, t he c ulmination o f w hich is s een in t he
A merican p lutocracy o f t oday, o n t he o ne h and, a nd t he t ens o f millions of d ispossessed, p ropertiless p eople, o n t he o ther.
A bove all, t he H istory o f G reat A merican F ortunes g ives t he f acts,
a nd f acts a s s urprising a s t hey a re u nassailable. U nlike m any w riters
o f t he d ay, M r. M yers d oes n ot w aste h imself o n v ague r hetoric, o r
t ax t he r eader's p atience b y a d ifficult, a cademic s tyle. H e w rites
d irectly, simply, forcibly, always sticking to t he facts, a nd g oit;g

189

s traight t o t he p oint. H e h as t aken t he e normous m ass o f f acts u nearthed b y h is y ears of s tudy a nd r esearch, a nd h as p roduced a v irile
w ork, e very l ine of w hich is i nteresting if n ot f ascinating, in t he
g raphic p icture i t g ives o f t he c auses l eading u p t o t he c olossal
f ortunes i n t he h ands o f a few, a nd t he i mpoverishment o f t he m any.
I t i s b ound t o r ank a s t he g reatest w ork o f i ts k ind, a nd a s t he
s tandard a uthority. I t is h istory w ritten in a n ew w ay, w ith t he
c orrect k nowledge a nd i nterpretation o f t he f acts, a scientific w ork
a t e very s tep, a nd a t t he s ame t ime s o s imply p resented t hat a c hild
c an r ead a nd f ully u nderstand it. N umerous p revalent e rrors a nd
s ophistries w i ll be a bsolutely o verthrown b y t his w ork, a nd i t c an
b e p redicted t hat m any f uture w orks w ilrbe w ritten in t he l ight o f t he
f act s M r. M yers b rings o ut.
T he a uthor h as g iven t he p ublication o f t his b ook t o o ur c o-operative a ssociation o f w ork ing p eople, b ecause h e h as g ood r eason t o
b elieve t hat a lmost a ny c apitalist h ouse w ould s oon b e i nduced t o
s uppress t he b ook w hen i ts r evolutionary i mportance o nce c ame t o
t h e a ttention o f t he g reat c aptains o f i ndustry. W e h ave l ittle w orking c apital, b ut o ur p ublishing h ouse is o wned b y o ver t wo t housand
s ocialists w ho c an n ot b e b ought off.
Vve s hall p ublish t he b ook, so far a s t he a uthor h as c ompleted
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#190

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T he d onations received up to the time o f g oing to press with this
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I NTERNATIONAL S OCIALIST R EVIEW

rPOCKET LIBRARY of SOCIALISM'
1. W om'ln a nd t he S ocial P roblem, ]o!a.y Wood S im ons.
2. T he E vvlution o f t he Clnss S trugl!le . W## H . Noyes.
~~~~;i~~~~~ ~~r:.i~f~~il~~~~##t B latchford.
5 R ealism i n L iterature a nd A rt, C larence S. D arrow.
G: S ingle TMc: v s. S ocialism, A .M. S imons.
1 . W age L abor a nd C apital. K arl ! Tan:. .
8. T he M an U nder t he M achine, A. M. S unons.
.
9. T he M issi o n o f t he W orki n g Class. C harles 11 . V all,
1 0 . .Mora ls n nd S ocialism, C harles H. K err.
1 1. S ocialist S ongs, C ompiled b y C harles H . K err .

::

..

1

H: ~:}1~~~::c~~~~~~~t~~~:~ ~~J~~~:~~~:~~~~~~n

1 5.
1 6.
17.
1 8.
1 9.
20.
2 1.
22.
2JL
2##L
2 5.
26.
27.
28
29.
30 .

B rown.

H ow L A cquired My :Millions. W. A. C orey.
A C hri stian V iew o f S ocialism, G. H . S Lrobell.
Y ou H ailroad M en, E ugene V. D ehs,
P arable o f t he W ater T ank, E dwl\l'd Be llam y.
T h e R eal R eli~do n o f T orlay, W ill . T hurston B rown.
W1ly 1 Am a S ocialist, G eorge D. H ~r ron.
T he T rust Qu es tio n, C harles H . ~a1l.
S cience a nd S oc i alism, R obert R1ves L a 1 \lonte.
T he A xe a t t he R oot, W illi am T hurston B row D .
W haL t he S ocialists W onld Do. A. M. S i mons.
T he F o lly o f B eing " Good," C harl.cs.H. K err.
J nt em 1
>erancc a nd P overty , T . .T wlnLI.lg.
T he R elati on o f R eli gion t o S oc1al E th1cs, B rown.
Socm1 1sm a nd t he H ome, M ay W alden
T ru s ts a nd J mpenal1sm , G aylord W lish110
A S ketcll o f S ocMl l!:v oluti on , H W B oyd l \tackay .

31. Socia.1ism v s. A narchy. A. M . S im o ns .

~i: :}:h~ ;~c~aYi~~~~~~ ~i~~:~~~sr~~~~~~[f~rm. e tc.
84.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.

T he P1##ide o f I ntellect . F ranklin B . W entw orth.
T he P hil oso phy o f S ocial ism. A. 111. S imons.
'
A n A pp ea l t o t he Yo un g, P eter K ropotkin.
T h e K ingdom o f God a nd S ocialism, R. 1!1. W ebster.
E asy Le ssons i n S ocialism. W. H . Leffin gwel l.
S ocialism a nd O r;anized Ln hor, May Wood Si mon s .
I udu s trial U ni on ism, W illiam E. T rautmann.
A S ocialist C atechism, C bndes E. C line.

!f: ~:~~}~~:=i~~~~~!~~:, to;~~~ ##~~~:~i~1~i~##

C onfessions o f a D ro ne , J osep h M cdill P atterson .
Wo man a nd S ocialism. M ay W ald en.
T he E conomic P ou ndationsof A rt, A. M_ S imons.
.
U seful W or k v s . U seless To il , W illiam l\1orris .
A S ocialist V iew o f M r. R oc k efell e r, J ohn p argo .
M arx o n r .beapness, t ranslated b y R . R. LaM o nt e.
F rom R ev o luti on t o R evolution, G eorge D . H erron.
W her e Wo S tand, J o hn S pargo.
H istory a11d Eco nomics, J . E . S inclair.
l ndustry n nd D em oc racy, L ewis J . D uncan.
S ocialism a nd S lavery, H . :r.r. H yndman.
E conomic E volotion, P aul L afargue.
W hat t o R ead o n S oc iali sm, C harles H . K err.
S hoes, P igs a nd P roblems , E velyn G lady s.
\,~hy a W orkingman S hould b e a S ocialist, W ilshire . ...
!o'orces t hat l'tlake f or S ocialism i n A merica, S pargo .
b _ooks c otnplete in~ s tronJ.:; b ox,

P rice f ive c ents e ach. T h e s ixty
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_ . o t## s ixty b ook5 a ssorte d a s

C HARLES H . K ERR & C OMPANY

P reviously a cknowledged (page 93) . ............. $439.10
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45.
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153 E ast K inzie S treet

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191

B Y S YLVANUS P . T HOMPSON
A b ook f ull o f p ractical i nformation p rese?ted i n p roper ~tJ:le,
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T HE F OLLOWING S UBJECTS A RE F ULLY T REATED:

F~ictional

Electricity, M agnetisrn, Current Electricity, Elect:-o -statics,
Electro-magnets, Measurements o f c~wrents, Electro-opttcs,
Indttction Currents, Electro-chemistr'j', Telegraphs
and Telephones, etc.
Size, 5x7 Yz i nches; fully i llustrated; p rinted on a good qu~li t:##>' o f
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