[{"id":186,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/186","title":"Socialism in State Politics","slug":"danbury-politics","order":2,"exhibit":{"id":12,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/12"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":320,"page_id":186,"layout":"text","options":null,"text":"
This section shows the endeavors and successes of socialists in Connecticut politics in the last century. Many officials ran for and were elected for positions on socialist platforms at a time when socialists were portrayed as violent sewers of discord and threatening to the American way of life. None the less men like Jasper McLevy, a first generation Scottish American and roofer, became the socialist mayor of Bridgeport from 1933 to 1957, and lost the race for governor in 1938. Frederic Cole Smedley was a an anti-war advocate who ran for comptroller of Waterbury in 1939 and later for the US Senate, unanimously nominated by his party, on a socialist platform. <\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":185,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/185","title":"John Mihelic","slug":"johnmihelic","order":1,"exhibit":{"id":12,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/12"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":319,"page_id":185,"layout":"text","options":null,"text":"
John Mihelic, an active member of the Socialist Party of America and a Communist Party member, compiled a sizable collection of socialist literature. Mihelic's collection includes work from Daniel De Leon, the man credited with bringing socialist democratic concepts to mainstream America. Mihelic defined himself as a poet for the labor cause, condemning the perceived evils of capitalism. His poems exemplify the socialist notion that a better way of life can be realized through union organization. Mihelic actively raised money for the International Workers of the World and their General Defense Committee in Chicago. The committee defended those IWW members incarcerated after the Centralia Massacre in 1919.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":187,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/187","title":"Socialism in the Public Eye","slug":"socialism","order":3,"exhibit":{"id":12,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/12"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":321,"page_id":187,"layout":"text","options":null,"text":"
This section aims to explore the various methods which the Socialist party employed to draw the attention of the public, chiefly through the action of \"pamphleteering\" or designing and distributing magazines and pamphlets meant to inform individuals about Socialist philsophies and practices. Within the section are issues of the Labor Herald and the International Socialist Review taken from the donated collection of John Mihelic, a prominent Socialist figure in America during the early 20th century.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":100,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/100","title":"Framed Lenin Portrait","slug":"lenin","order":3,"exhibit":{"id":12,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/12"},"parent":{"id":185,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/185"},"page_blocks":[],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":20,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/20","title":"Young John Mihelic with Books Underarm","slug":"photo1","order":1,"exhibit":{"id":12,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/12"},"parent":{"id":185,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/185"},"page_blocks":[{"id":22,"page_id":20,"layout":"gallery","options":{"showcase-position":"left","gallery-position":"right"},"text":"
John Mihelic was a prominent member of the Connecticut Socialist party and a main focus point of this exhibit. His collection of letters, documents, pamphlets, and creative writings are invaluable to fleshing out the philosophy and practices of the Socialist party in the early half of the 20th century.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":18,"caption":"
John Mihelic photographed on a street corner with books underarm wearing a newsy cap.<\/p>","item":{"id":469,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/469"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":57,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/57","title":"Poetry","slug":"poetry","order":2,"exhibit":{"id":12,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/12"},"parent":{"id":185,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/185"},"page_blocks":[{"id":55,"page_id":57,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":"
Socialists tended to be very much against war. Socialism in America was gaining prominence around the time of the First World War. War was seen as something created by the elite class in which members of the laboring class of the world would be pitted against eachother. We see these feelings in language like \"Ah, slaves, you fight your masters' battles well\".<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":87,"caption":"
\"The Red Feast\", One the many poems written by John Mihelic.<\/p>","item":{"id":500,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/500"}}]},{"id":56,"page_id":57,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":"
This poem appears to be about an employer, a \"tight-wad boss\" who is mocking his laborers. The \"Sabo-Cat\" refers to a black cat, which was an IWW symbol, and is now associated with Anarcho-Syndicalism. A \"Rubaiyat\" is a collection of \"Ruba'i\", a form of Persian poetry.<\/span><\/p>","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":88,"caption":" \"The Rubaiyat of a Harvest Stiff\", One of many poems written by John Mihelic.<\/p>","item":{"id":499,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/499"}}]},{"id":57,"page_id":57,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" The \"Prawblem Sawlvar\" appears to be critical of a some power broker who is not as much of a hard line socialist as the writer would like. \"His pink fingers are SO pretty\" is obviously a reference to how he does not do hard labor. Two more poems by John Mihelic, \"The Prawblem Sawlver\", and \"Joe Hill\".<\/p>","item":{"id":498,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/498"}}]},{"id":58,"page_id":57,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" \"The Warrior and the Beast\" makes reference to the Mexican Revolution (1910-approx 1929). The author speaks to the driving force of the rebellion and how should a revolutionary die, they live on in memory to inspire fellow revolutionaries. \"Guerrero\" is referenced as an individual as well as a movement, the word \"guerrero\" means warrior in Spanish and a \"Guerrero\" is a term with a couple of meanings to the people of Mexico. In Spanish the word \"Guerrero\" means war-like, or warrior as the author notes.<\/p>\r\n \"Hey Polly\" is a satirization of the American song Yankee Doodle, and mocks how politicians claim to stand for labor rights and tell people to elect them and not take on the issues themselves. At the end of the day, the politician is but \"a bag of wind thats's swollen up to bursting.\" The Socialists and Communists in the early twentieth century were very active in Chicago, and the nick name \"the windy city\" is inspired by the political wind bags.<\/p>","order":4,"attachments":[{"id":90,"caption":" Two more poems in the Mihelic Collection \"The Warrier and the Beast\" and \"Hey! Polly\"<\/p>","item":{"id":456,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/456"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":22,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/22","title":"Votes State Comptroller","slug":"comptroller","order":4,"exhibit":{"id":12,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/12"},"parent":{"id":186,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/186"},"page_blocks":[{"id":24,"page_id":22,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" The Danbury State Comptroller voting record of 1912 illustrates the general public attitude toward the Socialist party during the early half of the 20th century. This photograph portrays the cover-letter of the records.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":20,"caption":" Danbury State Comptroller voting record, 1912<\/p>","item":{"id":400,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/400"}}]},{"id":25,"page_id":22,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" This photograph shows the specific number of votes that each candidiate received during the election to determine the position of State Compltroller in the year of 1912. Charles T. Peach placed fourth out of the candidates with 251 votes, which was still a significant amount for a socialist candidate.<\/p>","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":21,"caption":" Voting record numbers for State Comptroller<\/p>\r\n <\/p>","item":{"id":483,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/483"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":88,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/88","title":"Jasper McLevy","slug":"jaspermclevy","order":1,"exhibit":{"id":12,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/12"},"parent":{"id":186,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/186"},"page_blocks":[{"id":119,"page_id":88,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":"","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":172,"caption":" Jasper Mclevy was consistently nominated by the Socialist Party for Governor of Connecticut. This newspaper ad asks citizens to consider McLevy in light of wiespread corruption in the Republican and Democrat Parties. The ad accuses the two dominant parties of being \"political twins acting for private plunder.\"<\/p>\r\n A Time Magazine article from 1947 illustrates McLevy's presence in the state politcal sphere:<\/p>\r\n \"Until last week the U.S. had only two Socialist mayors. One of them, crusty old Jasper McLevy of Bridgeport, Conn., has been in office 14 years, looks a lead-pipe cinch for re-election to his eighth term in November. Last week, in nearby Norwalk, Irving C. Freese, 44, a McLevy protégé, became the nation's third Socialist mayor.<\/p>\r\n Citizens of Norwalk, who had long eyed the sound, honest McLevy administration, gave Socialist Freese a thumping total of 8,561 votes, the greatest plurality in the city's history. In the landslide, Socialist candidates bagged virtually every other office in the municipal government.\"<\/p>\r\n -From \"The Third Socialist,\" Time<\/em>, October 20, 1947. http:\/\/www.time.com\/magazine\/airticle\/0.9171.804304.00.html<\/p>","item":{"id":488,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/488"}}]},{"id":120,"page_id":88,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":"","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":173,"caption":"","item":{"id":493,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/493"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":65,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/65","title":"Jasper McLevy in Political Comics","slug":"mclevycomic","order":2,"exhibit":{"id":12,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/12"},"parent":{"id":186,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/186"},"page_blocks":[{"id":71,"page_id":65,"layout":"gallery","options":null,"text":null,"order":1,"attachments":[{"id":103,"caption":" Jasper McLevy, depicted as the cat responsible for cleaning out the \"rats\" in state political. The rats lament, \"The fun will be over when Jasper gets here.\"<\/p>","item":{"id":497,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/497"}},{"id":104,"caption":" McLevy wielding a stick branded \"good government\" driving the glutonous \"pigs\" from \"the public crib.\" Connecting McLevy's housecleaning in Bridgeport to the state-wide need for political reform, the caption reads \"What Jasper did for Bridgeport he will do for Connecticut.\"<\/p>","item":{"id":496,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/496"}},{"id":105,"caption":" The lid pops off of Waterbury, symbolizing the general political unrest and push toward change. The cartoon hints that Jasper McLevy is coming, and that he'll do the same for Waterbury that he did for Bridgeport.<\/p>","item":{"id":495,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/495"}},{"id":106,"caption":" This cartoon portrays the Republican and Democrat parties as \"raiders\" perfroming the \"same old song\" and warns the reader to not let them continue on. It advocates Jasper McLevy state-wide.<\/p>","item":{"id":494,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/494"}},{"id":107,"caption":" This cartoon portrays the state of Connecticut as a hospitalized man in bad shape, with the axes, swords and cleavers of various mishaps and scandals embedded in his chest. A nurse please for McLevy to come \"right away\" and fix everything.<\/p>","item":{"id":492,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/492"}},{"id":108,"caption":" This cartoon portrays the average citizen of Connecticut as \"stuck behind an 8 ball\" in terms of tax collection. Jasper McLevy promises to fix tax issues if he is elected for governor.<\/p>","item":{"id":491,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/491"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":21,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/21","title":"Socialist Party Appointment Certificate","slug":"socialisttreasurer","order":3,"exhibit":{"id":12,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/12"},"parent":{"id":186,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/186"},"page_blocks":[{"id":23,"page_id":21,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"right","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" A certificate of appointment documenting Charles T. Peach's election as treasurer of the Socialist Party in Connecticut.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":19,"caption":" Charles T. Peach's certificate of appointment for the position of treasurer in the Connecticut socialist party. This certificate is significant in providing a glimpse into the inner workings of the early Socialist party and how bureaucratic affairs were handled.<\/p>","item":{"id":399,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/399"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":61,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/61","title":"The Labor Herald","slug":"laborherald","order":1,"exhibit":{"id":12,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/12"},"parent":{"id":187,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/187"},"page_blocks":[{"id":60,"page_id":61,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" This March 1922 edition of the Labor Herald portrays the common working man as a sailor, throwing off the chains of opporessive Capitalism in an effort to form a unionized work force, protected from the ills of the \"open shop.\"<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":92,"caption":" Cover of Labor Herald, March 1922<\/p>","item":{"id":517,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/517"}}]},{"id":61,"page_id":61,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" This May 1924 edition of the Labor Herald depicts a man reaping the crops from his farm, significant in the capacity of the concept of labor within the Socialist party, as well as the celebrated \"May Day.\"<\/p>","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":93,"caption":" Cover of Labor Herald, May 1924<\/p>","item":{"id":514,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/514"}}]},{"id":62,"page_id":61,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" This cover of the Labor Herald depicts an Elephant-Donkey hybrid, representing the labor party view of the perceived Republican-Democratic conspiracy.<\/p>","order":3,"attachments":[{"id":94,"caption":" Cover of Labor Herald, 1924<\/p>","item":{"id":511,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/511"}}]},{"id":63,"page_id":61,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" This cover of the April 1922 edition of the Labor Herald depicts fast-moving locomotives speeding off of the edges of clips into the pit known as the \"open shop,\" a term used for factories and other workplaces that refuse to support organized labor unions, an issue critical to Socialist party ideals.<\/p>","order":4,"attachments":[{"id":95,"caption":" Cover of The Labor Herald, April 1922<\/p>","item":{"id":501,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/501"}}]},{"id":64,"page_id":61,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" This cartoon from the April 1924 edition of the Labor Herald depicts the public criticisms of Socialism in the form of a hen yelling at her children to run away from the approaching Communist, who is depicted as a black chicken.<\/p>","order":5,"attachments":[{"id":96,"caption":" Chicken Cartoon from Labor Herald, April 1924<\/p>","item":{"id":512,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/512"}}]},{"id":65,"page_id":61,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" This cartoon from the May 1924 edition of the Labor Herald depicts \"opportunity\" as an angel knocking on a sleeping citizen's door, urging him to gather himself, wake up and form an organized labor party to protect his interests and the interests of other workers.<\/p>","order":6,"attachments":[{"id":97,"caption":" Opportunity Cartoon from the Labor Herald, May 1924<\/p>","item":{"id":515,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/515"}}]},{"id":66,"page_id":61,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" This cartoon from the Labor Herald depicts the \"open shop,\" or organization which refuses to recognize unions, as a giant whale slowly eating all of the union \"Jonahs\" until there is no more chance of a union left.<\/p>","order":7,"attachments":[{"id":98,"caption":" Whale Cartoon from the Labor Herald<\/p>","item":{"id":482,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/482"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":62,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/62","title":"Socialist Party Manifesto in Neighboring New York State","slug":"nysocialistmanifesto","order":3,"exhibit":{"id":12,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/12"},"parent":{"id":187,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/187"},"page_blocks":[{"id":67,"page_id":62,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" This is a photograph of a pivotal literature piece of the Socialist party, the \"Manifesto of the Left Wing Section Socialist Party\" pamphlet. Its contents detail the general beliefs, philosophies and goals of the Socialist party and is meant for current party members as well as those new to the Socialist movement.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":99,"caption":" Cover of \"Socialist Party\" Manifesto<\/p>","item":{"id":516,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/516"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":23,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/23","title":"The International Socialist Review","slug":"socialism","order":2,"exhibit":{"id":12,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/12"},"parent":{"id":187,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/187"},"page_blocks":[{"id":26,"page_id":23,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" The artwork on the cover portrays a farmer with a logging tool working in his field, gazing out over the horizon. The artistry gives the viewer a sense of the solidarity and pride that Socialist party individuals had for their labor.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":22,"caption":" Cover of the International Socialist Review from the month of February, 1917<\/p>","item":{"id":401,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/401"}}]},{"id":27,"page_id":23,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" These words, expressed in a political cartoon found within the International Socialist Review, embody the anti-war philosophy that most Socialists of the time shared. The haunting drawing of a battlefield littered with bodies is meant to stir interest and reaction from the public toward the concept of armed conflict.<\/p>","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":23,"caption":" \"Four yards of dirt gained, twelve thousand young men killed.\" <\/p>","item":{"id":487,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/487"}}]},{"id":28,"page_id":23,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" This flowchart found within the August 1909 issue of the International Socialist Review displays the various benefits of Socialism, especially when compared with Capitalism. The diagram was intended to solidify Socialist belief, but at the same time draw new people into the party.<\/p>","order":3,"attachments":[{"id":24,"caption":" Diagram from International Socialist Review August 1909<\/p>","item":{"id":508,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/508"}}]},{"id":29,"page_id":23,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" This quote from \"The Rebel at Large\" in the August 1909 edition of the International Socialist Review details the great feelings of oppression that many Socialists held toward an overbearing Capitalist system.<\/p>","order":4,"attachments":[{"id":25,"caption":" Quote from \"The Rebel at Large\"<\/p>","item":{"id":507,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/507"}}]},{"id":30,"page_id":23,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" This cartoon from the August 1909 edition of the International Socialist Review attempts to explain the differences between financial classes and how Capitalism divides society into the \"elite\" and the \"mundane.\"<\/p>","order":5,"attachments":[{"id":26,"caption":" Class system cartoon from International Socialist Review August 1909<\/p>","item":{"id":506,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/506"}}]},{"id":31,"page_id":23,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" This quote from \"The Right to Be Lazy and Other Studies\" found in the August 1909 edition of the International Socialist Review attempts to persuade the reader of the ills of a Capitalist system, justifying Socialist though at the same time.<\/p>","order":6,"attachments":[{"id":27,"caption":" Quote from \"The Right to Be Lazy and Other Studies\"<\/p>","item":{"id":509,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/509"}}]},{"id":32,"page_id":23,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" A popular emblem among those in the Socialist party, and especially among laborers who believed in organized unions versus the concept of an \"open shop\" which did not provide any benefits or protection to employees.<\/p>","order":7,"attachments":[{"id":28,"caption":" \"Workers of the World Unite\"<\/p>","item":{"id":510,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/510"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":182,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/182","title":"Industrial Survey","slug":"dis","order":0,"exhibit":{"id":17,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/17"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":316,"page_id":182,"layout":"text","options":null,"text":" A comprehensive look into the socio-economic profile of Danbury during World War I as members of the Danbury business community were attempting to diversify its industrial base from one dominated by hatting.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":183,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/183","title":"Scrapbook","slug":"scrapbook","order":1,"exhibit":{"id":17,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/17"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":317,"page_id":183,"layout":"text","options":null,"text":" Scrapbook of media mentions of the Danbury Industrial Corporation - mostly from the early years of its existence.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":14,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/14","title":"Danbury Industrial Survey of 1917-1918","slug":"1_3","order":0,"exhibit":{"id":17,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/17"},"parent":{"id":182,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/182"},"page_blocks":[{"id":18,"page_id":14,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"right","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":14,"caption":" Volume I contains the table of contents for the 3 volume set.<\/p>","item":{"id":390,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/390"}}]},{"id":19,"page_id":14,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"right","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":15,"caption":" Volume II includes pages 128 - 278<\/p>","item":{"id":392,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/392"}}]},{"id":20,"page_id":14,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"right","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":3,"attachments":[{"id":16,"caption":" Volume 3 includes pages 180-496<\/p>","item":{"id":393,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/393"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":19,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/19","title":"Scrapbook","slug":"scrapbook","order":0,"exhibit":{"id":17,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/17"},"parent":{"id":183,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/183"},"page_blocks":[{"id":21,"page_id":19,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"right","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":"","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":17,"caption":" Clippings mostly made from the News-Times.<\/p>","item":{"id":394,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/394"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":221,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/221","title":"George B. Hawley","slug":"hawley","order":1,"exhibit":{"id":21,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/21"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":355,"page_id":221,"layout":"gallery","options":{"showcase-position":"left","gallery-position":"left","gallery-file-size":"square_thumbnail","captions-position":"center"},"text":" Who was Private Hawley?<\/strong><\/p>\r\n George Bennett Hawley was born on April 27, 1895, in the \"Great Plain\" area of Danbury. He was the only son of George and Anne Hawley. Hawley grew up in Danbury and worked for several years as a clerk at Barnum's Pharmacy at 297 Main Street. Around 1916 Hawley moved to Ansonia, first to work in a pharmacy and then as a time keeper for the Coe Brass Company. After the U.S. declared war in early 1917, Hawley was drafted into the army in February 18, 1918. The first part of his training took place at Camp Devens near Ayers, Massachusetts and after about 6 weeks he was transferred to Camp Upton in Long Island, NY where Hawley was attached to Company B of the 307th Infantry. By the end of May, he was at the front in France. Hawley served in the signal corps of his unit which was one of the first U.S. units (known as the American Expeditionary Force) to see fighting. He served with his unit through October of 1918 when he contracted spinal meningitis (a prevalent disease at the time) in the midst of the Meuse-Argonne offensive. Hawley died in a military hospital in France on October 7, 1918, at the age of twenty-three.<\/p>\r\n Hawley's remains were returned to Danbury after the War and his grave stands in the Wooster Cemetery.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":432,"caption":null,"item":{"id":2685,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2685"},"file":{"id":4753,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4753"}}]},{"id":353,"page_id":221,"layout":"gallery","options":{"showcase-position":"none","gallery-position":"left","gallery-file-size":"square_thumbnail","captions-position":"center"},"text":" WestConn's collections include Hawley's letters and some of his person items that were donated by his family. These materials illustrate the local human cost of the War.<\/p>","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":424,"caption":" Camp Upton<\/p>","item":{"id":2682,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2682"},"file":{"id":4747,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4747"}},{"id":657,"caption":" The Beauty Shop<\/p>","item":{"id":2693,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2693"},"file":{"id":4767,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4767"}},{"id":658,"caption":" 1 August 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2546,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2546"},"file":{"id":4600,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4600"}},{"id":659,"caption":" 11 August 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2547,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2547"},"file":{"id":4602,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4602"}},{"id":660,"caption":" 30 September 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2548,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2548"},"file":{"id":4604,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4604"}},{"id":661,"caption":" Death Notice<\/p>","item":{"id":2549,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2549"},"file":{"id":4651,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4651"}},{"id":662,"caption":" Mesves<\/p>","item":{"id":2593,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2593"},"file":{"id":4716,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4716"}},{"id":663,"caption":" 307th<\/p>","item":{"id":1429,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/1429"},"file":{"id":2215,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/2215"}},{"id":664,"caption":" French Grave<\/p>","item":{"id":2689,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2689"},"file":{"id":4759,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4759"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":220,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/220","title":"Places where Hawley's military service took him","slug":"map","order":2,"exhibit":{"id":21,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/21"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":358,"page_id":220,"layout":"geolocation-map","options":null,"text":null,"order":1,"attachments":[{"id":566,"caption":null,"item":{"id":2704,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2704"},"file":{"id":4788,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4788"}},{"id":567,"caption":null,"item":{"id":2697,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2697"},"file":{"id":4774,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4774"}},{"id":568,"caption":null,"item":{"id":2692,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2692"},"file":{"id":4765,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4765"}},{"id":569,"caption":null,"item":{"id":1429,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/1429"},"file":{"id":2215,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/2215"}},{"id":570,"caption":null,"item":{"id":2707,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2707"},"file":{"id":4817,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4817"}}]},{"id":357,"page_id":220,"layout":"text","options":null,"text":" Locations associated with Hawley's training prior to being sent to France.<\/p>","order":2,"attachments":[]},{"id":352,"page_id":220,"layout":"geolocation-map","options":null,"text":null,"order":3,"attachments":[{"id":571,"caption":" 5 May 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2537,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2537"},"file":{"id":4592,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4592"}},{"id":572,"caption":" 23 May 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2538,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2538"},"file":{"id":4593,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4593"}},{"id":573,"caption":" 30 May 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2539,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2539"},"file":{"id":4583,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4583"}},{"id":574,"caption":" 1 June 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2543,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2543"},"file":{"id":4596,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4596"}},{"id":575,"caption":" 19 June 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2544,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2544"},"file":{"id":4599,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4599"}},{"id":576,"caption":" 20 June 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2545,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2545"},"file":{"id":4580,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4580"}},{"id":577,"caption":" 23 June 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2550,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2550"},"file":{"id":4571,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4571"}},{"id":578,"caption":" 4 July 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2552,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2552"},"file":{"id":4607,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4607"}},{"id":579,"caption":" 6 July 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2553,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2553"},"file":{"id":4609,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4609"}},{"id":580,"caption":" 10 July 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2554,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2554"},"file":{"id":4582,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4582"}},{"id":581,"caption":" 16 July 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2555,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2555"},"file":{"id":4568,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4568"}},{"id":582,"caption":" 23 July 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2556,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2556"},"file":{"id":4576,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4576"}},{"id":583,"caption":" 24 July 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2557,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2557"},"file":{"id":4611,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4611"}},{"id":584,"caption":" 18 August 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2559,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2559"},"file":{"id":4572,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4572"}},{"id":585,"caption":" 19 August 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2560,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2560"},"file":{"id":4615,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4615"}},{"id":586,"caption":" 19 September 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2561,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2561"},"file":{"id":4574,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4574"}},{"id":587,"caption":" 30 September 1918<\/p>","item":{"id":2548,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2548"},"file":{"id":4604,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4604"}},{"id":588,"caption":" Spring of 1919, informing Hawley's father where his son was buried.<\/p>","item":{"id":2593,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2593"},"file":{"id":4716,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4716"}}]},{"id":356,"page_id":220,"layout":"text","options":null,"text":" Hawley's movements in France up to his death at the American hospital in Mesves-Sur-Loire, France.<\/p>","order":4,"attachments":[]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":223,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/223","title":"Propaganda","slug":"propaganda","order":0,"exhibit":{"id":21,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/21"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":365,"page_id":223,"layout":"gallery","options":{"showcase-position":"none","gallery-position":"left","gallery-file-size":"square_thumbnail","captions-position":"center"},"text":" This battle for the hearts and minds used the printed word, cartoons, illustrations and photographs as the tools to attempt sway public opinion toward militarily and materially supporting the Allies. Roughly 5% of the U.S. population had been born in one of the Central Power countries** and a significant percent more had ties to those countries. It would take until 1917 for the United States commit troops to the trenches in Europe. <\/p>\r\n These are some examples of printed matter that arose out of attempts to sway public opinion from the collections in the WCSU Archives.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":651,"caption":null,"item":{"id":578,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/578"},"file":{"id":718,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/718"}}]},{"id":364,"page_id":223,"layout":"gallery","options":{"showcase-position":"none","gallery-position":"right","gallery-file-size":"square_thumbnail","captions-position":"center"},"text":" Period Literature and Monographs<\/strong><\/p>\r\n Before and during American involvement in the First World War, book publishers provided the American market with personal narratives from the front. Some were propagandistic and aimed at influencing public opinion in favor of the war. Even after the war, propagandistic materials were published in order to justify the loss of life in the trenches of Europe.<\/p>\r\n Displayed are examples of this period literature in the Special Collections at WestConn.<\/p>","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":649,"caption":" Politicians and the War<\/p>","item":{"id":1904,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/1904"},"file":{"id":3108,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/3108"}},{"id":648,"caption":" With Three Armies<\/p>","item":{"id":1746,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/1746"},"file":{"id":3039,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/3039"}},{"id":647,"caption":" Private Peat<\/p>","item":{"id":1745,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/1745"},"file":{"id":3042,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/3042"}},{"id":643,"caption":" My Four Weeks in France<\/p>","item":{"id":1744,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/1744"},"file":{"id":3046,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/3046"}},{"id":652,"caption":" The Big Fight<\/p>","item":{"id":1743,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/1743"},"file":{"id":3048,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/3048"}},{"id":653,"caption":" Under the German Heel<\/p>","item":{"id":1741,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/1741"},"file":{"id":3055,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/3055"}},{"id":654,"caption":" From \"Poilu\" to \"Yank\"<\/p>","item":{"id":1739,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/1739"},"file":{"id":3061,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/3061"}},{"id":655,"caption":" The war and America<\/p>","item":{"id":1736,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/1736"},"file":{"id":3069,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/3069"}}]},{"id":363,"page_id":223,"layout":"gallery","options":{"showcase-position":"none","gallery-position":"left","gallery-file-size":"square_thumbnail","captions-position":"center"},"text":" Cartoons<\/strong><\/p>\r\n Cartoons were an effective way to communicate to all strata of society. All the examples here anti-German\/Central Powers, but pro-German materials also existed (see: Villanova Universities online exhibit<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n <\/p>","order":3,"attachments":[{"id":639,"caption":" Selling Liberty Bonds to pay for the War.<\/p>","item":{"id":2970,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2970"},"file":{"id":5675,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/5675"}},{"id":638,"caption":" Fragments from France - a precursor to World War II's Sad Sack. A light-hearted look at the life of a British soldier, Ol' Bill, in the trenches.<\/p>","item":{"id":2541,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2541"},"file":{"id":4490,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4490"}},{"id":637,"caption":" Germany's peace offering.<\/p>","item":{"id":2971,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2971"},"file":{"id":5676,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/5676"}},{"id":636,"caption":" Propaganda for propaganda.<\/p>","item":{"id":438,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/438"},"file":{"id":5679,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/5679"}}]},{"id":362,"page_id":223,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"right","file-size":"fullsize","captions-position":"center"},"text":" Governmental and Private Support for the War<\/strong><\/p>\r\n Before official U.S. support of the Allies private groups and individuals volunteered for relief efforts, food distribution, medical assistance and military service. Included in WestConn's collections are pamphlets publicizing fundraising for some of these efforts.<\/p>","order":4,"attachments":[{"id":646,"caption":" CPI Publication<\/p>","item":{"id":2972,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2972"},"file":{"id":5680,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/5680"}},{"id":656,"caption":" Benefit for French wounded in Washington<\/p>","item":{"id":2973,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2973"},"file":{"id":5681,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/5681"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":204,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/204","title":"Chapter: Career","slug":"post-world-war-ii","order":2,"exhibit":{"id":18,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/18"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":336,"page_id":204,"layout":"text","options":null,"text":" What did Truman Warner do after World War II was over? Did he come back to the United States completely unchanged by his experiences? The answer is no. Warner's already partially developed love for other cultures only grew with his time abroad. He brought back with him a pure love for anthropology and an excitement to begin his career, which he started at the Danbury State Teachers College. He had a genuine love for his community and stayed with the College throughout its development. Today, at Western Connecticut State University, Warner Hall is dedicated to Truman Warner, for his dedication and love for the school and his district. <\/em><\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":196,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/196","title":"Where The Story Begins","slug":"pre-world-war-ii","order":0,"exhibit":{"id":18,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/18"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":329,"page_id":196,"layout":"text","options":null,"text":" Where did this all begin, where did the story commence? In the city of Danbury, Connecticut, a healthy baby born was born. His name would be Truman Warner, and he would seemingly be like every other child his age. The only difference is that he showed an early love of learning, of wanting to attend school and be apart of his community. His love for learning would only begin here, and his life experiences would take it much farther, yet this is where the story of Truman Augustine Warner begins to unfold.<\/em><\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":209,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/209","title":"The Finale","slug":"the-finale","order":3,"exhibit":{"id":18,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/18"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":340,"page_id":209,"layout":"text","options":null,"text":" And this is the finale, the part of the story that every man and woman must eventually come to. While it is the end of Truman Warner’s physical life, we see that he carries on. Truman Warner still lives today in the hearts of the students that knew him, in the hearts of the colleges and friends he made over his long life. Even today, the Western Connecticut State University Archive’s hold much of his personal information, his files and things that he left behind. Warner, for whom a building was named after, is still able to survive within the spirit of the University and community he deeply cared for.<\/em><\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":200,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/200","title":"Chapter: World War II","slug":"world-war-ii","order":1,"exhibit":{"id":18,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/18"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":333,"page_id":200,"layout":"text","options":null,"text":" World War II was a harsh time in American History, especially for those who were drafted into the fight overseas. From 1942 until 1946, Truman Warner was drafted into serving the United States Army as a medic. He spent his time overseas caring for fellow soldiers and fighting for his country. He was stationed mainly in Northern Africa, Italy and France until his discharge. This section details the part of Warner’s life that really made on impact on his personality. These experiences he was able to be a part of, in countries he had never travelled before, helped shape his young mind. This life-alternating event helped to broaden his amateur love for anthropology and other cultures, a trait that he would continue to carry throughout the rest of his life.<\/em><\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":97,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/97","title":"Air Raid","slug":"air-raid","order":2,"exhibit":{"id":18,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/18"},"parent":{"id":196,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/196"},"page_blocks":[{"id":144,"page_id":97,"layout":"text","options":null,"text":" If there is one thing that is known about Truman Warner, it is that he loved his community. He showed this in many ways, including a time around age 22, when Warner signed up to be a part of the Civilian Defense Force. This was from the Connecticut Defense Council, and it certified Warner to be an Air Raid Warden for the town of Danbury, Connecticut. While the collection items from his time in the Defense Force are small, it is another example of how early on in his life he started to truly care about those around him.<\/em><\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[]},{"id":143,"page_id":97,"layout":"gallery","options":null,"text":null,"order":2,"attachments":[{"id":216,"caption":" This is Warner's certificate for being a part of the Connecticut Defense Council, where he enrolled as an Air Raid Warden. This was ca.1941-1942, a time right before he would be drafted into the War.<\/p>","item":{"id":531,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/531"}},{"id":217,"caption":" This badge is from Warner's time as a part of the Connecticut Defense Council, ca.1941-1942. It was visible proof that he was an Air Raid Warden for the town of Danbury, Connecticut.<\/p>","item":{"id":540,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/540"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":73,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/73","title":"Boy Scouts","slug":"boy-scouts","order":1,"exhibit":{"id":18,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/18"},"parent":{"id":196,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/196"},"page_blocks":[{"id":85,"page_id":73,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"right","file-size":"fullsize"},"text":" Truman Warner started his love for the community at a very early age. This can be shown from his status as a local boy scout, which he did when he was fourteen years old on March 31, 1934. Joining this group can be looked at as one of the first activities Warner signed up for that put him into the community; the community being a place he would become very comfortable with over the course of his life.<\/em><\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":126,"caption":" Registration certificate awarded to Truman Warner on March 31st, 1934, at 14 years of age. It is signed by current Boy Scouts of America presidents, commissioners, and executives. Other sides of the brochure contain the motto's \"Loyalty, Service, Patriotism\", \"Be Prepared\", and \"Do a Good Turn Daily\".<\/p>\r\n<\/div>","item":{"id":463,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/463"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":67,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/67","title":"Young Childhood","slug":"young-childhood","order":0,"exhibit":{"id":18,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/18"},"parent":{"id":196,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/196"},"page_blocks":[{"id":73,"page_id":67,"layout":"gallery","options":{"showcase-position":"left","gallery-position":"right"},"text":" Truman Warner was born on January 2, 1920 to Truman Warner Sr. and Eve Bratton, healthy baby boy of 7 and a half pounds. He was an interesting child; before he was old enough to attend he stole a book and made a mad dash to the local school, trying to join the older kids in their education. His young reasoning was that if he had a book, the teachers had to let him into school.<\/em><\/p>\r\n First attending Lincoln Ave School, Warner continued to New Street School, Main Street School, Danbury High School, and eventually Danbury State Teacher’s College. Throughout his life, Warner will repeatedly show his love for education and learning, which will eventually turn into his love for history and anthropology, which will grow during his times overseas and as a professor at Western Connecticut State University.<\/em><\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":110,"caption":" Truman Warner, in the year 1941, had just graduated from Danbury State Teacher’s College. He was continuing his educational career by working at a local school in Danbury. With the wartime madness that was going on around him, he showed his appreciation and love for the community by signing up for the Civilian Defense Council as an Air Raid Warden. This was his move to help his community, but he had no intentions of joining the fight against the Axis powers overseas. Unfortunately, it would not be that way for him. Warner was drafted into the United States Army as a medic around autumn of 1942. It was the beginning of his military career overseas.<\/em><\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":109,"caption":" On January 31, 1946, Truman Warner was discharged from the United States Armed Services. His tour over the course of four years had finally ended and the war was over. Yet, he did not just leave everything he learned while in the armed forces in Europe. Warner brought back home with him the love of other cultures, an intellectual mind that had the opportunity to learn even more about how people lived outside of a culture like that of the United States. He brought back his interest in teaching and exploring, to be able to give the knowledge he had learned to others.<\/em><\/p>\r\n Warner’s discharge from the army was only the closing of one chapter in his life, where the book would continue onto new ideas and interests.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/div>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":174,"caption":" The allotment discontinuance and notice of discharge was given to Truman Warner at the end World War 2, effective January 31, 1946. The reason for separation is listed as “released”.<\/p>","item":{"id":530,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/530"}}]},{"id":122,"page_id":90,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":175,"caption":" This letter to Truman Warner is signed by Harry S. Truman, the President of the United States at the time of World War II. The letter represents President Truman’s acknowledgement of Warner’s participation and service to the United States Army. He received it after he was safely discharged from the military, after the war had ended.<\/p>","item":{"id":541,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/541"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":92,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/92","title":"Pictures","slug":"pictures","order":2,"exhibit":{"id":18,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/18"},"parent":{"id":200,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/200"},"page_blocks":[{"id":123,"page_id":92,"layout":"gallery","options":{"showcase-position":"left","gallery-position":"right"},"text":" Truman Warner was drafted to be a medical officer in the United States Military. While overseas, he was entrusted to be able to help cure his fellow wounded soldiers, to not shoot guns but heal the bullet wounds. Yet while he was in this service, Warner was able to capture pictures of the journey he was thrown into.<\/em><\/p>\r\n Warner seized images of his process throughout the war, starting at the training camps he was sent to. It is followed by his adventures into Northern Africa, and then continued to Sicily, Italy, and France. Throughout visiting these countries, Warner was able to experience different cultures, the different ways of life that people experience from belonging to different regions. This helped keep his amateur anthropological interests alive, which he was able to carry back home when he left the army in 1946.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/div>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":176,"caption":" The above photograph is a snapshot taken of Warner posing in a foxhole. His helmet clearly displays the Red Cross symbol, indicating that he was a medic to his fellow troops and to the enemy.<\/p>","item":{"id":237,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/237"}},{"id":177,"caption":" Although Warner did not want to go to war originally, he did well within his means. These papers talk of Truman Warner’s promotion from Second to First Lieutenant in the United States Medical Corps. It talks of his accomplishments within his position of Second Lieutenant and how he deserved to be placed further ahead in his career as a medic. Warner would receive his promotion, as Colonial Higgins signed it on March 8, 1945. This promotion is valid proof that no matter what obstacle Warner was faced with in his life, he was able to find his own way to succeed and persevere. <\/em><\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":121,"caption":" This is a letter given to Truman Warner to promote him from Second Lieutenant to First Lieutenant in the United States Medical Corps. 1st lieutenant Herbert A Wurtzel of the Medical Administrative Corps recommends his promotion on March 7, 1945, which were 10½ months into his service. His manner of performance is rated as \"excellent” and all requirements are met. It is signed and approved by Colonel Austin D. Higgins on March 8, 1945.<\/p>","item":{"id":534,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/534"}},{"id":122,"caption":" This is the second page of his promotion to 1st Lieutenant. <\/p>","item":{"id":536,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/536"}},{"id":123,"caption":" This is the last page of Truman's promotion letter to 1st Lieutenant.<\/p>","item":{"id":538,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/538"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":93,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/93","title":"Anthropology","slug":"anthropology","order":0,"exhibit":{"id":18,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/18"},"parent":{"id":204,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/204"},"page_blocks":[{"id":124,"page_id":93,"layout":"gallery","options":{"showcase-position":"left","gallery-position":"right"},"text":" Warner, as stated many times before, had continued his love of anthropology long after he returned from the war. These photos represent some of the items that Warner had collected during his time as an anthropologist. There are pieces collected from all over the world; from Canada to South America, Africa to Japan. They display the differences in culture; the earth-toned carved wooden pieces from South America are very much different to the Shiwa Jyou mask created in Japan.<\/em><\/p>\r\n Today, most of these pieces are still at Western Connecticut State University. They are either in the archives or displayed within Warner Hall, the building named after the anthropology professor who held such dedication to his subject and the school.<\/em><\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":185,"caption":" This is a totem figue with bird painted on head dress; wearing a skirt and necklace, found in Arizona\/ New Mexico.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>","item":{"id":649,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/649"}},{"id":186,"caption":" This is a wooden mask with sheep's hair, painted black and red. Warner got this from the Haida People of Canada\/ Canadian Islands.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","item":{"id":650,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/650"}},{"id":187,"caption":" This is a Native American flute, decorated with gold paint, leather tassels and at the top is a lizard figure perched on top of a rock.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","item":{"id":651,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/651"}},{"id":188,"caption":" This male wooden figure comes from South America. It is heavy yet hollowed out, with tribal markings found on its arm and legs. There are two holes, one in the back of the neck and on the belly button.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","item":{"id":652,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/652"}},{"id":189,"caption":" This is a small woven basket with needle from South America.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","item":{"id":653,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/653"}},{"id":190,"caption":" This is actually a heavy wooden turtle, which has a face carved into its back. The piece is painted black with earth-tone markings and it is from South America.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","item":{"id":655,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/655"}},{"id":191,"caption":" This is a Shiwa Jyou mask from Japan. It is a male with grey hair, eyebrows, moustache and beard, making it look realistic.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","item":{"id":656,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/656"}},{"id":192,"caption":" This mask was taken from Indonesia and it is a Indochina dragon. The mask has tusks, fangs and bug eyes. The tongue is actually a cloth flap painted with gold-cut out designs and mirrors attached.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","item":{"id":657,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/657"}},{"id":193,"caption":" This piece is possibly a goat or sheep mask, found from Africa. It has notched wood spiraling horns and notched wood around the eyes, with the tongue hanging out of an open mouth.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","item":{"id":658,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/658"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":96,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/96","title":"Truman's Retirement Speech","slug":"truman-s-retirement-speech","order":2,"exhibit":{"id":18,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/18"},"parent":{"id":204,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/204"},"page_blocks":[{"id":127,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":" These are Truman Warner’s index cards for his retirement speech given in 1995. In it he reflects on his time spent teaching at WCSU, the changes it has gone through, and the faculty andstudents he spent his time with. He speaks of thecampus buildings and the people they are named after; White Hall, Hass Library, and Higgins Hall, as a parallel for the characteristics of the university.<\/em><\/p>\r\n While his time at WCSU had come to an end, Warner will forever be remembered not just by the collection he left behind, but by his students and colleagues. Those of future generations will continue to be educated in Warner Hall, learning about history and anthropology. Truman Warner’s ability to teach and educate the minds of the students that attend Western will be carried on by new faculty, and his name will forever be in the heart of the spirit of Western Connecticut State University.<\/em><\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":200,"caption":"","item":{"id":667,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/667"}}]},{"id":128,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":201,"caption":"","item":{"id":668,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/668"}}]},{"id":129,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":3,"attachments":[{"id":202,"caption":"","item":{"id":669,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/669"}}]},{"id":130,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":4,"attachments":[{"id":203,"caption":"","item":{"id":670,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/670"}}]},{"id":131,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":5,"attachments":[{"id":204,"caption":"","item":{"id":673,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/673"}}]},{"id":132,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":6,"attachments":[{"id":205,"caption":"","item":{"id":671,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/671"}}]},{"id":133,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":7,"attachments":[{"id":206,"caption":"","item":{"id":674,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/674"}}]},{"id":134,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":8,"attachments":[{"id":207,"caption":"","item":{"id":675,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/675"}}]},{"id":135,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":9,"attachments":[{"id":208,"caption":"","item":{"id":676,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/676"}}]},{"id":136,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":10,"attachments":[{"id":209,"caption":"","item":{"id":677,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/677"}}]},{"id":137,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":11,"attachments":[{"id":210,"caption":"","item":{"id":678,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/678"}}]},{"id":138,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":12,"attachments":[{"id":211,"caption":"","item":{"id":679,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/679"}}]},{"id":139,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":13,"attachments":[{"id":212,"caption":"","item":{"id":680,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/680"}}]},{"id":140,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":14,"attachments":[{"id":213,"caption":"","item":{"id":681,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/681"}}]},{"id":141,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":15,"attachments":[{"id":214,"caption":"","item":{"id":682,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/682"}}]},{"id":142,"page_id":96,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail"},"text":"","order":16,"attachments":[{"id":215,"caption":"","item":{"id":683,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/683"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":94,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/94","title":"WCSU","slug":"wcsu","order":1,"exhibit":{"id":18,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/18"},"parent":{"id":204,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/204"},"page_blocks":[{"id":126,"page_id":94,"layout":"text","options":null,"text":" Truman Warner’s life and career at Western Connecticut State University had a very large impact on the students and faculty alike. His time spent here began with his enrollment in the Danbury State Teachers College, which would later become the university that we know today. During his tenure Truman Warner spent his time researching history and culture of both the outside world and the state and town we live in. His accomplishments and hard work were often recognized by a community that respected him so much. This part of the exhibit attempts to portray a small portion of the recognition and accomplishments Truman Warner had during his life here at our school. <\/em> <\/span><\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[]},{"id":125,"page_id":94,"layout":"gallery","options":null,"text":null,"order":2,"attachments":[{"id":194,"caption":" Warner's Danbury State Teachers College acceptence letter<\/p>","item":{"id":663,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/663"}},{"id":195,"caption":" Warner's graduation brochure<\/p>","item":{"id":665,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/665"}},{"id":196,"caption":" Reverse side of warner's graduation brochure<\/p>","item":{"id":666,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/666"}},{"id":197,"caption":" Information Truman wrote out to a peer that showcases his career<\/p>","item":{"id":660,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/660"}},{"id":198,"caption":" Award given to Truman Warner<\/p>","item":{"id":662,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/662"}},{"id":199,"caption":" Warner Hall<\/p>","item":{"id":696,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/696"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":98,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/98","title":"Obituary","slug":"death","order":0,"exhibit":{"id":18,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/18"},"parent":{"id":209,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/209"},"page_blocks":[{"id":145,"page_id":98,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left"},"text":" Truman Warner passed away on May 7th<\/sup>, 1997. Starting in 1947, Warner spent fifty years of his life teaching; forty of which were spent at the University as an Anthropology professor where he eventually retired in 1995. As an elderly man, he could look upon his life and be proud of his accomplishments. He served in a horrendous war, was able to see other countries and their cultures, and he was able to make his own opinion about the things he saw. The best part about all of this is that he was then able to go and teach students all that he saw and learned.<\/p>\r\n When Warner died, the Truman A. Warner Scholarship Fund was established. This fund is for history, social sciences, or American studies majors who are juniors in standing at Western Connecticut State University. To win it, the student must demonstrate significant achievement, an extensive scope of intellectual interest, and have serviced the university and community. The amazing thing about the qualifications for the scholarship, is that it is everything Warner did within his own life.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":218,"caption":" Truman Warner's Obituary, posted in the New York Times on May 7, 1997.<\/p>","item":{"id":695,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/695"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":99,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/99","title":"The Archives","slug":"the-archives","order":1,"exhibit":{"id":18,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/18"},"parent":{"id":209,"resource":"exhibit_pages","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/209"},"page_blocks":[{"id":146,"page_id":99,"layout":"gallery","options":{"showcase-position":"left","gallery-position":"right"},"text":" Warner left behind many ephemera from his life time; he was very keen on saving every little thing that could possibly be important at a later time. This includes letters from his childhood, report cards, letters home from his war time experiences, his manuscripts, and even hundreds of newspaper clippings about events that have affected Danbury, Connecticut or the University. Warner filled around three to four hundred file boxes with about 65 years of information on this region of Connecticut. All-in-all, Warner was an extensive pack-rat.<\/p>\r\n However upon his death the question of what to do with all the information was raised by his colleague, Dr. James Pegolotti. Along with another history professor, Herbert Janick, Pegolotti wrote a grant application to the Meserve Fund, a private charity foundation. The two men hoped that with the grant, Warner’s collection would be able to be indexed and saved. This would give future generations a plethora of knowledge about the region during the late 20th<\/sup> century, and a detailed account of who Truman Warner was.<\/p>\r\n Pegolotti and Janick’s hopes came true. Today, the collection of documents is now available in the archives of Western Connecticut State University. They are completely indexed, catalogued, and available for viewing upon request. Although it took years for the process to be completed, the Warner Collection has already helped unviel secrets of the past; such as those mentioned in the article, \"The Silent Aftermath\", located in The News-Times on November 11, 2000.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":219,"caption":" This is an article from The News-Times from Friday, December 19, 1997. It is about Warner's collections that are held at WCSU.<\/p>","item":{"id":694,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/694"}},{"id":220,"caption":" \"History Being Indexed in Old Main\" is an article from January 25, 2000 printed in The News-Times. It details the process of indexing and sorting the articles and items from collections at Western Connecticut State University's Archives, such as Truman Warner's Collection.<\/p>","item":{"id":702,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/702"}},{"id":221,"caption":" The is the second page of \"History Being Indexed in Old Main.\" - January 25, 2000, The News-Times.<\/p>","item":{"id":704,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/704"}},{"id":222,"caption":" This article, \"Silent Aftermath\" was posted in The News-Times on November 11, 2000. Approximately 10 months after the article \"History Being Indexed in Old Main\" came out. It details how a woman going through the Truman Warner Collection found information about her father's career in World War II, something that she had never known he was a part of.<\/p>","item":{"id":705,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/705"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":226,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/226","title":"About this research","slug":"about-this-research","order":2,"exhibit":{"id":20,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/20"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":373,"page_id":226,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize","captions-position":"center"},"text":" Standing in the back row of the 1906 senior class picture for the Danbury Normal School (first graduating class of the precursor to WestConn), there is a lone young African-American woman dressed somewhat differently from the other women and posed close to John Perkins, Principle of the Normal School, and Lothrop Higgins, Perkins’ successor. The identity of the woman was not recorded and persons who could identify her have long passed away. Determining the identity of a person from a 1906 photograph can be difficult, and while the WCSU Archives has a list of women who attended in that year and some admissions information, no records exist that indicate per se that anyone in the Danbury Normal School was a person of color besides the senior class picture. It was even conceivable that this woman in the photo was not a student. However, she was included in the class portrait so it was at least likely that she was a senior and appeared too young to be faculty. The task was then to match names of students in the 1906 senior class to persons in census records who could be this student.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":685,"caption":" Regarding the first graduation of students from the Danbury Normal School.<\/p>","item":{"id":1331,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/1331"},"file":{"id":2081,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/2081"}},{"id":691,"caption":" The 1906 DNS Class<\/p>","item":{"id":2091,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2091"},"file":{"id":3435,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/3435"}}]},{"id":371,"page_id":226,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize","captions-position":"center"},"text":" Resources in the Danbury area were of tremendous value for this essay and assistance was gratefully received from Norma Vinchkoski, sexton, Wooster Cemetery; the City Clerk’s Office for the City of Danbury; Brigid Guertin and Diane Hassan at the Danbury Historical Society; and Mary Rieke (WCSU class of 1998), Assistant Archivist WCSU Archives.<\/p>\r\n The research that is contained in this article was undertaken in large part by Mary Rieke who was able to verify the identity of Katherine Butler through pluck and perseverance. A student working in the Archives, Kevin Carneglia (WCSU class of 2012), first was assigned to work on the project to determine the identity of the African-American woman in the class of 1906 portrait. Kevin did find a match between Catherine M. Butler of African-American descent in the 1900 census and Katherine Marie Butler in the senior class list; however, Ms. Rieke was able to verify that Katherine M. in the class list and the Catherine M. in the census were the same person. On a World War I draft registration, a Howard Butler (one of Katherine Butler’s brothers) whose race was indicated as “black” had listed his sister, a Katherine Butler Steadwell with the vocation of teacher, as a contact. This match provided the real foothold to proceed.<\/p>\r\n A note was sent to David Steadwell, now the only living child of Katherine Butler Steadwell, which outlined what research we had conducted and why it was being undertaken. So far, no response has been received. John “Count” Steadwell was still living in the Connecticut area when this project began, but unfortunately and unbeknownst to us, passed away during this research.<\/p>\r\n When compiling this article it became apparent that it would be important to identify the first African-American to receive a degree from this institution which meant going through each senior class portrait and looking for women of color. A student was found in the 1917 class portrait and the same course was followed that was employed in identifying Katherine Butler to identify Burchia Ellen Stewart. Stewart was more difficult. The class of 1917 was much larger than 1906 and 25 of the names had no or inconclusive matches in census records. Going back over those 25, an African-American family was found, the Stewarts, in Danbury in the early 20th<\/sup> century and they lived on Golden Hill Road. Though Burchia was not at first found in census records, there was an Alpha Stewart in census records who was listed as “black” and living as a “servant” with the Landsman family; however, in a 1920s Danbury directory, Alpha’s home address is listed as Golden Hill Road. When looking at families on that road in the 1920 census, a listing was found for a Bircha Stuart who was listed as “black” and the right age. From there, it was easy to confirm that Bircha Stuart was the Burchia Stewart in the DNS class list and that Alpha was Burchia’s older sister.<\/p>","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":682,"caption":" Typical early WestConn catalog. <\/p>","item":{"id":1293,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/1293"},"file":{"id":2018,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/2018"}}]},{"id":372,"page_id":226,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize","captions-position":"center"},"text":null,"order":3,"attachments":[{"id":684,"caption":" From the area in Wooster Cemetery where Katherine Butler's father is buried. <\/p>","item":{"id":3409,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3409"},"file":{"id":6716,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6716"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":218,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/218","title":"Two African-American families in late 19th Century Danbury","slug":"danbury-for-african-americans-","order":0,"exhibit":{"id":20,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/20"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":367,"page_id":218,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize","captions-position":"center"},"text":" In 1900, Danbury was a City with a population roughly one-quarter of its population today (~80,000). According to the Statistical Abstract of the United States<\/span> in 1890, there were roughly 20,000 persons of color in all of Connecticut which had a total population of 500,000. Nelson James Butler, Mary Pearce Butler, Lucy Whitted Stewart and Frank Stewart were among the small population of African-Americans living in Danbury<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":683,"caption":" Main Steet 1905<\/p>","item":{"id":2729,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2729"},"file":{"id":4869,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/4869"}}]},{"id":349,"page_id":218,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize","captions-position":"center"},"text":" Nelson J. Butler came to Danbury around 1870 when he was 29 years old. <\/p>\r\n He was born in Patterson, NY in 1841 and bought 6 acres land on Clapboard Ridge on the northwest outskirts of Danbury in 1877 for $200. By the 1890s, he was the father of 10 children having been been widowed and remarried, had expanded his land to 8 acres, and owned one horse and one cow. <\/p>\r\n Nelson Butler was first married in November of 1865 and again in 1870. After the death of his first wife, Nelson Butler\u2019s second marriage was to Mary [Virginia or \"Jennie\"] Pearce of Virginia who was likely born into slavery just before the Civil War, around 1850. Census and municipal sources refer to her as M. Jennie, Jennie, Virginia and her maiden name is sometimes listed as Parish; despite these discrepancies, it appears that M. Jennie Pearce, Jennie Parish and Virginia Pearce were the same person. She had come to Danbury before 1870. Her sixth child born likely in 1884 was Katherine Marie Butler.<\/p>\r\n Katherine was accepted at Danbury High School in 1899 and graduated in 1902. When she graduated, there was no college to attend in Danbury, but she would be a member of the the first group of students to attend WestConn as well as its first African-American student.<\/p>","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":392,"caption":" Clapboard Ridge in the 1880s.<\/p>","item":{"id":3408,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3408"},"file":{"id":6715,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6715"}}]},{"id":350,"page_id":218,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize","captions-position":"center"},"text":" Two other Danburians of African American descent, Lucy Whitted and Frank Stewart, came to the City likely in the late 1890s from North Carolina[i]<\/a> and were probably both born into slavery between 1850 and 1858.[ii]<\/a> Lucy Whitted had lived in Cedar Grove, NC at least until 1880 where she lived on a farm with her brother Stephen; she was listed as \"keeping house\" and illiterate.[iii]<\/a> Frank Stewart's background is less clear. Frank Stewart (also spelled Stuart) is listed in the 1898 Danbury directory as a blacksmith and was described in the 1920 census as a teamster in a coal yard at the age of 70; however, his death certificate says that he was a stone mason. By 1910, he was living at Golden Hill Road near Catherine Street in a house with Lucy and Burchia. According to census records, Frank Stewart could read but not write. His wife Lucy, according to the 1910 census, could not read nor write but by 1920 is listed as having both abilities. Their daughter Burchia who was born in 1895 in North Carolina would be the first African-American to receive a graduate certificate from WestConn.[iv]<\/a><\/p>\r\n [i]<\/a> The 1920 census lists Lucy and Frank being from Louisiana but death records and other census records show both born in North Carolina.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n [ii]<\/a> According to the 1933 Danbury Directory, Lucy died in December of 1931 at age 75 making her birth year 1856. According to the 1920 census both Lucy and Frank Stewart (sp Stuart) were 70 years old making both their birth years 1850. With a 1856 birth year Lucy would have been 39 when Burchia was born which is more likely than age 45 with a 1850 birth year.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n [iii]<\/a> 1880 Census shows a probable match with Lucy Whitted of Cedar Grove, NC.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n [iv]<\/a> The 1910 census lists her as the only child at home and that her parents had 5 children and 3 living. The oldest child was J. Alpha M. Stewart (1883-1977) who worked as a nanny and house maid in Danbury most of her life; the middle daughter was Curley (sometimes Currey) E. (Emily?) Stewart (1888-?).<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","order":3,"attachments":[{"id":667,"caption":" View of Danbury near Golden Hill from this period.<\/p>","item":{"id":3350,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3350"},"file":{"id":6630,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6630"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":219,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/219","title":"Danbury Normal School","slug":"normal","order":1,"exhibit":{"id":20,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/20"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":370,"page_id":219,"layout":"gallery","options":{"showcase-position":"none","gallery-position":"left","gallery-file-size":"square_thumbnail","captions-position":"center"},"text":" In 1903, a Connecticut educator named John Perkins sat in a popular restaurant on Main St. in Danbury with the Normal School Committee celebrating the State Senate\u2019s vote that would lead to the creation of what would become known as WestConn. Despite the fact that no facilities yet existed for a school, Perkins quickly recruited students and hired faculty and classes began in September of 1904.[i]<\/a> Among the forty or so first class of students was the 19 year-old Katherine Butler. Perkins appears to have made no issue of Butler\u2019s racial background and Butler\u2019s application is no different from other students in the class[ii]<\/a>. The new students\u2019 education began with Butler and her classmates being crowded into the attic of Danbury High School because the sole building that would house the school for a number of years, now known as \"Old Main,\" was still under construction. It would not be until September of 1905 that John Perkins would address the entire student body he had been so instrumental in bringing together under that roof. <\/p>\r\n <\/p>\r\n [i]<\/a> The Danbury Normal School was founded in 1903, but 1906 was the first class of graduates from its then 2-year program. A student who had maintained a standard of conduct befitting a teacher, attained the required standard of scholarship in every prescribed subject, exhibited a fair degree of skill in teaching and governing children, passed the state examination and secured at least an elementary certificate would be awarded a diploma. Besides John Perkins, there were 16 teachers, 8 of whom were in the lab schools in which the DNS students were required to teach and of the 43 seniors, 34 received diplomas and another 6 received certificates in 1906.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n [ii]<\/a> There is no note of Butler\u2019s race on the application card or on her transcript. Routinely, municipal and census records indicated whether a person was white, black or mulatto.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":689,"caption":" John Perkins as a younger man in Washington, CT.<\/p>","item":{"id":3240,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3240"},"file":{"id":6362,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6362"}},{"id":674,"caption":" Perkins as Principal of the Danbury Normal School<\/p>","item":{"id":524,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/524"},"file":{"id":644,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/644"}},{"id":675,"caption":" Old Main ca. 1906<\/p>","item":{"id":1343,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/1343"},"file":{"id":2106,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/2106"}}]},{"id":368,"page_id":219,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize","captions-position":"center"},"text":" In Butler's two years at the Normal School, Butler excelled in drawing and the \u201cthe art of teaching.\u201d However, her education was likely marred by the fact that beginning in early 1905, her father, Nelson, began to suffer from dementia[iii]<\/a> and finally died of \"manual thrombosis of the heart\" after being treated for 3 days in Middletown, CT. Her father was just short of 66 years old and his children were left with an 8-acre farm on Clapboard Ridge. Nelson James Butler was buried in a family plot where no markers are still standing in Danbury\u2019s Wooster Cemetery.[iv]<\/a> Katherine and her siblings transferred ownership of the farm to their mother in 1906, and Mary Jennie Butler retained the property until 1912. <\/p>\r\n [iii]<\/a> Butler\u2019s Death record states that he was under treatment for \"organic dementia\" for 18 month prior to his death.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n [iv]<\/a> Nelson is buried with his wife \"Mary\",~1850-1939; two of his children: Minnie F. Wilson (Butler), and Howard N. Butler, 1902-1969; his sister in-law Francis Parish Christian, d. 1894; and a 1 year-old infant named Austin F. Green, 1903-1904. Nelson purchased the lot for $240 in the 1890s.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":676,"caption":" Katherine Butler with her Danbury Normal School class.<\/p>","item":{"id":2091,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2091"},"file":{"id":3436,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/3436"}},{"id":686,"caption":" Butler's quote from the 1906 Danbury Normal School yearbook<\/p>","item":{"id":3407,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3407"},"file":{"id":6714,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6714"}},{"id":690,"caption":" 1906 class pin for the Danbury Normal School<\/p>","item":{"id":1541,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/1541"},"file":{"id":2413,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/2413"}}]},{"id":351,"page_id":219,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize","captions-position":"center"},"text":" Burchia graduated from the Danbury High School class of 1915 where her nickname was \u201cBurch\u201d and she was thought to be studious and ambitious to make her mark.<\/a><\/p>","order":3,"attachments":[{"id":688,"caption":" Burchia Stewart with her Danbury High School classmates in 1915.<\/p>","item":{"id":3404,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3404"},"file":{"id":6711,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6711"}},{"id":677,"caption":" From the Danbury High School Bulletin regarding Burchia Stewart, 1915.<\/p>","item":{"id":3405,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3405"},"file":{"id":6712,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6712"}}]},{"id":369,"page_id":219,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize","captions-position":"center"},"text":" Stewart was accepted to the DNS in 1915 where she received her degree in 1917. After graduating, she taught school in the Danbury area through the 1920s.[i]<\/a> Burchia and her sister Alpha both were registered Republican voters in Danbury and voted regularly in elections through the 1920s. In 1924, Burchia was accepted at Columbia\u2019s Teachers College and was pursuing a BS in education as of 1926. At the same time, she took a teaching position in Trenton, NJ at the recently constructed New Lincoln School \u2013 listed at the time as a \"negro-only\" junior high school. The school still stands today. <\/p>\r\n Burchia Stewart did not complete her degree at Columbia probably due to the fact that she contracted tuberculosis in November or December of 1928. She passed away of \"Pulmonary Tuberculosis\" in May of 1929 at age 34 in Danbury. Tuberculosis was prevalent at that time and schools were recognized as likely places where transmission of the disease could take place. Though, nothing is known of her treatment regimen, methods used in the 1920s could also be brutal and primitive.[ii]<\/a> Burchia was buried in Wooster Cemetery but no stone marks her grave. According to her obituary, her funeral was well attended by her family, DNS classmates, teaching colleagues and members of the Danbury Advent Church (located on Madison St.). Burchia\u2019s mother, Lucy, died two years later in 1931.[iii]<\/a><\/p>\r\n [i]<\/a> No record was found that showed which school employed her but her vocation in the Danbury directory is listed \"teacher.\"<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n [ii]<\/a> See: Fevered lives : tuberculosis in American culture since 1870 <\/span>by Katherine Ott. 1996, Harvard University Press. Ott describes treatment for TB as well as how many whites believed TB emanated from the living conditions of immigrants, the poor and African-Americans (pg. 120).<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n [iii]<\/a>[iii] In the 1930 Danbury directory, Lucy is listed as a widow; however, Frank had bought and was living in a house on Rowan and Walnut Streets and died in June of 1935 \u2013 four years after Lucy.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","order":4,"attachments":[{"id":673,"caption":" Burchia Stewart with the 1917 class of the Danbury Normal School.<\/p>","item":{"id":3403,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3403"},"file":{"id":6709,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6709"}},{"id":672,"caption":" Stewart's appointment at a school in Trenton, NJ announced in the New York Age.<\/em><\/p>","item":{"id":3410,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3410"},"file":{"id":6717,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6717"}},{"id":687,"caption":" Stewart's obituary from the Danbury News - twelve years after graduating from DNS.<\/p>","item":{"id":3406,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3406"},"file":{"id":6713,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6713"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":229,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/229","title":"A Difficult Present","slug":"a-difficult-present","order":2,"exhibit":{"id":23,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/23"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":380,"page_id":229,"layout":"gallery","options":{"showcase-position":"none","gallery-position":"left","gallery-file-size":"square_thumbnail","captions-position":"center"},"text":" 21 Spring Street<\/strong> became apartments after the Earle family sold the property in the 1890s. The apartments were rented by hatters and others up until the last five years. Vijay Nair, a long-time librarian at WestConn, rented the ground floor rooms in the late 1980s after the house had been added to the National Register of Historic Places by the Attick family.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":841,"caption":" The front of the octagon house from the Elm Street side taken in 1983. A house now blocks this view.<\/p>","item":{"id":3411,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3411"},"file":{"id":6718,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6718"}},{"id":842,"caption":" Application the the National Register of Historic Places<\/p>","item":{"id":3412,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3412"},"file":{"id":6722,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6722"}},{"id":893,"caption":" Article regarding the landmarking of the octagon house<\/p>","item":{"id":3443,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3443"},"file":{"id":6968,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6968"}},{"id":894,"caption":" Librarian Vijay Nair's snapshots of his old apartment taken when he was moving out in 1991.<\/p>","item":{"id":3430,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3430"},"file":{"id":6918,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6918"}}]},{"id":379,"page_id":229,"layout":"gallery","options":{"showcase-position":"none","gallery-position":"left","gallery-file-size":"square_thumbnail","captions-position":"center"},"text":" In 1980 the Danbury Historic Preservation Trust put together a special supplement, \"The Future of the Past,\" to the News-Times<\/em> regarding historic buildings in Danbury. The Danbury Preservation Trust chose the octagon house as a symbol of Danbury's lack of a strategic vision for and misguided measures toward the preservation of its historic buildings.<\/p>\r\n Despite Danbury's octagon's status as a historic place, the house, like the area around it, suffered from fluctuations in the Danbury economy. Danbury's example of the \"Home For All\" went into foreclosure and became a home for the homeless, vagrants and drug addicts who utilized its sheltered porticos and well insulated rooms to shelter from the elements.<\/p>\r\n In July, Mayor Boughton, likely a distant relation to the Starr and Earle families, announced the City's plan to purchase the property and create a police sub-station on the premises.<\/p>\r\n While the fate of the Danbury Octagon house is unknown, we remain optimistic that this uniquely American remnant of a 19th century attempt to bring utopian ideals into reality will endure.<\/p>","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":892,"caption":" The boarded-up Octagon now.<\/p>","item":{"id":3413,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3413"},"file":{"id":6726,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6726"}},{"id":891,"caption":" The vinyl sided solution to preservation of the octagon house from \"Future of the Past<\/a>\"<\/p>","item":{"id":4259,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/4259"},"file":{"id":7323,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/7323"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":228,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/228","title":"Danbury's Octagon House","slug":"danbury-s-octagon-house","order":1,"exhibit":{"id":23,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/23"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":378,"page_id":228,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"square_thumbnail","captions-position":"left"},"text":" In 1853, a steamfitter by the name of <\/span>John T. Earl <\/span>purchased land off<\/span> Elm Street<\/span> to build a home for he and his wife <\/span>Deborah Starr Earle<\/span>. Some sources credit Deborah Earle's uncle, Rory Starr, with construction of the Earles' house but Rory Starr had died eight years prior to the house's construction and three years prior to the publication of Fowler's <\/span>A Home For All <\/em>which was the source for its design. Rory Starr had been a builder of local renown as well as a part time preacher and lecturer on self-improvement. The gist of Rory Starr's philosophy appears to be in line with Fowler's regarding self-improvement and health, but likely Deborah's brothers Frederick and Daniel (who built his house - still standing - next door) built the house.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n Elm Street contained few other houses at the time of construction and Earle's plot just short of the crest of a hill would have had a clear view of Danbury's Main Street below.<\/p>\r\n \"...every New England state has many octagonals but none finer than the great old decaying structure at Danbury, Connecticut, which was constructed with almost literal exactness according to the directions given in A Home For All<\/em>.\" - The Hudson<\/em> <\/span><\/span>By Carl Carmer, Edward J. McLaughlin. <\/span>Fordham University Press, 1989. pg 207.<\/p>\r\n The extent of the connection John and Deborah Earle had to the philosophies of Orson Fowler is unknown, but Deborah's family's connection to the ideas of self-improvement then actively propagated in Danbury by the Fowlers may have led them to consider the Home For All<\/em> design. The Earles' connection was strong enough that they followed Fowler's design more closely than others around New England who also were swept up in this brief fad.<\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":863,"caption":" From the Danbury City Clerk's Office - the record of John Earl's purchase of the land off Elm Street (the address now is Spring Street but it did not exist until the 1860s).<\/p>","item":{"id":3414,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3414"},"file":{"id":6961,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6961"}},{"id":862,"caption":" A Rory Starr lecture from 1841. Rory Starr also served terms as Danbury's State Representative. <\/p>","item":{"id":3434,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3434"},"file":{"id":6945,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6945"}},{"id":861,"caption":" 1858 Map of Danbury. The site of Earle's Octagon House is clearly marked with a hexagon shape.<\/p>","item":{"id":3015,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3015"},"file":{"id":6952,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6952"}}]},{"id":377,"page_id":228,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"right","file-size":"square_thumbnail","captions-position":"center"},"text":" Deborah Earle's brother Frederick, who may have had a hand in the Octagon House's construction was killed in the Civil War.<\/p>\r\n John T. Earl lived until 1876 and the house passed on to his wife Deborah and their children. Deborah stayed in the house (by the 1880s listed as 21 Spring Street) for many years. Deborah's brother Daniel whose home was constructed in the late 1850s remained her neighbor at 23 Spring Street.<\/p>\r\n Daniel Starr lived until 1909 . Upon his death he made a significant gift to the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in Danbury. The Butler Family were on the board of trustees at the AME Zion Church and Katherine Butler was in WestConn's (then the Danbury Normal School) first cohort of students.<\/p>\r\n By the time Starr passed away, interest in phrenology had faded and so did the fortunes of O.S. Fowler. From The Hudson<\/em> by Carl Cramer: \"Orson Fowler’s happy world seems to have dropped out suddenly and in a single piece. Just as careful scientists turned on phrenology and savagely discredited it, the grout walls of the cesspool in the big Hudson Valley octagon allowed a seepage into the well. Typhoid raged through the house and a large number of distinguished guests were made desperately ill. Those who escaped death fled in terror. Discouraged, Fowler sold the house. It became a boys’ school, then a boardinghouse. It changed hands more than thirty times in rapid succession. In 1897 it was declared unsafe by fishkill authorities and destroyed by dynamite... <\/span>Orson Fowler, still believing in phrenology and his housing theories and fighting for them a brave, losing battle, finally retired to a small farm near Sharon Station, on the New York and Connecticut border, where in 1887 he died.\" pg 207<\/p>\r\n <\/span><\/p>","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":848,"caption":" Earle's death noted in the Danbury News<\/p>","item":{"id":3426,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3426"},"file":{"id":6953,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6953"}},{"id":849,"caption":" From an 1880 map of the Elm Street area. Spring Street was laid behind the Octagon House in the late 1860s. Spring Street's proximity to the house would lead to the perception that the rear of the house with it's ground level entrance was its front.<\/p>","item":{"id":3429,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3429"},"file":{"id":6962,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6962"}},{"id":850,"caption":" The Octagon House visible in this bird's eye map from the late 1880s.<\/p>","item":{"id":453,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/453"},"file":{"id":6954,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6954"}},{"id":864,"caption":" Daniel Starr upon his passing in 1909.<\/p>","item":{"id":3433,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3433"},"file":{"id":6958,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6958"}},{"id":865,"caption":" Frederick Starr died in the Civil War leading troops of the 23rd Connecticut Regiment. Starr was wounded fatally at the Union victory at LaFouche Crossing, LA in late June of 1863.<\/p>\r\n Wikipedia article on the battle<\/a><\/p>","item":{"id":3433,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3433"},"file":{"id":6956,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6956"}},{"id":866,"caption":" Fowler's death receives a brief mention on the first page of Danbury's Evening news in 1887.<\/p>","item":{"id":3441,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3441"},"file":{"id":6960,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6960"}},{"id":867,"caption":" This 1904 map shows the original lot owned by the Earle Family. The lot had by this time been subdivided which resulted in the Elm Street-facing front of the house to be blocked from view by homes built on what had been the Earle's front yard. <\/p>","item":{"id":3428,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3428"},"file":{"id":6964,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6964"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":227,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/227","title":"Phrenology and Danbury","slug":"phrenology-and-danbury","order":0,"exhibit":{"id":23,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/23"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":375,"page_id":227,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"right","file-size":"square_thumbnail","captions-position":"right"},"text":" <\/p>\r\n Phrenology<\/strong> is a pseudoscience focused on the human skull and on the concept that the brain is an organ where different areas have localized and specific functions. Orson Squire Fowler was one of phrenology's chief and most successful proponents in mid-nineteenth century America. Orson with his brother Lorenzo introduced a form of phrenology that was distinctly American and taught that a phrenological analysis could turn up defects in character that could then be rectified through proper exercise, diet (no tobacco or alcohol) and a change of environment. Additionally, Fowler wrote works on heredity, matchmaking, sexuality, and religion.<\/span><\/p>\r\n <\/p>\r\n Though the general premise of phrenology that different areas of the brain corresponded to different functions was subsequently found by neuroscience to be accurate, the specific areas of the brain the phrenologists assigned to functions and the corresponding skull patterns were baseless and blatantly racist. While phrenology was widely dismissed by the end of the 19th century, Fowler’s legacy lives on in another of his endeavors loosely related to his phrenological work - octagonal houses. <\/span><\/p>\r\n <\/p>","order":1,"attachments":[{"id":858,"caption":" Orson Fowler's popular work on the practice of phrenology.<\/p>","item":{"id":2860,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/2860"},"file":{"id":6938,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6938"}},{"id":729,"caption":" Fowler's 1857 work on heredity<\/p>","item":{"id":3435,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3435"},"file":{"id":6947,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6947"}},{"id":727,"caption":" Fowler on religion<\/p>","item":{"id":3436,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3436"},"file":{"id":6948,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6948"}},{"id":718,"caption":" Fowler on sexuality<\/p>","item":{"id":3438,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3438"},"file":{"id":6950,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6950"}}]},{"id":374,"page_id":227,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"thumbnail","captions-position":"left"},"text":" Octagon Design.<\/strong> In 1848, Orson Fowler published his book A Home For All<\/em> - \"to cheapen and improve human homes, and especially to bring comfortable dwellings within the reach of the poorer classes.\" His book, published by his own publishing company and distributed in part by a group of travelling phrenology lecturers, found many willing to give Fowler's octagonal house design a try. While phrenology is largely forgotten, there remain scores of octagonal structures, most inspired by Fowler's work, that have survived across the United States (mainly in the northeast). The octagonal house design was fire resistant (walls were to be made of concrete), full of light (windows in every room with a wrap-around veranda), and energy efficient (placing centralized heating sources in the symmetrical structure provided an efficient way to distribute heat).<\/p>","order":2,"attachments":[{"id":706,"caption":" Fowler's treatise on octagonal houses: A Home For All<\/em><\/p>","item":{"id":3402,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3402"},"file":{"id":6708,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6708"}}]},{"id":376,"page_id":227,"layout":"gallery","options":{"showcase-position":"right","gallery-position":"right","gallery-file-size":"square_thumbnail","captions-position":"center"},"text":" Fowler lecturers in Danbury. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n There is strong evidence to indicate that phrenology and Fowler's philosophies were fairly popular from the 1840s until the 1870s in Danbury, and t<\/span>here are numerous mentions of phrenological lectures in Danbury contained in Fowler publications. Phrenologist Nelson Sizer wrote of his experiences in Danbury in his Forty Years in Phrenology<\/em><\/a> published by the Fowlers. The wife of hatter Horace Purdy, Gussie Griswold Purdy, is reported to have attended two talks in Danbury in August and September 1869 (http:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/items\/show\/3396<\/a>; http:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/items\/show\/3395<\/a>). <\/p>","order":3,"attachments":[{"id":726,"caption":" Phrenological Journal article reprinted in the Danbury Evening News, 1855.<\/p>","item":{"id":3431,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3431"},"file":{"id":6929,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6929"}},{"id":728,"caption":" A poem written by a G. [Granville?] Taylor of Danbury published in the Fowler's phrenological journal.<\/p>","item":{"id":3432,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3432"},"file":{"id":6939,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6939"}},{"id":730,"caption":" 1852 Courant ad for a Fowler lecture in Hartford.<\/p>","item":{"id":3420,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3420"},"file":{"id":6902,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6902"}},{"id":795,"caption":" Ads for 1844 lectures in Danbury<\/p>","item":{"id":3419,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3419"},"file":{"id":6936,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6936"}},{"id":859,"caption":" 1869 phrenological lecture series, given by Professor Logan, held in Danbury.<\/p>","item":{"id":3442,"resource":"items","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/items\/3442"},"file":{"id":6966,"resource":"files","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/files\/6966"}}]}],"extended_resources":[]},{"id":230,"url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibit_pages\/230","title":"The Mystique of Octagon Houses","slug":"the-mystique-of-octagon-houses","order":3,"exhibit":{"id":23,"resource":"exhibits","url":"https:\/\/archives.library.wcsu.edu\/omeka\/api\/exhibits\/23"},"parent":null,"page_blocks":[{"id":383,"page_id":230,"layout":"file-text","options":{"file-position":"left","file-size":"fullsize","captions-position":"center"},"text":" <\/p>\r\n
Joe Hill was a Swedish immigrant who was a labor activist and artist. He was accused of murder in 1914 and executed the following year. Hill has become something of an idolm for the labor movements in America, and is celebrated in this poem.<\/p>","order":3,"attachments":[{"id":89,"caption":"
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\r\n\"It is difficult to determine why the popularity of the octagon subsided when it did. In this connection it should be noted, however, that in 1857 the last printing of A Home for All<\/em> was probably made, that the same year saw the leasing of the Fishkill house, perhaps signifying a diminishing enthusiasm on Fowler's part, and that an economic depression began at that historical moment. The easiest course in accounting for the brevity of its development might be to describe it as being out of, or beyond, its time. Still there can be few architectural objects more characteristic of the nineteenth century in general, and the mid-century in particular, than the octagon house if one concentrates upon the causes and circumstances of creation rather than upon the end product. It was primarily an experiment pieced together by an amateur, the result of an uninhibited individualism... The psychological toleration of the bizarre, built up in the interest of a multiphased eclecticism, must have favored the rapid acceptance of the phrenologist's unusual plan. How well The Harbinger had characterized this period! 'Each property-owner expresses his peculiar idea of architecture, and independently carries them into effect.'\"<\/blockquote>\r\n